1
|
Naimi H, Khazaei M, Sharifnia F, Sayyed-Hosseinian SH. Repurposing of Angiotensin-converting-enzyme Inhibitor on Prevention of Post-surgical Tendon Adhesion. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:859-867. [PMID: 38468533 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128284671240214080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of adhesion bands is a frequent clinical complication after tendon injury or surgery with limited treatment options. This study investigates the repurposing of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) in attenuating post-operative tendon-sheath adhesion bands in an Achilles tendon rat model. METHODS Structural, mechanical, histological, and biochemical characteristics of the Achilles tendons were compared in the presence and absence of oral ACEI (enalapril) using the Achilles tendon adhesion (TA) model in rats. Inflammation and total fibrosis of tendon tissues were compared between groups using molecular investigations along with macroscopic and histological scoring methods. RESULTS ACEI significantly alleviated the severity, length, and density of Achilles TAs. Moreover, histopathological changes, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and inflammation were significantly decreased in post-operative tissue samples as quantified with the Moran scoring model. We showed that ACEI treatment elicits a potent anti-fibrotic effect on tendon tissue samples, as illustrated by decreasing the severity and extent of the formed fibrotic tissue and collagen accumulation at the site of surgery when scored either by Tang or Ishiyama grading systems. The H&E staining showed no histopathological changes or damage to the principal organs. CONCLUSION Our results showed that ACEI is a safe and effective therapeutic candidate with potent immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic features to alleviate surgery-induced development of fibrotic adhesive tissue. However, its efficacy needs to be further validated in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Naimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Sharifnia
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transcriptome profiling of digital flexor tendons after injury in a chicken model. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224892. [PMID: 32432656 PMCID: PMC7276521 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of tendon healing remains a challenge because of our limited understanding of the tendon repair process. Therefore, we performed the present study to provide a global perspective of the gene expression profiles of tendons after injury and identify the molecular signals driving the tendon repair process. RESULTS The gene expression profiles of flexor digitorum profundus tendons in a chicken model were assayed on day 3, weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 after injury using the Affymetrix microarray system. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed three distinct clusters corresponding to different phases of the tendon healing period. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified regulation of cell proliferation and cell adhesion as the most enriched biological processes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathways were the most impacted. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) demonstrated four distinct patterns of gene expressions during tendon healing. Cell adhesion and ECM activities were mainly associated with genes with drastic increase in expression 6 weeks after injury. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify the key signaling pathways and hub genes involved. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive analysis of the biological functions and interactions of the genes differentially expressed during tendon healing provides a valuable resource to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying tendon healing and to predict regulatory targets for the genetic engineering of tendon repair. Tendon healing, Adhesion, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, Protein-protein Interaction.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wallace SJ, Mioton LM, Havey RM, Muriuki MG, Ko JH. Biomechanical Properties of a Novel Mesh Suture in a Cadaveric Flexor Tendon Repair Model. J Hand Surg Am 2019; 44:208-215. [PMID: 30660397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conventional suture repairs, when stressed, fail by suture rupture, knot slippage, or suture pull-through, when the suture cuts through the intervening tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of flexor tendon repairs using a novel mesh suture with traditional suture repairs. METHODS Sixty human cadaveric flexor digitorum profundus tendons were harvested and assigned to 1 of 3 suture repair groups: 3-0 and 4-0 braided poly-blend suture or 1-mm diameter mesh suture. All tendons were repaired using a 4-strand core cruciate suture configuration. Each tendon repair underwent linear loading or cyclic loading until failure. Outcome measures included yield strength, ultimate strength, the number of cycles and load required to achieve 1-mm and 2-mm gap formation, and failure. RESULTS Mesh suture repairs had significantly higher yield and ultimate force values when compared with 3-0 and 4-0 braided poly-blend suture repairs under linear testing. The average force required to produce repair gaps was significantly higher in mesh suture repairs than in conventional suture. Mesh suture repairs endured a significantly greater number of cycles and force applied before failure compared with both 3-0 and 4-0 conventional suture. CONCLUSIONS This ex vivo biomechanical study of flexor tendon repairs using a novel mesh suture reveals significant increases in average yield strength, ultimate strength, and average force required for gap formation and repair failure with mesh suture repairs compared with conventional sutures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mesh suture-based flexor tendon repairs could lead to improved healing at earlier time points. The findings could allow for earlier mobilization, decreased adhesion formation, and lower rupture rates after flexor tendon repairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wallace
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Loyola University-Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Lauren M Mioton
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert M Havey
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - Muturi G Muriuki
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - Jason H Ko
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Wu F, Gu S, Wu T, Chen S, Chen S, Wang C, Huang G, Jin T, Cui W, Sarmento B, Deng L, Fan C. Gene Silencing via PDA/ERK2-siRNA-Mediated Electrospun Fibers for Peritendinous Antiadhesion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801217. [PMID: 30693181 PMCID: PMC6343062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sustained delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a challenge in gene silencing for managing gene-related disorders. Although nanoparticle-mediated electrospun fibers enable sustainable gene silencing, low efficiency, loss of biological activity, toxicity issues, and complex electrospinning techniques are all bottlenecks of these systems. Preventing peritendinous adhesion is crucial for their successful use, which involves blocking cellular signaling via physical barriers. Here, a multifunctional, yet structurally simple, cationic 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde-polyethylenimine (PDA)-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)2-siRNA polymeric delivery system is reported, in the form of peritendinous antiadhesion electrospun poly-l-lactic acid/hyaluronan membranes (P/H), with the ability to perform sustained release of bioactive siRNA for long-term prevention of adhesions and ERK2 silencing. After 4 days of culture, the cell area and proliferation rate of chicken embryonic fibroblasts on siRNA+PDA+P/H membrane are significantly less than those on P/H and siRNA+P/H membranes. The in vivo results of average optical density of collagen type III (Col III) and gene expression of ERK2 and its downstream SMAD3 in the siRNA+PDA+P/H group are less than those of P/H and siRNA+P/H groups. Consequently, siRNA+PDA+P/H electrospun membrane can protect the bioactivity of ERK2-siRNA and release it in a sustained manner. Moreover, adhesion formation is inhibited by reducing fibroblast proliferation and Col III deposition, and downregulating ERK2 and its downstream SMAD3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025China
| | - Fei Wu
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Shun Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Guanlan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryÅbo Akademi University20520TurkuFinland
| | - Tuo Jin
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityNo. 220 Handan RoadShanghai200433China
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia BiomédicaUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- CESPU—Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da SaúdeRua Central de Gandra 1317Gandra4585‐116Portugal
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mao WF, Wu YF, Yang QQ, Zhou YL, Wang XT, Liu PY, Tang JB. Modulation of digital flexor tendon healing by vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfection in a chicken model. Gene Ther 2017; 24:234-240. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Shen H, Kormpakis I, Havlioglu N, Linderman SW, Sakiyama-Elbert SE, Erickson IE, Zarembinski T, Silva MJ, Gelberman RH, Thomopoulos S. The effect of mesenchymal stromal cell sheets on the inflammatory stage of flexor tendon healing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:144. [PMID: 27677963 PMCID: PMC5039894 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical outcomes following intrasynovial flexor tendon repair are highly variable. Excessive inflammation is a principal factor underlying the formation of adhesions at the repair surface and affecting matrix regeneration at the repair center that limit tendon excursion and impair tendon healing. A previous in-vitro study revealed that adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) modulate tendon fibroblast response to macrophage-induced inflammation. The goal of the current study was therefore to explore the effectiveness of autologous ASCs on the inflammatory stage of intrasynovial tendon healing in vivo using a clinically relevant animal model. Methods Zone II flexor tendon transections and suture repairs were performed in a canine model. Autologous ASC sheets were delivered to the surface of repaired tendons. Seven days after repair, the effects of ASCs on tendon healing, with a focus on the inflammatory response, were evaluated using gene expression assays, immunostaining, and histological assessments. Results ASCs delivered via the cell sheet infiltrated the host tendon, including the repair surface and the space between the tendon ends, as viewed histologically by tracking GFP-expressing ASCs. Gene expression results demonstrated that ASCs promoted a regenerative/anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype and regulated tendon matrix remodeling. Specifically, there were significant increases in M2-stimulator (IL-4), marker (CD163 and MRC1), and effector (VEGF) gene expression in ASC-sheet treated tendons compared with nontreated tendons. When examining changes in extracellular matrix expression, tendon injury caused a significant increase in scar-associated COL3A1 expression and reductions in COL2A1 and ACAN expression. The ASC treatment effectively counteracted these changes, returning the expression levels of these genes closer to normal. Immunostaining further confirmed that ASC treatment increased CD163+ M2 cells in the repaired tendons and suppressed cell apoptosis at the repair site. Conclusions This study provides a novel approach for delivering ASCs with outcomes indicating potential for substantial modulation of the inflammatory environment and enhancement of tendon healing after flexor tendon repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ioannis Kormpakis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- Department of Pathology, John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen W Linderman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, Black Building 1408, 650 W 168 ST, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meier Bürgisser G, Calcagni M, Bachmann E, Fessel G, Snedeker JG, Giovanoli P, Buschmann J. Rabbit Achilles tendon full transection model - wound healing, adhesion formation and biomechanics at 3, 6 and 12 weeks post-surgery. Biol Open 2016; 5:1324-33. [PMID: 27635037 PMCID: PMC5051656 DOI: 10.1242/bio.020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After tendon rupture repair, two main problems may occur: re-rupture and adhesion formation. Suitable non-murine animal models are needed to study the healing tendon in terms of biomechanical properties and extent of adhesion formation. In this study 24 New Zealand White rabbits received a full transection of the Achilles tendon 2 cm above the calcaneus, sutured with a 4-strand Becker suture. Post-surgical analysis was performed at 3, 6 and 12 weeks. In the 6-week group, animals received a cast either in a 180 deg stretched position during 6 weeks (adhesion provoking immobilization), or were re-casted with a 150 deg position after 3 weeks (adhesion inhibiting immobilization), while in the other groups (3 and 12 weeks) a 180 deg position cast was applied for 3 weeks. Adhesion extent was analyzed by histology and ultrasound. Histopathological scoring was performed according to a method by Stoll et al. (2011), and the main biomechanical properties were assessed. Histopathological scores increased as a function of time, but did not reach values of healthy tendons after 12 weeks (only around 15 out of 20 points). Adhesion provoking immobilization led to an adhesion extent of 82.7±9.7%, while adhesion inhibiting immobilization led to 31.9±9.8% after 6 weeks. Biomechanical properties increased over time, however, they did not reach full strength nor elastic modulus at 12 weeks post-operation. Furthermore, the rabbit Achilles tendon model can be modulated in terms of adhesion formation to the surrounding tissue. It clearly shows the different healing stages in terms of histopathology and offers a suitable model regarding biomechanics because it exhibits similar biomechanics as the human flexor tendons of the hand. Summary: The rabbit Achilles tendon full transection model can be used to study adhesion extent in a controlled way. It also mimics the biomechanics of human hand flexor tendons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Meier Bürgisser
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Elias Bachmann
- Uniklinik Balgrist, Department of Orthopedics, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Gion Fessel
- Uniklinik Balgrist, Department of Orthopedics, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Uniklinik Balgrist, Department of Orthopedics, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland Laboratory for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ), Rämistrasse 101, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Giovanoli
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Noren SR, Suydam R. Navigating under sea ice promotes rapid maturation of diving physiology and performance in beluga whales. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2828-2836. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Little is known about the postnatal development of the physiological characteristics that support breath-hold in cetaceans, despite their need to swim and dive at birth. Arctic species have the additional demand of avoiding entrapment while navigating under sea ice, where breathing holes are patchily distributed and ephemeral. This is the first investigation of the ontogeny of the biochemistry of the locomotor muscle in a year-round Arctic-dwelling cetacean (beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas). Compared with what we know about other cetaceans, belugas are born with high myoglobin content (1.56±0.02 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass, N=2) that matures rapidly. Myoglobin increased by 452% during the first year after birth and achieved adult levels (6.91±0.35 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass, N=9) by 14 months postpartum. Buffering capacity was 48.88±0.69 slykes (N=2) at birth; adult levels (84.31±1.38 slykes, N=9) were also achieved by 14 months postpartum. As the oxygen stores matured, calculated aerobic dive limit more than doubled over the first year of life, undoubtedly facilitating the movements of calves under sea ice. Nonetheless, small body size theoretically continues to constrain the diving ability of newly weaned 2 year olds, as they only had 74% and 69% of the aerobic breath-hold capacity of larger adult female and male counterparts. These assessments enhance our knowledge of the biology of cetaceans and provide insight into age-specific flexibility to alter underwater behaviors, as may be required with the ongoing alterations in the Arctic marine ecosystem associated with climate change and increased anthropogenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R. Noren
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Robert Suydam
- North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK 99723, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu YF, Mao WF, Zhou YL, Wang XT, Liu PY, Tang JB. Adeno-associated virus-2-mediated TGF-β1 microRNA transfection inhibits adhesion formation after digital flexor tendon injury. Gene Ther 2015; 23:167-75. [PMID: 26381218 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion formation after digital flexor tendon injury greatly affects gliding function of the tendon, which is a major clinical complication after hand surgery. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) has a critical role in adhesion formation during tendon healing. Persistent regulation of TGF-β1 through application of microRNA (miRNA) specifically inhibiting the function of TGF-β1 (TGF-β1-miRNA) holds promise for treatment of such a complication. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to transfer TGF-β1-miRNA to the chicken digital flexor tendons, which had been injured and surgically repaired. Four doses of AAV2-TGF-β1-miRNA (2 × 10¹¹, 2 × 10¹⁰, 2 × 10⁹ and 2 × 10⁸ vector genomes (vg)) were used to determine the transfection efficiency. At postoperative 3 weeks, we found a positive correlation between the administered AAV2-TGF-β1-miRNA doses and transfection efficiency. The transfection rate ranged from 10% to 77% as the doses increased. Production of TGF-β1 protein in the tendons decreased on increasing vector dosage. When 2 × 10¹¹ and 2 × 10¹⁰) vg were injected into the tendon, gliding excursion of the repaired tendon and work of flexion of chicken toes were significantly increased and adhesion score decreased 6 and 8 weeks later, indicating the improvement of tendon gliding and decreases in adhesion formations. However, the ultimate strength of the tendons transfected at the dose of 2 × 10¹⁰ vg was 12-24% lower than that of the control tendons. The results of this study demonstrate that application of TGF-β1-miRNA had a mixed impact on tendon healing: adhesion around the tendon is reduced but strength of the tendon healing is adversely affected. Future studies should aim at maintaining the beneficial effects of reducing tendon adhesions, while eliminating the adverse effects of decreasing the healing strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y F Wu
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - W F Mao
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y L Zhou
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - X T Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - P Y Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J B Tang
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|