Abstract
Metallosis is defined as the accumulation and deposition of metallic particles secondary to abnormal wear from prosthetic implants that may be visualized as abnormal macroscopic staining of periprosthetic soft tissues. This phenomenon occurs secondary to the release of metal ions and particles from metal-on-metal hip implants in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis. Ions and particles shed from implants can lead to local inflammation of surrounding tissue and less commonly, very rare systemic manifestations may occur in various organ systems. With the incidence of total hip arthroplasty increasing as well as rates of revisions due to prosthesis failure from previous metal-on-metal implants, metallosis has become an important area of research. Bodily fluids are electrochemically active and react with biomedical implants. Particles, especially cobalt and chromium, are released from implants as they abrade against one another into the surrounding tissues. The body’s normal defense mechanism becomes activated, which can elicit a cascade of events, leading to inflammation of the immediate surrounding tissues and eventually implant failure. In this review, various mechanisms of metallosis are explored. Focus was placed on the atomic and molecular makeup of medical implants, the component/surgical associated factors, cellular responses, wear, tribocorrosion, joint loading, and fluid pressure associated with implantation. Current treatment guidelines for failed implants include revision surgery. An alternative treatment could be chelation therapy, which may drive future studies.
Arthroplasty is an invasive procedure which disrupts surrounding joint tissues, and can greatly perturb the joint’s immune homeostasis. In some instances, this may pose a difficult challenge to implant integration. Particles released from implants into the surrounding joint tissues activate the body’s defense mechanism, eliciting a cascade of events, which leads to biotribocorrosion and electrochemical attacks on the implant. This process may lead to the release of even more particles. Besides, implant makeup and designs, frictions between bearing surfaces, corrosion of non-moving parts with modular junctions, surgical mistakes, patient factor, comorbidities, and loosened components can alter the expected function of implants. High accumulations of these ions and particulates result in metallosis, with accompanying adverse complications. Current recommended treatment for failed prosthesis is revision surgeries. However, chelation therapy as a prophylactic intervention may be useful in future efforts but more investigation is required.
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