1
|
Xiao S, Lin R, Ye H, Li C, Luo Y, Wang G, Lei H. Effect of contact precautions on preventing meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in intensive care units: a review and modelling study of field trials. J Hosp Infect 2024; 144:66-74. [PMID: 38036001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact precautions (CPs) have been widely implemented in hospitals, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), as the standard approach for managing meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the effectiveness of CPs in preventing MRSA transmission remains a subject of debate. AIM To assess the effectiveness of CPs in reducing MRSA transmission within ICUs. METHODS A comprehensive analysis was conducted using data from 16 sets of parameters collected from 13 field studies investigating the effectiveness of CPs in ICUs, and an epidemiologic model was developed to simulate the dynamics of MRSA incidence in the hospital setting. FINDINGS The analysis demonstrated a mean reduction of 20.52% (95% confidence interval -30.52 to 71.60%) in the MRSA transmission rate associated with the implementation of CPs. Furthermore, reducing the time-delay of screening tests and increasing the percentage of patients identified with MRSA through screening at admission were found to contribute to the effectiveness of CPs. CONCLUSION Proper implementation of CPs, with a particular emphasis on early identification of MRSA-colonized/infected patients, demonstrated a strong association with reduced MRSA transmission within the hospital setting. However, further research is necessary to investigate the effectiveness and safety of decolonization and other interventions used in conjunction with CPs to mitigate the risk of infection among colonized patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Xiao
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - R Lin
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - H Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Centre of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - C Li
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Y Luo
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - G Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - H Lei
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borg MA, Suda D, Tartari E, Farrugia C, Xuereb D, Borg Inguanez M. Preventing healthcare-associated MRSA bacteremia: getting to the root of the problem. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e248. [PMID: 38156235 PMCID: PMC10753512 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Bloodstream infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remain a major challenge in most countries worldwide. Setting We describe a quasi-experimental sequential intervention at Mater Dei Hospital, Malta, to reduce hyper-prevalence of healthcare-associated MRSA bacteremia (HA-MRSA-B). Interventions The hospital initiated a hand hygiene (HH) campaign in 2008 to improve alcohol hand rub (AHR) use. In 2011, this was followed by root cause analysis (RCA) of all HA-MRSA-B cases and finally universal MRSA admission screening in 2014. Change-point analysis was used to evaluate the impact of the interventions. Results The effect of the HH campaign became evident when AHR consumption reached 40 L/1000 occupied bed days (BD). RCAs identified intravascular devices as the likely risk factor in 83% of all HA-MRSA-B; specifically non-tunneled double-lumen hemodialysis catheters (36%), peripheral venous cannulas (25%), and central venous catheters (22%). Interventions to improve their management resulted in the greatest reduction of HA-MRSA-B rates. They were informed by the RCA findings and targeted behavior change through education, motivation, and system change. Universal MRSA admission screening provided the final decline in incidence. Each intervention affected HA-MRSA-B rates after a lag period of approximately 18-24 months. Overall, HA-MRSA-B incidence decreased from 1.72 cases/10000BD in 2008 to 0.18/10000BD in 2019; a reduction of almost 90%. Intravenous device interventions were also associated with a reduction of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia rates. Conclusions Significant improvement in HA-MRSA-B is possible, even in highly endemic regions. It requires well-planned behavior change interventions which are compatible with local context and culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Borg
- University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | | | - Claire Farrugia
- Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Deborah Xuereb
- Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Schoor AS, Severin JA, Klaassen CHW, van den Akker JPC, Bruno MJ, Hendriks JM, Vos MC, Voor in ‘t holt AF. Universal screening or a universal risk assessment combined with risk-based screening for multidrug-resistant microorganisms upon admission: Comparing strategies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289163. [PMID: 37490485 PMCID: PMC10368271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Timely identification of patients who carry multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRO) is needed to prevent nosocomial spread to other patients and to the hospital environment. We aimed to compare the yield of a universal screening strategy upon admission to the currently installed universal risk assessment combined with risk-based screening upon admission. METHODS This observational study was conducted within a prospective cohort study. From January 1, 2018, until September 1, 2019, patients admitted to our hospital were asked to participate. Nasal and perianal samples were taken upon admission and checked for the presence of MDRO. The results of the universal risk assessment and risk-based screening were collected retrospectively from electronic health records. RESULTS In total, 1017 patients with 1069 separate hospital admissions participated in the study. Universal screening identified 38 (3.6%) unknown MDRO carriers upon admission (37 individual patients), all carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales. For 946 of 1069 (88.5%) patients, both the universal risk assessment and universal screening were performed. For 19 (2.0%) admissions, ≥1 risk factor was identified. The universal risk assessment identified one (0.1%) unknown carrier, compared to 37 out of 946 carriers for the universal screening (P<0.001). Of the 37 carriers identified through the universal screening, 35 (94.6%) reported no risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in our low endemic setting, a universal screening strategy identified significantly more MDRO carriers than the currently implemented universal risk-assessment. When implementing a universal risk-assessment, risk factors should be carefully selected to be able to identify ESBL-E carriers. While the universal screening identified more MDRO carriers, further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriënne S. van der Schoor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliëtte A. Severin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corné H. W. Klaassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M. Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet C. Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne F. Voor in ‘t holt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rice S, Carr K, Sobiesuo P, Shabaninejad H, Orozco-Leal G, Kontogiannis V, Marshall C, Pearson F, Moradi N, O'Connor N, Stoniute A, Richmond C, Craig D, Allegranzi B, Cassini A. Economic evaluations of interventions to prevent and control health-care-associated infections: a systematic review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e228-e239. [PMID: 37001543 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Almost 9 million health-care-associated infections have been estimated to occur each year in European hospitals and long-term care facilities, and these lead to an increase in morbidity, mortality, bed occupancy, and duration of hospital stay. The aim of this systematic review was to review the cost-effectiveness of interventions to limit the spread of health-care-associated infections), framed by WHO infection prevention and control core components. The Embase, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment, Cinahl, Scopus, Pediatric Economic Database Evaluation, and Global Index Medicus databases, plus grey literature were searched for studies between Jan 1, 2009, and Aug 10, 2022. Studies were included if they reported interventions including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, national-level or facility-level infection prevention and control programmes, education and training programmes, environmental cleaning, and surveillance. The British Medical Journal checklist was used to assess the quality of economic evaluations. 67 studies were included in the review. 25 studies evaluated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outcomes. 31 studies evaluated screening strategies. The assessed studies that met the minimum quality criteria consisted of economic models. There was some evidence that hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, surveillance, and multimodal interventions were cost-effective. There were few or no studies investigating education and training, personal protective equipment or monitoring, and evaluation of interventions. This Review provides a map of cost-effectiveness data, so that policy makers and researchers can identify the relevant data and then assess the quality and generalisability for their setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rice
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Katherine Carr
- Dental School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pauline Sobiesuo
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hosein Shabaninejad
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giovany Orozco-Leal
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Christopher Marshall
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Pearson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Najmeh Moradi
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicole O'Connor
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Akvile Stoniute
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Richmond
- NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dawn Craig
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Benedetta Allegranzi
- Infection Prevention and Control Technical and Clinical Hub, Department of Integrated Health Services, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Cassini
- Infection Prevention and Control Technical and Clinical Hub, Department of Integrated Health Services, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Latha T, Bhat AK, Hande HM, Mukhopadhyay C, Devi ES, Nayak BS, George A. Effectiveness of Extended Infection Control Measures on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Among Orthopaedic Patients. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56:1804-1812. [PMID: 36187590 PMCID: PMC9485330 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-022-00713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to find the effectiveness of Extended Infection Control Measures (EICM) in reducing the rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among orthopaedic surgery patients. Methods The study adopted a quasi-experimental design and was conducted in the orthopaedic units of a tertiary care hospital. This study recruited 168 orthopaedic patients and 154 healthcare professionals (HCPs). EICM included hand hygiene, decolonizing the patients and HCPS, staff education, feedback of surveillance data, treatment of high-risk and MRSA-infected patients, having separate equipment for MRSA-infected patients, and appropriate cleaning of patient's unit. Results The EICM effectively reduced MRSA infection from 21.2 to 6% (p < 0.001). It also resulted in improving the knowledge of HCPs in the prevention and management of MRSA infection (p < 0.001), and all colonized HCPs were successfully (100%) decolonized. Conclusion EICM is a promising intervention to combat MRSA infection among orthopaedic wards. Hence, it can be executed in orthopaedic wards, thereby improving the treatment quality and reducing the infection-related consequences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-022-00713-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Latha
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal India
- Manipal-McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Anil K. Bhat
- Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
- Manipal-McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - H. Manjunatha Hande
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
- Manipal-McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Elsa Sanatombi Devi
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Baby S. Nayak
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Anice George
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|