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Zinc and Zinc Transporters in Dermatology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416165. [PMID: 36555806 PMCID: PMC9785331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace mineral in the human body and a daily intake of zinc is required to maintain a healthy status. Over the past decades, zinc has been used in formulating topical and systemic therapies for various skin disorders owing to its wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Zinc transporters play a major role in maintaining the integrity of the integumentary system by controlling zinc homeostasis within dermal layers. Mutations and abnormal function of zinc-transporting proteins can lead to disease development, such as spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) which can be fatal if left untreated. This review discusses the layers of the skin, the importance of zinc and zinc transporters in each layer, and the various skin disorders caused by zinc deficiency, in addition to zinc-containing compounds used for treating different skin disorders and skin protection.
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Zheng Y, Zuo W, Shen D, Cui K, Huang M, Zhang D, Shen X, Wang L. Mechanosensitive TRPV4 Channel-Induced Extracellular ATP Accumulation at the Acupoint Mediates Acupuncture Analgesia of Ankle Arthritis in Rats. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:513. [PMID: 34073103 PMCID: PMC8228741 DOI: 10.3390/life11060513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Acupuncture (AP) is a safe and effective analgesic therapy. Understanding how fine needles trigger biological signals can help us optimize needling manipulation to improve its efficiency. Adenosine accumulation in treated acupoints is a vital related event. Here, we hypothesized that extracellular ATP (eATP) mobilization preceded adenosine accumulation, which involved local activation of mechanosensitive channels, especially TRPV4 protein. (2) Methods: AP was applied at the injured-side Zusanli acupoint (ST36) of acute ankle arthritis rats. Pain thresholds were assessed in injured-side hindpaws. eATP in microdialysate from the acupoints was determined by luminescence assay. (3) Results: AP analgesic effect was significantly suppressed by pre-injection of GdCl3 or ruthenium red in ST36, the wide-spectrum inhibitors of mechanosensitive channels, or by HC067047, a specific antagonist of TRPV4 channels. Microdialysate determination revealed a needling-induced transient eATP accumulation that was significantly decreased by pre-injection of HC067047. Additionally, preventing eATP hydrolysis by pre-injection of ARL67156, a non-specific inhibitor of ecto-ATPases, led to the increase in eATP levels and the abolishment of AP analgesic effect. (4) Conclusions: These observations indicate that needling-induced transient accumulation of eATP, due to the activation of mechanosensitive TRPV4 channels and the activities of ecto-ATPases, is involved in the trigger mechanism of AP analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zheng
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weimin Zuo
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function (14DZ2260500), Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xueyong Shen
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China
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Nakamura H, Sekiguchi A, Ogawa Y, Kawamura T, Akai R, Iwawaki T, Makiguchi T, Yokoo S, Ishikawa O, Motegi SI. Zinc deficiency exacerbates pressure ulcers by increasing oxidative stress and ATP in the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:62-69. [PMID: 31327530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency is believed to be a predisposing factor for the development and intractable healing of pressure ulcers (PUs); however, the mechanisms of this association have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE Objective was to elucidate the mechanisms of the formation of severe and prolonged PUs under the zinc deficiency condition. METHODS We assessed PUs formation after cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice fed with a zinc-adequate (ZA) or a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet from 2 weeks before I/R injury. Wound size, vascular damage, apoptotic cells, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) amount, and the number of Langerhans cells (LCs) in I/R area were analyzed. We evaluated the extent of oxidative stress in I/R area in OKD48 mice through bioluminescence detection. RESULTS We found that dietary zinc deficiency caused the formation of severe and prolonged PUs in mice. Zinc deficiency increased the vascular disorder, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by cutaneous I/R injury. I/R injury-induced oxidative stress signals were significantly higher in ZD OKD48 mice than in ZA OKD48 mice. Additionally, zinc deficiency reduced the number of LCs and increased the amount of ATP in cutaneous I/R-injured skin. Oral supplementation of zinc improved zinc deficiency-associated PUs. CONCLUSION Zinc deficiency might increase cutaneous I/R injury-induced vascular damages, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, as well as ATP amount in I/R area due to the loss of LCs. These mechanisms might partly account for zinc deficiency-induced formation of severe and prolonged PUs. Oral supplementation of zinc might be a reasonable therapeutic choice for patients with PUs and zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Akai
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takaya Makiguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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Biotin Is Required for the Zinc Homeostasis in the Skin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040919. [PMID: 31022908 PMCID: PMC6520690 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with biotin deficiency present symptoms that are similar to those in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica (inherent zinc deficiency). However, the association between biotin and zinc deficiency remains unknown. We have previously shown that epidermal keratinocytes of mice fed zinc-deficient (ZD) diets secreted more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than those of mice fed zinc-adequate (ZA) diets and that epidermal Langerhans cells are absent in ZD mice. Langerhans cells highly express CD39, which potently hydrolyzes ATP into adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Thus, a lack of Langerhans cells in ZD mice leads to non-hydrolysis of ATP, thereby leading to the development of ATP-mediated irritant contact dermatitis. In this study, we examined if biotin-deficient (BD) mice showed the same underlying mechanisms as those in ZD mice. BD mice showed reduced serum zinc levels, disappearance of epidermal Langerhans cells, and enhanced ATP production in the skin. Consequently, irritant contact dermatitis was significantly enhanced and prolonged in BD mice. In conclusion, the findings of our study showed that biotin deficiency leads to zinc deficiency because of which patients with biotin deficiency show similar symptoms as those with acrodermatitis enteropathica.
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Zinc in Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells: Relevance to the Epidermal Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5404093. [PMID: 30622978 PMCID: PMC6304883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5404093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, the epidermis is continuously exposed to various kinds of external substances and stimuli. Therefore, epidermal barriers are crucial for providing protection, safeguarding health, and regulating water balance by maintaining skin homeostasis. Disruption of the epidermal barrier allows external substances and stimuli to invade or stimulate the epidermal cells, leading to the elicitation of skin inflammation. The major components of the epidermal barrier are the stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). The presence of zinc in the epidermis promotes epidermal homeostasis; hence, this study reviewed the role of zinc in the formation and function of the SC and TJs. Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis. They form TJs with adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), capture external antigens, and induce antigen-specific immune reactions. Thus, the function of zinc in LCs was examined in this review. We also summarized the general knowledge of zinc and zinc transporters in the epidermis with updated findings.
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Takeda TA, Miyazaki S, Kobayashi M, Nishino K, Goto T, Matsunaga M, Ooi M, Shirakawa H, Tani F, Kawamura T, Komai M, Kambe T. Zinc deficiency causes delayed ATP clearance and adenosine generation in rats and cell culture models. Commun Biol 2018; 1:113. [PMID: 30271993 PMCID: PMC6123718 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency causes myriad pathophysiological symptoms, but why distinct phenotypes are generated by zinc deficiency remains unclear. Considering that several ectoenzymes involved in purinergic signaling through extracellular adenine-nucleotide hydrolysis possess zinc ions in their active sites, and disorders in purinergic signaling result in diverse diseases that are frequently similar to those caused by zinc deficiency, herein we examine whether zinc deficiency affects extracellular adenine-nucleotide metabolism. Zinc deficiency severely impairs the activities of major ectoenzymes (ENPP1, ENPP3, NT5E/CD73, and TNAP), and also strongly suppresses adenine-nucleotide hydrolysis in cell-membrane preparations or rat plasma, thereby increasing ATP and ADP levels and decreasing adenosine levels. Thus, zinc deficiency delays both extracellular ATP clearance and adenosine generation, and zinc modulates extracellular adenine-nucleotide metabolism. Since the finely tuned balance between extracellular adenine nucleotides and adenosine is critical for purinergic signaling, these findings provide a novel insight into why zinc deficiency results in diverse symptoms. Taka-aki Takeda et al. find that zinc deficiency impairs adenine nucleotide metabolism in both cell and rat models leading to delays in extracellular ATP clearance and adenosine generation. The results show that zinc deficiency affects purinergic signaling and may explain why zinc deficiency in humans results in diverse symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-Aki Takeda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shiho Miyazaki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Miki Kobayashi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nishino
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoko Goto
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Human Life Science, Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Sendai, 981-8557, Japan
| | - Mayu Matsunaga
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Minami Ooi
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Michio Komai
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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