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Harper CM, Roach CS, Goldstein DM, Sylvester AD. Morphological variation of the Pan talus relative to that of Gorilla. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37300336 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Differences in talar articular morphology relative to locomotion have recently been found within Pan and Gorilla. Whole-bone talar morphology within, and shared variation among, Pan and Gorilla (sub)species, however, has yet to be investigated. Here we separately analyze talar external shape within Pan (P. t. troglodytes, P. t. schweinfurthii, P. t. verus, P. paniscus) and Gorilla (G. g. gorilla, G. b. beringei, G. b. graueri) relative to degree of arboreality and body size. Pan and Gorilla are additionally analyzed together to determine if consistent shape differences exist within the genera. MATERIALS AND METHODS Talar external shape was quantified using a weighted spherical harmonic analysis. Shape variation both within and among Pan and Gorilla was described using principal component analyses. Root mean square distances were calculated between taxon averages, and resampling statistics conducted to test for pairwise differences. RESULTS P. t. verus (most arboreal Pan) talar shape significantly differs from other Pan taxa (p < 0.05 for pairwise comparisons) driven by more asymmetrical trochlear rims and a medially-set talar head. P. t. troglodytes, P. t. schweinfurthii, and P. paniscus do not significantly differ (p > 0.05 for pairwise comparisons). All gorilla taxa exhibit significantly different talar morphologies (p < 0.007 for pairwise comparisons). The more terrestrial subspecies of G. beringei and P. troglodytes exhibit a superoinferiorly taller talar head/neck complex. DISCUSSION P. t. verus exhibits talar morphologies that have been previously related to more frequent arboreality. The adaptations in the more terrestrial G. beringei and P. troglodytes subspecies may serve to facilitate load transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Harper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Caleigh S Roach
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deanna M Goldstein
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Adam D Sylvester
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ioannidou M, Koufos GD, de Bonis L, Harvati K. 3D geometric morphometrics analysis of mandibular fragments of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from the late Miocene deposits of Central Macedonia, Greece. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:48-62. [PMID: 36787758 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore mandibular shape differences between Ouranopithecus macedoniensis and a comparative sample of extant great apes using three-dimensional (3D) geometrics morphometrics. Other objectives are to assess mandibular shape variation and homogeneity within Ouranopithecus, explore the effects of size on mandibular shape, and explore the degree of mandibular sexual size dimorphism in Ouranopithecus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The comparative sample comprises digitized mandibles from adult extant great apes. The 3D analysis includes three datasets: one with landmarks registered on the mandibular corpus and symphysis of mandibles preserving both sides, one on hemimandibles only, and one focused on the ramus and gonial area. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted, such as ordination analyses (PCA), intra-specific Procrustes distances pairs, pairwise male-female centroid size differences, and correlation analyses. RESULTS The male and female specimens of Ouranopithecus have mandibular shapes that are quite similar, although differences exist. The Procrustes distances results suggest more shape variation in Ouranopithecus than in the extant great apes. Ouranopithecus shows some similarities in mandibular shape to the larger great apes, Gorilla and Pongo. Moreover, the degree of sexual dimorphism in the small Ouranopithecus sample is greater than any of the great apes. Based on our correlation analyses of principal components (PC) with size, some PCs are significantly correlated with size, with correlation varying from moderate to substantial. DISCUSSION This study attempted to understand better the variation within the mandibles of O. macedoniensis and the expression of sexual dimorphism in this taxon in more detail than has been done previously. The overall mandibular morphology of Ouranopithecus shows some similarities to those of the larger great apes, which likely reflects similarities in size. Compared to Gorilla and Pongo, O. macedoniensis shows an elevated degree of morphological variation, although limitations relating to sample size apply. Sexual dimorphism in the mandibles of O. macedoniensis appears to be relatively high, seemingly greater than in Gorilla and high even in comparison to Pongo, but this again is possibly in part an artifact of a small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Ioannidou
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George D Koufos
- School of Geology, Laboratory of Geology & Paleontology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Louis de Bonis
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Evolution, Paléoécosystèmes, Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM) - UMR CNRS 7262, Université des Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DFG Centre of Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Pitirri MK, Vermeulen E, Komza K, Begun DR. Mandibular shape variation in mainland and insular hylobatids. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23175. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
| | - Erin Vermeulen
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Klara Komza
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - David R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
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Balolia KL, Jakeman EC, Massey JS, Groves C, Wood B. Mandibular corpus shape is a taxonomic indicator in extant hominids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:25-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L. Balolia
- School of Archaeology and AnthropologyThe Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Elise C. Jakeman
- School of Archaeology and AnthropologyThe Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Jason S. Massey
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Colin Groves
- School of Archaeology and AnthropologyThe Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Bernard Wood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyGeorge Washington University Washington District of Columbia
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Mandibular ramus shape variation and ontogeny in Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:55-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Usui K, Tokita M. Creating diversity in mammalian facial morphology: a review of potential developmental mechanisms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29946416 PMCID: PMC6003202 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals (class Mammalia) have evolved diverse craniofacial morphology to adapt to a wide range of ecological niches. However, the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the diversification of mammalian craniofacial morphology remain largely unknown. In this paper, we focus on the facial length and orofacial clefts of mammals and deduce potential mechanisms that produced diversity in mammalian facial morphology. Small-scale changes in facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as slight changes in facial length and the evolution of the midline cleft in some lineages of bats, could be attributed to heterochrony in facial bone ossification. In contrast, large-scale changes of facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as a truncated, widened face as well as the evolution of the bilateral cleft possessed by some bat species, could be brought about by changes in growth and patterning of the facial primordium (the facial processes) at the early stages of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Usui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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Dobsak T, Heimel P, Tangl S, Schwarze UY, Schett G, Gruber R. Impaired periodontium and temporomandibular joints in tumour necrosis factor-α transgenic mice. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1226-1235. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Dobsak
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research; Karl Donath Laboratory; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research; Karl Donath Laboratory; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology; Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research; Karl Donath Laboratory; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
| | - Uwe Y. Schwarze
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
- Department of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3; Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen- Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
- Department of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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Mandibular ramus shape of Australopithecus sediba suggests a single variable species. J Hum Evol 2016; 100:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fukase H. Spatial relationship between the mental foramen and mandibular developing teeth in modern humans, chimpanzees, and hamadryas baboons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:594-603. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Fukase
- Division of Human Evolution Studies; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
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The human semicircular canals orientation is more similar to the bonobos than to the chimpanzees. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93824. [PMID: 24710502 PMCID: PMC3978048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For some traits, the human genome is more closely related to either the bonobo or the chimpanzee genome than they are to each other. Therefore, it becomes crucial to understand whether and how morphostructural differences between humans, chimpanzees and bonobos reflect the well known phylogeny. Here we comparatively investigated intra and extra labyrinthine semicircular canals orientation using 260 computed tomography scans of extant humans (Homo sapiens), bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Humans and bonobos proved more similarities between themselves than with chimpanzees. This finding did not fit with the well established chimpanzee – bonobo monophyly. One hypothesis was convergent evolution in which bonobos and humans produce independently similar phenotypes possibly in response to similar selective pressures that may be associated with postural adaptations. Another possibility was convergence following a “random walk” (Brownian motion) evolutionary model. A more parsimonious explanation was that the bonobo-human labyrinthine shared morphology more closely retained the ancestral condition with chimpanzees being subsequently derived. Finally, these results might be a consequence of genetic diversity and incomplete lineage sorting. The remarkable symmetry of the Semicircular Canals was the second major finding of this article with possible applications in taphonomy. It has the potential to investigate altered fossils, inferring the probability of post-mortem deformation which can lead to difficulties in understanding taxonomic variation, phylogenetic relationships, and functional morphology.
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Singh N. Ontogenetic study of allometric variation in Homo and Pan mandibles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:261-72. [PMID: 24347386 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Investigating ontogenetic variation and allometry in the mandible can provide valuable insight and aid in addressing questions related to the ontogeny of the skull. Here, patterns of ontogenetic shape change and allometric trajectories were examined in the mandible of 187 sub-adult and adult humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics was employed to quantify and analyze mandibular form. Thirty three-dimensional landmarks were used to capture the overall morphology of the mandible, and the landmarks were analyzed as a whole and subdivided into separate anterior and posterior units. Principal component analyses in Procrustes shape-space and form-space, and multivariate regressions were used to examine patterns of ontogenetic and allometric shape change. Results suggest that humans are distinct from Pan both in their mandibular morphology, particularly in the anterior-alveolar region, and direction of allometric trajectory. Chimpanzees and bonobos have parallel ontogenetic trajectories, but also show differences in mandibular shape. Species-specific features and adult mandibular shape are established before or by the eruption of the deciduous dentition. This suggests that developmental processes prior to deciduous teeth eruption have a stronger effect establishing taxa-specific phenotypes than later postnatal effects. This additionally implies that divergent trajectories between Pan and Homo do not contribute much to the adult mandibular shape after deciduous teeth eruption. Separate analyses of the anterior-alveolar region and ascending ramus show that these regions are semi-independent in their developmental pattern of shape change and allometry. This implies that allometric variation and ontogenetic shape change in the hominoid mandible is decoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Singh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Terhune CE, Robinson CA, Ritzman TB. Ontogenetic variation in the mandibular ramus of great apes and humans. J Morphol 2014; 275:661-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Chris A. Robinson
- Department of Biology; Bronx Community College, City University of New York; Bronx New York
| | - Terrence B. Ritzman
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
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13
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Kennedy AE, Dickinson AJ. Quantitative analysis of orofacial development and median clefts in Xenopus laevis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:834-55. [PMID: 24443252 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus has become a useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying orofacial development. However, few quantitative analyses exist to describe the anatomy of this region. In this study we combine traditional facial measurements with geometric morphometrics to describe anatomical changes in the orofacial region during normal and abnormal development. Facial measurements and principal component (PC) analysis indicate that during early tadpole development the face expands primarily in the midface region accounting for the development of the upper jaw and primary palate. The mouth opening correspondingly becomes flatter and wider as it incorporates the jaw elements. A canonical variate analysis of orofacial and mouth opening shape emphasized that changes in the orofacial shape occur gradually. Orofacial anatomy was quantified after altered levels of retinoic acid using all-trans retinoic acid or an inhibitor of retinoic acid receptors or by injecting antisense oligos targeting RALDH2. Such perturbations resulted in major decreases in the width of the midface and the mouth opening illustrated in facial measurements and a PC analysis. The mouth opening shape also had a gap in the primary palate resulting in a median cleft in the mouth opening that was only illustrated quantitatively in the morphometric analysis. Finally, canonical and discriminant function analysis statistically distinguished the orofacial and mouth opening shape changes among the different modes used to alter retinoic acid signaling levels. By combining quantitative analyses with molecular studies of orofacial development we will be better equipped to understand the complex morphogenetic processes involved in palate development and clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson E Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia
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Boughner JC, Dean MC, Wilgenbusch CS. Permanent tooth mineralization in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 149:560-71. [PMID: 23097136 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The timing of tooth mineralization in bonobos (Pan paniscus) is virtually uncharacterized. Analysis of these developmental features in bonobos and the possible differences with its sister species, the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), is important to properly quantify the normal ranges of dental growth variation in closely related primate species. Understanding this variation among bonobo, chimpanzee and modern human dental development is necessary to better contextualize the life histories of extinct hominins. This study tests whether bonobos and chimpanzees are distinguished from each other by covariance among the relative timing and sequences of tooth crown initiation, mineralization, root extension, and completion. Using multivariate statistical analyses, we compared the relative timing of permanent tooth crypt formation, crown mineralization, and root extension between 34 P. paniscus and 80 P. troglodytes mandibles radiographed in lateral and occlusal views. Covariance among our 12 assigned dental scores failed to statistically distinguish between bonobos and chimpanzees. Rather than clustering by species, individuals clustered by age group (infant, younger or older juvenile, and adult). Dental scores covaried similarly between the incisors, as well as between both premolars. Conversely, covariance among dental scores distinguished the canine and each of the three molars not only from each other, but also from the rest of the anterior teeth. Our study showed no significant differences in the relative timing of permanent tooth crown and root formation between bonobos and chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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