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Russo GA, Prang TC, McGechie FR, Kuo S, Ward CV, Feibel C, Nengo IO. An ape partial postcranial skeleton (KNM-NP 64631) from the Middle Miocene of Napudet, northern Kenya. J Hum Evol 2024; 192:103519. [PMID: 38843697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
An ape partial postcranial skeleton (KNM-NP 64631) was recovered during the 2015-2021 field seasons at Napudet, a Middle Miocene (∼13 Ma) locality in northern Kenya. Bony elements representing the shoulder, elbow, hip, and ankle joints, thoracic and lumbar vertebral column, and hands and feet, offer valuable new information about the body plan and positional behaviors of Middle Miocene apes. Body mass estimates from femoral head dimensions suggest that the KNM-NP 64631 individual was smaller-bodied (c. 13-17 kg) than some Miocene taxa from eastern Africa, including Ekembo nyanzae, and probably Equatorius africanus or Kenyapithecus wickeri, and was more comparable to smaller-bodied male Nacholapithecus kerioi individuals. Similar to many Miocene apes, the KNM-NP 64631 individual had hip and hallucal tarsometatarsal joints reflecting habitual hindlimb loading in a variety of postures, a distal tibia with a large medial malleolus, an inflated humeral capitulum, probably a long lumbar spine, and a long pollical proximal phalanx relative to femoral head dimensions. The KNM-NP 64631 individual departs from most Early Miocene apes in its possession of a more steeply beveled radial head and deeper humeral zona conoidea, reflecting enhanced supinating-pronating abilities at the humeroradial joint. The KNM-NP 64631 individual also differs from Early Miocene Ekembo heseloni in having a larger elbow joint (inferred from radial head size) relative to the mediolateral width of the lumbar vertebral bodies and a more asymmetrical talar trochlea, and in these ways recalls inferred joint proportions for, and talocrural morphology of, N. kerioi. Compared to most Early Miocene apes, the KNM-NP 64631 individual likely relied on more forelimb-dominated arboreal behaviors, perhaps including vertical climbing (e.g., extended elbow, hoisting). Moreover, the Napudet ape partial postcranial skeleton suggests that an arboreally adapted body plan characterized by relatively large (here, based on joint size) forelimbs, but lacking orthograde suspensory adaptations, may not have been 'unusual' among Middle Miocene apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Russo
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Thomas C Prang
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Faye R McGechie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix 475 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Sharon Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, MN 55802, USA; Technological Primates Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carol V Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Craig Feibel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, Douglass Campus, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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2
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Villamil CI, Middleton ER. Conserved patterns and locomotor-related evolutionary constraints in the hominoid vertebral column. J Hum Evol 2024; 190:103528. [PMID: 38579429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of the hominoid lineage is characterized by pervasive homoplasy, notably in regions such as the vertebral column, which plays a central role in body support and locomotion. Few isolated and fewer associated vertebrae are known for most fossil hominoid taxa, but identified specimens indicate potentially high levels of convergence in terms of both form and number. Homoplasy thus complicates attempts to identify the anatomy of the last common ancestor of hominins and other taxa and stymies reconstructions of evolutionary scenarios. One way to clarify the role of homoplasy is by investigating constraints via phenotypic integration, which assesses covariation among traits, shapes evolutionary pathways, and itself evolves in response to selection. We assessed phenotypic integration and evolvability across the subaxial (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) vertebral column of macaques (n = 96), gibbons (n = 77), chimpanzees (n = 92), and modern humans (n = 151). We found a mid-cervical cluster that may have shifted cranially in hominoids, a persistent thoracic cluster that is most marked in chimpanzees, and an expanded lumbosacral cluster in hominoids that is most expanded in gibbons. Our results highlight the highly conserved nature of the vertebral column. Taxa appear to exploit existing patterns of integration and ontogenetic processes to shift, expand, or reduce cluster boundaries. Gibbons appear to be the most highly derived taxon in our sample, possibly in response to their highly specialized locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina I Villamil
- School of Chiropractic, Universidad Central del Caribe, Puerto Rico, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, USA.
| | - Emily R Middleton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3413 N. Downer Ave., Sabin Hall 390, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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3
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Spear JK, Grabowski M, Sekhavati Y, Costa CE, Goldstein DM, Petrullo LA, Peterson AL, Lee AB, Shattuck MR, Gómez-Olivencia A, Williams SA. Evolution of vertebral numbers in primates, with a focus on hominoids and the last common ancestor of hominins and panins. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103359. [PMID: 37099927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The primate vertebral column has been extensively studied, with a particular focus on hominoid primates and the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The number of vertebrae in hominoids-up to and including the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees-is subject to considerable debate. However, few formal ancestral state reconstructions exist, and none include a broad sample of primates or account for the correlated evolution of the vertebral column. Here, we conduct an ancestral state reconstruction using a model of evolution that accounts for both homeotic (changes of one type of vertebra to another) and meristic (addition or loss of a vertebra) changes. Our results suggest that ancestral primates were characterized by 29 precaudal vertebrae, with the most common formula being seven cervical, 13 thoracic, six lumbar, and three sacral vertebrae. Extant hominoids evolved tail loss and a reduced lumbar column via sacralization (homeotic transition at the last lumbar vertebra). Our results also indicate that the ancestral hylobatid had seven cervical, 13 thoracic, five lumbar, and four sacral vertebrae, and the ancestral hominid had seven cervical, 13 thoracic, four lumbar, and five sacral vertebrae. The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees likely either retained this ancestral hominid formula or was characterized by an additional sacral vertebra, possibly acquired through a homeotic shift at the sacrococcygeal border. Our results support the 'short-back' model of hominin vertebral evolution, which postulates that hominins evolved from an ancestor with an African ape-like numerical composition of the vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Spear
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mark Grabowski
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Paleoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yeganeh Sekhavati
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina E Costa
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deanna M Goldstein
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lauren A Petrullo
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy L Peterson
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA
| | - Amanda B Lee
- Data Scientist, Jellyfish, Suite 3033, 220 N Green St, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Zorroagagaina 11, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación Sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Scott A Williams
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
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Tojima S. A Tale of the Tail : A Comprehensive Understanding of the "Human Tail". J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2021; 64:340-345. [PMID: 33896150 PMCID: PMC8128518 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans do not have tails; however, a congenital anomaly named “human tail” has been recognized since old times. In contrast with its impactful name, the anomaly itself is not fatal, and thus it has not been considered as a clinically serious symptom. However, many case reports suggested that retention of “the tail” is closely associated with spinal cord malformation and should be treated with care by neurosurgeons. Therefore, this review summarizes our knowledge regarding the anatomy, function, and development of the tail as a general structure in mammals. Learning the basic knowledge regarding tail anatomy and development would help clinicians to understand the “human tail” more concisely and to select more appropriate examinations or treatments in relation to this congenital anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tojima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Pina M, Kikuchi Y, Nakatsukasa M, Nakano Y, Kunimatsu Y, Ogihara N, Shimizu D, Takano T, Tsujikawa H, Ishida H. New femoral remains of Nacholapithecus kerioi: Implications for intraspecific variation and Miocene hominoid evolution. J Hum Evol 2021; 155:102982. [PMID: 33862402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The middle Miocene stem kenyapithecine Nacholapithecus kerioi (16-15 Ma; Nachola, Kenya) is represented by a large number of isolated fossil remains and one of the most complete skeletons in the hominoid fossil record (KNM-BG 35250). Multiple fieldwork seasons performed by Japanese-Kenyan teams during the last part of the 20th century resulted in the discovery of a large sample of Nacholapithecus fossils. Here, we describe the new femoral remains of Nacholapithecus. In well-preserved specimens, we evaluate sex differences and within-species variation using both qualitative and quantitative traits. We use these data to determine whether these specimens are morphologically similar to the species holotype KNM-BG 35250 (which shows some plastic deformation) and to compare Nacholapithecus with other Miocene hominoids and extant anthropoids to evaluate the distinctiveness of its femur. The new fossil evidence reaffirms previously reported descriptions of some distal femoral traits, namely the morphology of the patellar groove. However, results also show that relative femoral head size in Nacholapithecus is smaller, relative neck length is longer, and neck-shaft angle is lower than previously reported for KNM-BG 35250. These traits have a strong functional signal related to the hip joint kinematics, suggesting that the morphology of the proximal femur in Nacholapithecus might be functionally related to quadrupedal-like behaviors instead of more derived antipronograde locomotor modes. Results further demonstrate that other African Miocene apes (with the exception of Turkanapithecus kalakolensis) generally fall within the Nacholapithecus range of variation, whose overall femoral shape resembles that of Ekembo spp. and Equatorius africanus. Our results accord with the previously inferred locomotor repertoire of Nacholapithecus, indicating a combination of generalized arboreal quadrupedalism combined with other antipronograde behaviors (e.g., vertical climbing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pina
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/ Columnes S/n, Campus de La UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yasuhiro Kikuchi
- Division of Human Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kunimatsu
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, 612-8577, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimizu
- Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Chubu Gakuin University, Seki, Gifu, 504-0837, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tsujikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, 981-8551, Japan
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Tojima S, Yamada S. Classification of the "human tail": Correlation between position, associated anomalies, and causes. Clin Anat 2020; 33:929-942. [PMID: 32319695 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous case reports have indicated that the "human tail" is not always a harmless protrusion but can be associated with anomalies such as occult dysraphic malformations. However, the definition and classification of this anomaly have not been discussed. A prevailing hypothesis is that the "human tail" is a residual embryonic tail. Herein, we attempted to classify and define the human tail and investigate the frequency of this anomaly. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first defined the human tail as a protrusion on the dorsal side of the lumbar, sacrococcygeal, and para-anal regions identified after birth. We collected case reports written in English, Japanese, French, German, and Italian that were published from the 1880s to the present. RESULTS We discovered two important findings: (a) the cause of this anomaly may differ even though the "tails" resemble each other closely in appearance and (b) its position tends to be correlated with the type of anomaly and its associated cause. We propose a new classification of the human tail based on these findings. CONCLUSION Our classification may facilitate more accurate treatment and precise case descriptions of the human tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tojima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Kunimatsu Y, Nakatsukasa M, Shimizu D, Nakano Y, Ishida H. Loss of the subarcuate fossa and the phylogeny of Nacholapithecus. J Hum Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Tojima S, Makishima H, Takakuwa T, Yamada S. Tail reduction process during human embryonic development. J Anat 2018; 232:806-811. [PMID: 29315541 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the human tail is completely absent at birth, the embryonic tail is formed just as in other tailed amniotes. Since all morphological variations are created from variations in developmental processes, elucidation of the tail reduction process during embryonic development may be necessary to clarify the human evolutionary process. The tail has also been of great interest to the medical community. The congenital anomaly referred to as 'human tail', i.e. the occurrence of a tail-like structure, has been reported and was thought to represent a vestige of the embryonic tail; however, this hypothesis has not been verified. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to establish a new method to visualize all somites in an embryo. We used sagittal-sectioned embryos from Carnegie Stage (CS) 13 to CS23. All samples were obtained from the Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan. Combining photomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction, we clearly visualized and labeled all somites. We found that the number of somites peaked at CS16 and dramatically decreased by approximately five somites. Tail reduction with a decrease in somites has also been observed in other short-tailed amniotes; thus, this result suggested the possibility that there is a common mechanism for morphogenesis of short tails in amniote species. Additionally, our findings provided important insights into the cause of the congenital anomaly known as 'human tail'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tojima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Functional and Systematic Implications of the Postcranial Anatomy of a Late Miocene Feline (Carnivora, Felidae) from Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain). J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Tague RG. Sacral Variability in Tailless Species: Homo sapiens
and Ochotona princeps. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:798-809. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Tague
- Department of Geography and Anthropology; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana
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11
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Arlegi M, Gómez-Olivencia A, Albessard L, Martínez I, Balzeau A, Arsuaga JL, Been E. The role of allometry and posture in the evolution of the hominin subaxial cervical spine. J Hum Evol 2017; 104:80-99. [PMID: 28317557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cervical vertebrae not only protect the spinal cord but also are the insertion and origin points for muscles related to the movement of the head, upper limb, and trunk, among others, and are thus important elements in primate evolution. While previous work has been undertaken on the first two cervical vertebrae, there is a dearth of studies on the subaxial cervical spine in hominines. In this paper, we provide detailed morphological information on two important aspects of the subaxial cervical vertebrae (C3 - C7): mid-sagittal morphology and superior facet orientation. We studied large samples of African apes including modern humans and the most complete fossil hominin subaxial cervical vertebrae using both traditional and geometric morphometrics. There are significant differences between extant hominoids related to the relative length and orientation of the spinous process as well as to the orientation of the articular facets, which are related to size, locomotion, and neck posture. In fact, fossil hominins do not completely conform to any of the extant groups. Our assessment of mid-sagittal morphology and superior articular facet orientation shows that australopiths have more Homo-like upper subaxial cervical vertebrae coupled with more "primitive" lower cervical vertebrae. Based on these results, we hypothesize that those changes, maybe related to postural changes derived from bipedalism, did not affect the entire subaxial cervical spine at once. From a methodological point of view, the combination of traditional and geometric morphometric data provides a more integrative perspective of morphological change and evolution, which is certainly useful in human evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Arlegi
- Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU. Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU. Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lou Albessard
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Área de Antropología Física, Depto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Balzeau
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Dpto. de Paleontología, Fac. Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Ella Been
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono 5545173, Israel; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 39040 Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Machnicki AL, Spurlock LB, Strier KB, Reno PL, Lovejoy CO. First steps of bipedality in hominids: evidence from the atelid and proconsulid pelvis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1521. [PMID: 26793418 PMCID: PMC4715437 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upright walking absent a bent-hip-bent-knee gait requires lumbar lordosis, a ubiquitous feature in all hominids for which it can be observed. Its first appearance is therefore a central problem in human evolution. Atelids, which use the tail during suspension, exhibit demonstrable lordosis and can achieve full extension of their hind limbs during terrestrial upright stance. Although obviously homoplastic with hominids, the pelvic mechanisms facilitating lordosis appear largely similar in both taxa with respect to abbreviation of upper iliac height coupled with broad sacral alae. Both provide spatial separation of the most caudal lumbar(s) from the iliac blades. A broad sacrum is therefore a likely facet of earliest hominid bipedality. All tailed monkeys have broad alae. By contrast all extant apes have very narrow sacra, which promote “trapping” of their most caudal lumbars to achieve lower trunk rigidity during suspension. The alae in the tailless proconsul Ekembo nyanzae appear to have been quite broad, a character state that may have been primitive in Miocene hominoids not yet adapted to suspension and, by extension, exaptive for earliest bipedality in the hominid/panid last common ancestor. This hypothesis receives strong support from other anatomical systems preserved in Ardipithecus ramidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Machnicki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , United States
| | - Linda B Spurlock
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University , Kent, OH , United States
| | - Karen B Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , United States
| | - Philip L Reno
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , United States
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University , Kent, OH , United States
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Comparative sacral morphology and the reconstructed tail lengths of five extinct primates: Proconsul heseloni, Epipliopithecus vindobonensis, Archaeolemur edwardsi, Megaladapis grandidieri, and Palaeopropithecus kelyus. J Hum Evol 2016; 90:135-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Nowak MG, Reichard UH. Locomotion and Posture in Ancestral Hominoids Prior to the Split of Hylobatids. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Williams SA, Russo GA. Evolution of the hominoid vertebral column: The long and the short of it. Evol Anthropol 2015; 24:15-32. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Morgan ME, Lewton KL, Kelley J, Otárola-Castillo E, Barry JC, Flynn LJ, Pilbeam D. A partial hominoid innominate from the Miocene of Pakistan: description and preliminary analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:82-7. [PMID: 25489095 PMCID: PMC4291661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420275111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a partial innominate, YGSP 41216, from a 12.3 Ma locality in the Siwalik Group of the Potwar Plateau in Pakistan, assigned to the Middle Miocene ape species Sivapithecus indicus. We investigate the implications of its morphology for reconstructing positional behavior of this ape. Postcranial anatomy of extant catarrhines falls into two distinct groups, particularly for torso shape. To an extent this reflects different although variable and overlapping positional repertoires: pronograde quadrupedalism for cercopithecoids and orthogrady for hominoids. The YGSP innominate (hipbone) is from a primate with a narrow torso, resembling most extant monkeys and differing from the broader torsos of extant apes. Other postcranial material of S. indicus and its younger and similar congener Sivapithecus sivalensis also supports reconstruction of a hominoid with a positional repertoire more similar to the pronograde quadrupedal patterns of most monkeys than to the orthograde patterns of apes. However, Sivapithecus postcranial morphology differs in many details from any extant species. We reconstruct a slow-moving, deliberate, arboreal animal, primarily traveling above supports but also frequently engaging in antipronograde behaviors. There are no obvious synapomorphic postcranial features shared exclusively with any extant crown hominid, including Pongo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Jay Kelley
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287; and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | | | - John C Barry
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Lawrence J Flynn
- Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David Pilbeam
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
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Michel LA, Peppe DJ, Lutz JA, Driese SG, Dunsworth HM, Harcourt-Smith WE, Horner WH, Lehmann T, Nightingale S, McNulty KP. Remnants of an ancient forest provide ecological context for Early Miocene fossil apes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3236. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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TOJIMA SAYAKA. Tail length estimation from sacrocaudal skeletal morphology in catarrhines. ANTHROPOL SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SAYAKA TOJIMA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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Variability of tail length in hybrids of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) and the Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis). Primates 2012; 53:397-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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NAKATSUKASA MASATO, KUNIMATSU YUTAKA, SHIMIZU DAISUKE, NAKANO YOSHIHIKO, KIKUCHI YASUHIRO, ISHIDA HIDEMI. Hind limb of the Nacholapithecus kerioi holotype and implications for its positional behavior. ANTHROPOL SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MASATO NAKATSUKASA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - YUTAKA KUNIMATSU
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | | | | | - YASUHIRO KIKUCHI
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga
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Russo GA, Shapiro LJ. Morphological correlates of tail length in the catarrhine sacrum. J Hum Evol 2011; 61:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Almécija S, Alba DM, Moyà-Solà S. Pierolapithecus and the functional morphology of Miocene ape hand phalanges: paleobiological and evolutionary implications. J Hum Evol 2009; 57:284-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M, Alba DM, Casanovas-Vilar I, Galindo J, Robles JM, Cabrera L, Garcés M, Almécija S, Beamud E. First partial face and upper dentition of the Middle Miocene hominoidDryopithecus fontanifrom Abocador de Can Mata (Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, NE Spain): Taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 139:126-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nakatsukasa M, Kunimatsu Y. Nacholapithecusand its importance for understanding hominoid evolution. Evol Anthropol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Filler AG. Homeotic evolution in the mammalia: diversification of therian axial seriation and the morphogenetic basis of human origins. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1019. [PMID: 17925867 PMCID: PMC2000357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the rising interest in homeotic genes, little has been known about the course and pattern of evolution of homeotic traits across the mammalian radiation. An array of emerging and diversifying homeotic gradients revealed by this study appear to generate new body plans and drive evolution at a large scale. Methodology/Principal Findings This study identifies and evaluates a set of homeotic gradients across 250 extant and fossil mammalian species and their antecedents over a period of 220 million years. These traits are generally expressed as co-linear gradients along the body axis rather than as distinct segmental identities. Relative position or occurrence sequence vary independently and are subject to polarity reversal and mirroring. Five major gradient modification sets are identified: (1)–quantitative changes of primary segmental identity pattern that appeared at the origin of the tetrapods ; (2)–frame shift relation of costal and vertebral identity which diversifies from the time of amniote origins; (3)–duplication, mirroring, splitting and diversification of the neomorphic laminar process first commencing at the dawn of mammals; (4)–emergence of homologically variable lumbar lateral processes upon commencement of the radiation of therian mammals and ; (5)–inflexions and transpositions of the relative position of the horizontal septum of the body and the neuraxis at the emergence of various orders of therian mammals. Convergent functional changes under homeotic control include laminar articular engagement with septo-neural transposition and ventrally arrayed lumbar transverse process support systems. Conclusion/Significance Clusters of homeotic transformations mark the emergence point of mammals in the Triassic and the radiation of therians in the Cretaceous. A cluster of homeotic changes in the Miocene hominoid Morotopithecus that are still seen in humans supports establishment of a new “hominiform” clade and suggests a homeotic origin for the human upright body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Filler
- Department of Anthropology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Almécija S, Alba D, Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M. Orang-like manual adaptations in the fossil hominoid Hispanopithecus laietanus: first steps towards great ape suspensory behaviours. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:2375-84. [PMID: 17623642 PMCID: PMC2274979 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological and biometrical analyses of the partial hand IPS18800 of the fossil great ape Hispanopithecus laietanus (=Dryopithecus laietanus), from the Late Miocene (about 9.5Ma) of Can Llobateres (Catalonia, Spain), reveal many similarities with extant orang-utans (Pongo). These similarities are interpreted as adaptations to below-branch suspensory behaviours, including arm-swinging and clambering/postural feeding on slender arboreal supports, due to an orang-like double-locking mechanism. This is confirmed by the long and highly curved phalanges of Hispanopithecus. The short and stout metacarpals with dorsally constricted heads, together with the dorsally extended articular facets on proximal phalanges, indicate the persistence of significant degrees of palmigrady. A powerful grasping capability is indicated by the great development of basal phalangeal tubercles, the marked insertions for the flexors on phalangeal shafts and the large pits for the collateral ligaments. The morphology of the Hispanopithecus long bones of the hand indicates a unique positional repertoire, combining orthogrady with suspensory behaviours and palmigrade quadrupedalism. The retention of powerful grasping and palmigrady suggests that the last common ancestor of hominids might have been more primitive than what can be inferred on the basis of extant taxa, suggesting that pronograde behaviours are compatible with an orthograde bodyplan suitable for climbing and suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almécija
- Institut Català de Paleontologia, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D.M Alba
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Departament de BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Moyà-Solà
- Institut Català de Paleontologia, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Departament de BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Köhler
- Institut Català de Paleontologia, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Departament de BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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PICKFORD MARTIN, KUNIMATSU YUTAKA. Catarrhines from the Middle Miocene (ca. 14.5 Ma) of Kipsaraman, Tugen Hills, Kenya. ANTHROPOL SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.113.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Larson SG, Stern JT. Maintenance of above-branch balance during primate arboreal quadrupedalism: Coordinated use of forearm rotators and tail motion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005; 129:71-81. [PMID: 16161145 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animals that live and travel in trees display a variety of morphological and behavioral adaptations to help them maintain balance on narrow flexible supports. Among these adaptations are long tails that can be used as counterweights, and freely mobile limbs in order to reach discontinuous supports. Here we describe two additional ways in which these features can contribute to balance during arboreal locomotion. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the forearm rotators pronator quadratus and supinator during over-ground and above-branch quadrupedal locomotion in five species of Old World monkeys revealed their contribution to shifting the weight of the body to help change the direction of travel and maintain balance on a branch. In addition, we observed a coordinated mechanism consisting of a sweeping tail rotation toward the direction of imbalance, to impart an angular momentum to the body that assists in the restoration of balance. While all five primate species utilized forearm rotators to shift their bodies toward one side or the other during quadrupedal walking along a branch, the tail-whip mechanism was most frequently used by the largest and most terrestrial species. We suggest that their large size and/or terrestrial habits have made them less adept at arboreal locomotion, and therefore most likely to utilize auxiliary balancing mechanisms. The usefulness of a long tail as a balancing aid during arboreal locomotion highlights the puzzling nature of the evolutionary loss of a tail in the ape and human lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Larson
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, New York 11794-8081, USA.
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