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Nicolaou A, Kendall AC. Bioactive lipids in the skin barrier mediate its functionality in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108681. [PMID: 38897295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Our skin protects us from external threats including ultraviolet radiation, pathogens and chemicals, and prevents excessive trans-epidermal water loss. These varied activities are reliant on a vast array of lipids, many of which are unique to skin, and that support physical, microbiological and immunological barriers. The cutaneous physical barrier is dependent on a specific lipid matrix that surrounds terminally-differentiated keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. Sebum- and keratinocyte-derived lipids cover the skin's surface and support and regulate the skin microbiota. Meanwhile, lipids signal between resident and infiltrating cutaneous immune cells, driving inflammation and its resolution in response to pathogens and other threats. Lipids of particular importance include ceramides, which are crucial for stratum corneum lipid matrix formation and therefore physical barrier functionality, fatty acids, which contribute to the acidic pH of the skin surface and regulate the microbiota, as well as the stratum corneum lipid matrix, and bioactive metabolites of these fatty acids, involved in cell signalling, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous processes. These diverse and complex lipids maintain homeostasis in healthy skin, and are implicated in many cutaneous diseases, as well as unrelated systemic conditions with skin manifestations, and processes such as ageing. Lipids also contribute to the gut-skin axis, signalling between the two barrier sites. Therefore, skin lipids provide a valuable resource for exploration of healthy cutaneous processes, local and systemic disease development and progression, and accessible biomarker discovery for systemic disease, as well as an opportunity to fully understand the relationship between the host and the skin microbiota. Investigation of skin lipids could provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and help identify new targets for interventions. Development and improvement of existing in vitro and in silico approaches to explore the cutaneous lipidome, as well as advances in skin lipidomics technologies, will facilitate ongoing progress in skin lipid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Kim KP, Shin KO, Lee S, Yun J, Lee T, Cho Y. PNPLA1 knockdown inhibits esterification of γ-linolenic acid to ceramide 1 in differentiated keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 702:149618. [PMID: 38340658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 1 (PNPLA1) is crucial in the esterification of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) to ω-hydroxy fatty acids (FA) of ceramide 1 (Cer1), the major barrier lipid of the differentiated epidermis. We previously reported that γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) as well as LA is esterified to Cer1 subspecies with sphingosine (d18:1) or eicosasphingosine (d20:1) amide-linked to two different ω-hydroxy FA (30wh:0; 32wh:1). Here, we further investigated whether PNPLA1 is also responsible for esterification of GLA to these Cer1 subspecies in normal human keratinocytes (NHK). As late/terminal differentiation was induced in NHK, PNPLA1 and differentiation markers were expressed, and LA-esterified Cer1 subspecies (18:2n-6/C30wh:0 or C32wh:0/d18:1; 18:2n-6/C32wh:0/d20:1) were detected, which were further increased with LA treatment. GLA-esterified Cer1 subspecies (18:3n-6/C30wh:0 or C32wh:0/d18:1; 18:3n-6/C32wh:0/d20:1) were detected only with GLA treatment. Specific small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PNPLA1 (KDP) in differentiated NHK decreased levels of these LA-esterified Cer1 subspecies overall and of involucrin (IVL), a terminal differentiation marker. Moreover, KDP resulted in lesser LA/GLA responses as characterized by more significant decreases in IVL and LA/GLA-esterified Cer1 subspecies overall and an accumulation of non-esterified ω-hydroxy ceramides, their putative precursors; the decrease of 18:3n-6/C32wh:0/d18:1, the predominant GLA-esterified Cer1 subspecies, specifically paralleled the increase of C32wh:0/d18:1, its corresponding precursor. PNPLA1 is responsible for NHK terminal differentiation and also for esterification of GLA to the ω-hydroxy FA of Cer1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Pyo Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yun
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhi Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.
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Zheng Y, Lee EH, Lee SY, Lee Y, Shin KO, Park K, Kang IJ. Morus alba L. root decreases melanin synthesis via sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in B16F10 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115848. [PMID: 36272492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Morus alba L. has long been used for beauty in many Asian countries and regions, including anti-aging and hyperpigmentation. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at the inhibitory effect of Morus alba L. root on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and the mechanism involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study evaluated the anti-melanogenic effect of Morus alba L. root extract (MAR) on B16F10 melanoma cells by assessing cell viability, melanin accumulation, cellular tyrosinase activity, intra/inter-cellular S1P levels, cellular S1P-related metabolic enzyme activity, and western blot analysis. In addition, the potential S1P lyase (S1PL) inhibitory constituents in MAR were identified by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Without affecting the viability of B16F10 melanoma cells, MAR inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, thereby reducing the accumulation of melanin. MAR also downregulated the expression level of MITF via activating the ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, MAR increased the intra/inter-cellular S1P by inhibiting S1PL. Several compounds with inhibitory S1PL activity have been identified in MAR, such as mulberroside A and oxyresveratrol. CONCLUSIONS The anti-melanogenic effects of MAR mainly involve promoting MITF degradation mediated via S1P-S1PR3-ERK signaling through increasing cellular S1P levels by inhibiting S1PL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Hengst JA, Nduwumwami AJ, Yun JK. Regulatory Role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and C16:0 Ceramide, in Immunogenic Cell Death of Colon Cancer Cells Induced by Bak/Bax-Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5182. [PMID: 36358599 PMCID: PMC9657779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified the sphingosine kinases (SphK1/2) as key intracellular regulators of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. To better understand the mechanism by which SphK inhibition enhances ICD, we focused on the intracellular signaling pathways leading to cell surface exposure of calreticulin (ectoCRT). Herein, we demonstrate that ABT-263 and AZD-5991, inhibitors of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL and Mcl-1, respectively, induce the production of ectoCRT, indicative of ICD. Inhibition of SphK1 significantly enhanced ABT/AZD-induced ectoCRT production, in a caspase 8-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ABT/AZD-induced Bak/Bax activation stimulates pro-survival SphK1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, which attenuates ectoCRT production. Additionally, we identified a regulatory role for ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6)/C16:0 ceramide in transporting of ectoCRT to the cell surface. Together, these results indicate that the sphingolipid metabolic regulators of the sphingolipid rheostat, S1P and C16:0 ceramide, influence survival/death decisions of CRC cells in response to ICD-inducing chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, SphK1, which produces S1P, is a stress-responsive pro-survival lipid kinase that suppresses ICD. While ceramide, produced by the inhibition of SphK1 is required for production of the cell surface marker of ICD, ectoCRT. Thus, inhibition of SphK1 represents a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Hengst
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Asvelt J. Nduwumwami
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jong K. Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Masuda-Kuroki K, Di Nardo A. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling at the Skin Barrier Interface. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060809. [PMID: 35741330 PMCID: PMC9219813 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a product of membrane sphingolipid metabolism. S1P is secreted and acts via G-protein-coupled receptors, S1PR1-5, and is involved in diverse cellular functions, including cell proliferation, immune suppression, and cardiovascular functions. Recent studies have shown that the effects of S1P signaling are extended further by coupling the different S1P receptors and their respective downstream signaling pathways. Our group has recently reported that S1P inhibits cell proliferation and induces differentiation in human keratinocytes. There is a growing understanding of the connection between S1P signaling, skin barrier function, and skin diseases. For example, the activation of S1PR1 and S1PR2 during bacterial invasion regulates the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes. Moreover, S1P-S1PR2 signaling is involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines and can be triggered by epidermal mechanical stress and bacterial invasion. This review highlights how S1P affects human keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, immunoreaction, and mast cell immune response, in addition to its effects on the skin barrier interface. Finally, studies targeting S1P-S1PR signaling involved in inflammatory skin diseases are also presented.
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Shin KO, Mihara H, Ishida K, Uchida Y, Park K. Exogenous Ceramide Serves as a Precursor to Endogenous Ceramide Synthesis and as a Modulator of Keratinocyte Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111742. [PMID: 35681438 PMCID: PMC9179460 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ceramide is a key epidermal barrier constituent and its deficiency causes barrier-compromised skin, several molecular types of ceramides are formulated in commercial topical agents to improve barrier function. Topical ceramide localizes on the skin surface and in the stratum corneum, but certain amounts of ceramide penetrate the stratum granulosum, becoming precursors to endogenous ceramide synthesis following molecular modification. Moreover, exogenous ceramide as a lipid mediator could modulate keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation. We here investigated the biological roles of exogenous NP (non-hydroxy ceramide containing 4-hydroxy dihydrosphingosine) and NDS (non-hydroxy ceramide containing dihydrosphingosine), both widely used as topical ceramide agents, in differentiated-cultured human keratinocytes. NDS, but not NP, becomes a precursor for diverse ceramide species that are required for a vital permeability barrier. Loricrin (late differentiation marker) production is increased in keratinocytes treated with both NDS and NP vs. control, while bigger increases in involucrin (an early differentiation marker) synthesis were observed in keratinocytes treated with NDS vs. NP and control. NDS increases levels of a key antimicrobial peptide (an innate immune component), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP/LL-37), that is upregulated by a ceramide metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Our studies demonstrate that NDS could be a multi-potent ceramide species, forming heterogenous ceramide molecules and a lipid mediator to enhance differentiation and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea;
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea
- LaSS Lipid Institute (LLI), LaSS Inc., Chuncheon 31151, Korea
| | - Hisashi Mihara
- Takasago International Company, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan; (H.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kenya Ishida
- Takasago International Company, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan; (H.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea;
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-3146 (Y.U.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea;
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-3146 (Y.U.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
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Abstract
Ceramides are a class of sphingolipid that is the backbone structure for all sphingolipids, such as glycosphingolipids and phosphosphingolipids. While being a minor constituent of cellular membranes, ceramides are the major lipid component (along with cholesterol, free fatty acid, and other minor components) of the intercellular spaces of stratum corneum that forms the epidermal permeability barrier. These stratum corneum ceramides consist of unique heterogenous molecular species that have only been identified in terrestrial mammals. Alterations of ceramide molecular profiles are characterized in skin diseases associated with compromised permeability barrier functions, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and xerosis. In addition, hereditary abnormalities of some ichthyoses are associated with an epidermal unique ceramide species, omega-O-acylceramide. Ceramides also serve as lipid modulators to regulate cellular functions, including cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis, and it has been demonstrated that changes in ceramide metabolism also cause certain diseases. In addition, ceramide metabolites, sphingoid bases, sphingoid base-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate are also lipid mediators that regulate cellular functions. In this review article, we describe diverse physiological and pathological roles of ceramides and their metabolites in epidermal permeability barrier function, epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cutaneous diseases. Finally, we summarize the utilization of ceramides as therapy to treat cutaneous disease.
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Identification of Key Exosome Gene Signature in Mediating Coronary Heart Disease by Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3440498. [PMID: 34692829 PMCID: PMC8536412 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3440498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent disease with an unelucidated pathogenetic mechanism and is mediated by complex molecular interactions of exosomes. Here, we aimed to identify differentially expressed exosome genes for the disease development and prognosis of CHD. Method Six CHD samples and 32 normal samples were downloaded from the exoRbase database to identify the candidate genes in the CHD. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. And then, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to investigate the modules in coexpressed genes between CHD samples and normal samples. DEGs and the module of the WGCNA were intersected to obtain the most relevant exosome genes. After that, the function enrichment analyses and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) were performed for the particular module using STRING and Cytoscape software. Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the immune infiltration of exosome genes between CHD samples and normal samples. Result We obtain a total of 715 overlapping exosome genes located at the intersection of the DEGs and key modules. The Gene Ontology enrichment of DEGs in the blue module included inflammatory response, neutrophil degranulation, and activation of CHD. In addition, protein-protein networks were constructed, and hub genes were identified, such as LYZ, CAMP, HP, ORM1, and LTF. The immune infiltration profiles varied significantly between normal controls and CHD. Finally, we found that mast cells activated and eosinophils had a positive correlation. B cell memory had a significant negative correlation with B cell naive. Besides, neutrophils and mast cells were significantly increased in CHD patients. Conclusion The underlying mechanism may be related to neutrophil degranulation and the immune response. The hub genes and the difference in immune infiltration identified in the present study may provide new insights into the diagnostic and provide candidate targets for CHD.
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Wang M, Wu H, Wang R, Dai X, Deng R, Wang Y, Bu Y, Sun M, Zhang H. Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1/2/3 ameliorates biological dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells through Gαi/Gαs rebalancing. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1080-1089. [PMID: 33495999 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) exerts its various physiological and pathological effects by interacting with G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, S1P can induce biological dysfunction in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism underlying this S1P-induced dysfunction remains unclear. An imbalance between Gαi and Gαs can affect the level of cAMP, an important regulator of numerous cell functions. Therefore, we studied the effects of S1P receptor (S1PR) 1-, 2-, and 3-associated Gαi/Gαs imbalance on the biological function of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte (MH7A cells). The results showed that blocking S1PR1/3 and Gαi, and activating Gαs, inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and proinflammatory cytokine release of MH7A cells in a S1P-induced inflammation model, whereas suppressing S1PR2 only affected the invasion and the release of proinflammatory cytokines of these cells. Analysis of the expression of S1PR1/2/3 and Gαi/Gαs further showed that S1PR1/2/3 could regulate the Gαi/Gαs balance. Furthermore, our data suggested that the level of cAMP was also affected. Combined, our results showed that impaired S1PR1/2/3 signalling can affect MH7A cells biological function via Gαi/Gαs-cAMP signalling, which can provide a new idea for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Ronghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejing Dai
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Deng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Bu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Minghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R & D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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Lee HS, Park HY, Kwon SP, Kim B, Lee Y, Kim S, Shin KO, Park K. NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Activation of Neutral Sphingomyelinase Is Responsible for Diesel Particulate Extract-Induced Keratinocyte Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031001. [PMID: 32028642 PMCID: PMC7037446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermis is positioned at the interface with the external environment, protecting our bodies against external challenges, including air pollutants. Emerging evidence suggests that diesel particulate extract (DPE), a major component of air pollution, leads to impairment of diverse cellular functions in keratinocytes (KC). In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanism underlying DPE-induced KC apoptosis. We first addressed cell death occurring in KC exposed to DPE, paralleled by increased activation of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and subsequent ROS generation. Blockade of NOX activation with a specific inhibitor attenuated the expected DPE-induced KC apoptosis. In contrast, pre-treatment with a specific inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation did not reverse DPE/NOX-mediated increase in KC apoptosis. We next noted that NOX-mediated KC apoptosis is mainly attributable to neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase)-mediated stimulation of ceramides, which is a well-known pro-apoptotic lipid. Moreover, we found that inhibition of NOX activation significantly attenuated DPE-mediated increase in the ratio of ceramide to its key metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an important determinant of cell fate. Together, these results suggest that activation of neutral SMase serves as a key downstream signal for the DPE/NOX activation-mediated alteration in ceramide and S1P productions, and subsequent KC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Lee
- Research & Development Center, Chungdam CDC JNPharm LLC., Chuncheon 24232, Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Sung Pil Kwon
- Research & Development Center, Chungdam CDC JNPharm LLC., Chuncheon 24232, Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Seongeun Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondences: (K.-O.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2141 (K.-O.S.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondences: (K.-O.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2141 (K.-O.S.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
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Shin KO, Lim CJ, Park HY, Kim S, Kim B, Lee Y, Chung H, Jeong SK, Park K, Park K. Activation of SIRT1 Enhances Epidermal Permeability Barrier Formation through Ceramide Synthase 2- and 3-Dependent Mechanisms. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1435-1438.e5. [PMID: 31958434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea; Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Chae Jin Lim
- Peptide R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea; Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea; Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea; Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hwajee Chung
- Peptide R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Se-Kyoo Jeong
- Peptide R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Keedon Park
- Peptide R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea; Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Park K, Lee SE, Shin KO, Uchida Y. Insights into the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in skin function and associated diseases. FEBS J 2019; 286:413-425. [PMID: 30586218 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a mechanism that allows the protection of normal cellular functions in response to both internal perturbations, such as accumulation of unfolded proteins, and external perturbations, for example redox stress, UVB irradiation, and infection. A hallmark of ER stress is the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins. Physiological levels of ER stress trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is required to restore normal ER functions. However, the UPR can also initiate a cell death program/apoptosis pathway in response to excessive or persistent ER stress. Recently, it has become evident that chronic ER stress occurs in several diseases, including skin diseases such as Darier's disease, rosacea, vitiligo and melanoma; furthermore, it is suggested that ER stress is directly involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Here, we review the role of ER stress in skin function, and discuss its significance in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Yu M, Pan L, Sang C, Mu Q, Zheng L, Luo G, Xu N. Apolipoprotein M could inhibit growth and metastasis of SMMC7721 cells via vitamin D receptor signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3691-3701. [PMID: 31190977 PMCID: PMC6525829 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s202799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality-to-incidence ratios. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM), a member of the apolipoprotein family, is mainly synthesized in the liver, whereas its role in HCC has not been elucidated. Here, we examined the effect of ApoM on the biological behavior of HCC cells and the possible mechanisms. Methods: We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out ApoM in SMMC7721 cells. Differentially expressed genes before and after ApoM knockout (KO) were analyzed by GeneChip microarrays and confirmed by qRT-PCR. Cell assays of proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were performed in SMMC7721 cells, and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was performed by western blot. And we performed functional recovery experiments by overexpressing vitamin D receptor (VDR) in SMMC7721. Results: The ApoM-KO SMMC7721 cell line was successfully constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Our results showed that silencing ApoM suppressed apoptosis and promoted proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of SMMC7721 cells. The microarray data revealed that a total of 1,868 differentially expressed genes were identified, including VDR. The qRT-PCR and western blot verification results demonstrated that knocking out ApoM could significantly reduce the expression of VDR. The functional recovery experiments indicated that VDR overexpression could offset the inhibition of cell apoptosis and the promotion of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT caused by knocking out ApoM in SMMC7721 cells. Conclusion: ApoM could function as a tumor suppressor to inhibit the growth and metastasis of SMMC7721 cells via VDR signaling in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomei Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Pan
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Sang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfeng Mu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, Lund S‑22185, Sweden
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