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Zhou H, Buetti N, Pérez-Galera S, Bravo-Ferrer J, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B, Paniagua-García M, Feifel J, Sauser J, Kostyanev T, Canton R, Tan LK, Basoulis D, Pintado V, Roilides E, Dragovac G, Torre-Cisneros J, Mediç D, Akova M, Goossens H, Bonten M, Harbarth S, Rodriguez-Baño J, De Kraker MEA. Risk factors for bloodstream infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: a nested case-control-control study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:2132-2141. [PMID: 38988305 PMCID: PMC11368427 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a major threat to patients. To date, data on risk factors have been limited, with low internal and external validity. In this multicentre study, risk factors for CRE BSI were determined by comparison with two control groups: patients with carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales (CSE) BSI, and patients without Enterobacterales infection (uninfected patients). METHODS A multicentre, case-control-control study was nested in a European prospective cohort study on CRE (EURECA). CRE BSI:CSE BSI matching was 1:1, CRE BSI:Uninfected patients matching was 1:3, based on hospital, ward and length of stay. Conditional logistic regression was applied. RESULTS From March 2016 to November 2018, 73 CRE BSIs, 73 CSE BSIs and 219 uninfected patients were included from 18 European hospitals. For CRE versus CSE BSI, previous CRE colonization/infection [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 7.32; 95% CI 1.65-32.38) increased the risk. For CRE versus uninfected controls, independent risk factors included: older age (IRR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06), patient referral (long-term care facility: IRR 7.19; 95% CI 1.51-34.24; acute care hospital: IRR 5.26; 95% CI 1.61-17.11), previous colonization/infection with other MDR organisms (MDROs) (IRR 9.71; 95% CI 2.33-40.56), haemodialysis (IRR 8.59; 95% CI 1.82-40.53), invasive procedures (IRR 5.66; 95% CI 2.11-15.16), and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (IRR 3.92; 95% CI 1.68-9.13) or third/fourth generation cephalosporin (IRR 2.75; 95% CI 1.06-7.11) exposure within 3 months before enrolment. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of previous CRE colonization/infection was a major risk factor for carbapenem resistance among Enterobacterales BSI. Compared with uninfected patients, evidence of previous MDRO colonization/infection and healthcare exposure were important risk factors for CRE BSI. Targeted screening, infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship should focus on these high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Niccolò Buetti
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Infection Antimicrobials Modeling Evolution (IAME) U 1137, INSERM, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Salvador Pérez-Galera
- Unidad Clínica de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Bravo-Ferrer
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Belén Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paniagua-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Jan Feifel
- Institute of Statistics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julien Sauser
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomi Kostyanev
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rafael Canton
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lionel K Tan
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | - Dimitris Basoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vicente Pintado
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gorana Dragovac
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Julian Torre-Cisneros
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y Quirúrgicas, Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Deana Mediç
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Murat Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Baño
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marlieke E A De Kraker
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Szekér S, Vathy-Fogarassy Á. Weighted nearest neighbours-based control group selection method for observational studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236531. [PMID: 32701991 PMCID: PMC7377436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although in observational studies, propensity score matching is the most widely used balancing method, it has received much criticism. The main drawback of this method is that the individuals of the case and control groups are paired in the compressed one-dimensional space of propensity scores. In this paper, such a novel multivariate weighted k-nearest neighbours-based control group selection method is proposed which can eliminate this disadvantage of propensity score matching. The proposed method pairs the elements of the case and control groups in the original vector space of the covariates and the dissimilarities of the individuals are calculated as the weighted distances of the subjects. The weight factors are calculated from a logistic regression model fitted on the status of treatment assignment. The efficiency of the proposed method was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations on different datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed Weighted Nearest Neighbours Control Group Selection with Error Minimization method is able to select a more balanced control group than the most widely applied greedy form of the propensity score matching method, especially for individuals characterized with few descriptive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Szekér
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Technology, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- Healthcare Business Analytics Research and Development Centre, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Vathy-Fogarassy
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Technology, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- Healthcare Business Analytics Research and Development Centre, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
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Zhu WM, Yuan Z, Zhou HY. Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection relative to two types of control patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 32005246 PMCID: PMC6995231 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-0686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infection have provided inconsistent results, partly due to the choice of the control group. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the risk factors for CRKP infection by comparing CRKP-infected patients with two types of controls: patients infected with carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (comparison 1) or patients not infected with CRKP (comparison 2). Methods Data on potentially relevant risk factors for CRKP infection were extracted from studies indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science or EBSCO databases from January 1996 to April 2019, and meta-analyzed based on the outcomes for each type of comparison. Results The meta-analysis included 18 studies for comparison 1 and 14 studies for comparison 2. The following eight risk factors were common to both comparisons: admission to intensive care unit (ICU; odds ratio, ORcomparison 1 = 3.20, ORcomparison 2 = 4.44), central venous catheter use (2.62, 3.85), mechanical ventilation (2.70, 4.78), tracheostomy (2.11, 8.48), urinary catheter use (1.99, 0.27), prior use of antibiotic (6.07, 1.61), exposure to carbapenems (4.16, 3.84) and exposure to aminoglycosides (1.85, 1.80). Another 10 risk factors were unique to comparison 1: longer length of hospital stay (OR = 15.28); prior hospitalization (within the previous 6 months) (OR = 1.91); renal dysfunction (OR = 2.17); neurological disorders (OR = 1.52); nasogastric tube use (OR = 2.62); dialysis (OR = 3.56); and exposure to quinolones (OR = 2.11), fluoroquinolones (OR = 2.03), glycopeptides (OR = 3.70) and vancomycin (OR = 2.82). Conclusions Eighteen factors may increase the risk of carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae infection; eight factors may be associated with both K. pneumoniae infections in general and CRKP in particular. The eight shared factors are likely to be ‘true’ risk factors for CRKP infection. Evaluation of risk factors in different situations may be helpful for empirical treatment and prevention of CRKP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 You Yi Road, Yuan Jia Gang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 You Yi Road, Yuan Jia Gang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Hospital Infection Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 You Yi Road, Yuan Jia Gang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhou
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 You Yi Road, Yuan Jia Gang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Gray J, Oppenheim B, Mahida N. The Journal of Hospital Infection - a history of infection prevention and control in 100 volumes. J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:1-8. [PMID: 30173875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Gray
- Journal of Hospital Infection, London, UK.
| | | | - N Mahida
- Journal of Hospital Infection, London, UK
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Musikatavorn K, Chumpengpan C, Sujinpram C. Risk factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia in Thai emergency department: a retrospective case-control study. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0501.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Infections caused by resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enteric bacteria and their risk factors are globally recognized. However, such risk factors have not been explored in emergency department (ED) where the first choice of empirical antimicrobials is crucial.
Objective: Determine risk factors of ESBL bacteremia in ED, especially in our geographic area.
Methods: A retrospective case-double-control study was conducted at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. All adult ED patients with ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in blood cultures between October 2007 and October 2008 were recruited for this study. The potential risk factors were analyzed and compared with non- ESBL-producing bacteremic patients (control group 1) and matched general ED patients (control group 2). Nonbeta- lactam susceptibility testing among the cohort was also evaluated.
Results: Thirty ESBL (cases), 103 group 1 controls, and 100 group 2 controls were assessed. Based on the univariate analysis, age, chronic kidney diseases, malignancy, poor functional status, previous hospitalization within 90 days, and previous antimicrobial exposure especially to cephalosporins, quinolones, and carbapenems within 30 days were the risk factors for ESBL bacteremia compared with both types of control patients. Age > 60 and previous cephalosporin use were consistently identified as the risk factors by multivariate models using both control groups. The susceptibility to non-beta-lactam agents in the ESBL group was significantly lower than the non-ESBL. No carbapenem resistance was found.
Conclusion: Elderly ED patients, especially those who had previous cephalosporin exposure within 30 days, were at higher risk of ESBL-producing bacteremic infections. ESBLs tended to have less susceptibility to the non-β-lactam agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrongwong Musikatavorn
- MD. Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chatgaew Chumpengpan
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Outpatient Department, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaita Sujinpram
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Outpatient Department, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Oliveira MC, Oliveira CRA, Gonçalves KV, Santos MS, Tardelli ACS, Nobre VA. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third generation cephalosporins upon hospital admission: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:239-45. [PMID: 25892313 PMCID: PMC9425351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Evaluate risk factors and clinical outcomes of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins present in samples collected upon hospital admission. Methods Risk factors were evaluated using a 1:2 ratio case–control study. Influence of resistance on the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy, length of stay, and hospital mortality were prospectively evaluated. Characteristics independently associated with the presence of resistant enterobacteria were assessed by logistic regression. Results Enterobacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins were quite common (26.0%). Male gender (OR: 2.66; 95% CI, 1.17–5.06; p = 0.019), invasive prosthesis (OR: 3.79; 95% CI, 1.29–11.08; p = 0.015), previous use of cephalosporins (OR: 2.77; 95% CI, 1.10–6.97; p = 0.029) and hospitalization in the last 6 months (OR: 5.33; 95% CI, 2.29–12.44; p < 0.001) were independently associated with the presence of these microorganisms. These bacteria were associated with higher frequency of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy, worse clinical response, and longer length of stay. Finally, older age, admission to the ICU, and site of infection other than urinary tract were independently associated to higher hospital mortality. Conclusions Risk factors identified in this study may help in the choice of empirical antibiotic therapy for infected patients suspected of harboring these bacteria and in the early implementation of measures to avoid the spread of these bacteria in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Cristina Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine and University Hospital - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Clara Rodrigues Alves Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine and University Hospital - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karine Valéria Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine and University Hospital - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marciléa Silva Santos
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine and University Hospital - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Silva Tardelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vandack Alencar Nobre
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine and University Hospital - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Baño J, Pascual A. Clinical significance of extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:671-83. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.5.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ko D, Moon SM, Lee JS, Park YS, Cho YK. Risk Factors of Nosocomial Bacteremia of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2013. [DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2013.30.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daisik Ko
- Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, korea
| | - Song Mi Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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Lin HC, Lai LA, Wu JY, Su YM, Chang SP, Hsueh YM. Risk factors for acquiring extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producingEnterobacteriaceaein geriatric patients with multiple comorbidities in respiratory care wards. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 13:663-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-An Lai
- School of Public Health; College of Public Health and Nutrition; Taipei Medical University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry; Taipei Medical University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ming Su
- Department of Internal Medicine; Choninn Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Su-Ping Chang
- Department of Surgery; Tung-Jen Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
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Trecarichi EM, Cauda R, Tumbarello M. Detecting risk and predicting patient mortality in patients with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:1173-89. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) have been increasingly described worldwide, especially among Enterobacteriaceae isolates, and recently not only in the nosocomial, but also in the community setting. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been associated with increased rates of treatment failure, mortality and hospital costs. Any delay in the initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy is potentially lethal for patients with BSIs caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The awareness of changes in bacterial resistance patterns, the careful knowledge of risk factors for ESBL infection and of factors facilitating adverse outcome, giving attention to local epidemiology, can improve the efficacy of empirical treatment protocols. The aim of this review is to focus on the main characteristics of BSIs caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, with particular emphasis on risk factors for these infections and factors related to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cauda
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Tumbarello
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Cassier P, Lallechère S, Aho S, Astruc K, Neuwirth C, Piroth L, Chavanet P. Cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone combinations are highly associated with CTX-M β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a case–control study in a French teaching hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1746-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rafailidis PI, Bliziotis IA, Falagas ME. Case–Control Studies Reporting on Risk Factors for Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance: Bias Associated with the Selection of the Control Group. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:303-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petros I. Rafailidis
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Matthew E. Falagas
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lytsy B, Lindbäck J, Torell E, Sylvan S, Velicko I, Melhus Å. A case–control study of risk factors for urinary acquisition of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing CTX-M-15 in an outbreak situation in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 42:439-44. [DOI: 10.3109/00365540903582434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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