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Paganelli A, Zaffonato M, Donati B, Torricelli F, Manicardi V, Lai M, Spadafora M, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A, Longo C. Molecular and Histopathological Characterization of Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Case-Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2233. [PMID: 38927938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients affected by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) can exhibit locally invasive or metastatic tumors. Different staging classification systems are currently in use for cSCC. However, precise patient risk stratification has yet to be reached in clinical practice. The study aims to identify specific histological and molecular parameters characterizing metastatic cSCC. METHODS Patients affected by metastatic and non-metastatic cSCC (controls) were included in the present study and matched for clinical and histological characteristics. Skin samples from primary tumors were revised for several histological parameters and also underwent gene expression profiling with a commercially available panel testing 770 different genes. RESULTS In total, 48 subjects were enrolled in the study (24 cases, 24 controls); 67 genes were found to be differentially expressed between metastatic and non-metastatic cSCC. Most such genes were involved in immune regulation, skin integrity, angiogenesis, cell migration and proliferation. CONCLUSION The combination of histological and molecular profiles of cSCCs allows the identification of features specific to metastatic cSCC, with potential implications for more precise patient risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Paganelli
- Dermatology Unit, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Zaffonato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Benedetta Donati
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Veronica Manicardi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Michela Lai
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Spadafora
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Skin Cancer Center, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Piana
- Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 40123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Skin Cancer Center, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Robinson KS, Boucher D. Inflammasomes in epithelial innate immunity: front line warriors. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1335-1353. [PMID: 38485451 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Our epithelium represents a battle ground against a variety of insults including pathogens and danger signals. It encodes multiple sensors that detect and respond to such insults, playing an essential role in maintaining and defending tissue homeostasis. One key set of defense mechanisms is our inflammasomes which drive innate immune responses including, sensing and responding to pathogen attack, through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. Identification of physiologically relevant triggers for inflammasomes has greatly influenced our ability to decipher the mechanisms behind inflammasome activation. Furthermore, identification of patient mutations within inflammasome components implicates their involvement in a range of epithelial diseases. This review will focus on exploring the roles of inflammasomes in epithelial immunity and cover: the diversity and differential expression of inflammasome sensors amongst our epithelial barriers, their ability to sense local infection and damage and the contribution of the inflammasomes to epithelial homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Samirah Robinson
- The Skin Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Disease Lab, Skin Research Centre, Department of Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
| | - Dave Boucher
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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Calabrese L, Fiocco Z, Mellett M, Aoki R, Rubegni P, French LE, Satoh TK. Role of the NLRP1 inflammasome in skin cancer and inflammatory skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:305-315. [PMID: 37889986 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic protein complexes that play a crucial role in protecting the host against pathogenic and sterile stressors by initiating inflammation. Upon activation, these complexes directly regulate the proteolytic processing and activation of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 to induce a potent inflammatory response, and induce a programmed form of cell death called pyroptosis to expose intracellular pathogens to the surveillance of the immune system, thus perpetuating inflammation. There are various types of inflammasome complexes, with the NLRP1 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-1) inflammasome being the first one identified and currently recognized as the predominant inflammasome sensor protein in human keratinocytes. Human NLRP1 exhibits a unique domain structure, containing both an N-terminal pyrin (PYD) domain and an effector C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). It can be activated by diverse stimuli, such as viruses, ultraviolet B radiation and ribotoxic stress responses. Specific mutations in NLRP1 or related genes have been associated with rare monogenic skin disorders, such as multiple self-healing palmoplantar carcinoma; familial keratosis lichenoides chronica; autoinflammation with arthritis and dyskeratosis; and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 deficiency. Recent research breakthroughs have also highlighted the involvement of dysfunctions in the NLRP1 pathway in a handful of seemingly unrelated dermatological conditions. These range from monogenic autoinflammatory diseases to polygenic autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Additionally, emerging evidence implicates NLRP1 in systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, Addison disease, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome and leprosy. The aim of this review is to shed light on the implications of pathological dysregulation of the NLRP1 inflammasome in skin diseases and investigate the potential rationale for targeting this pathway as a future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabrese
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeno Fiocco
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Mellett
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rui Aoki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Takashi K Satoh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
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Rozario P, Pinilla M, Gorse L, Vind AC, Robinson KS, Toh GA, Firdaus MJ, Martínez JF, Kerk SK, Lin Z, Chambers JC, Bekker-Jensen S, Meunier E, Zhong F. Mechanistic basis for potassium efflux-driven activation of the human NLRP1 inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309579121. [PMID: 38175865 PMCID: PMC10786283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309579121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Nigericin, an ionophore derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, is arguably the most commonly used tool compound to study the NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent findings, however, showed that nigericin also activates the NLRP1 inflammasome in human keratinocytes. In this study, we resolve the mechanistic basis of nigericin-driven NLRP1 inflammasome activation. In multiple nonhematopoietic cell types, nigericin rapidly and specifically inhibits the elongation stage of the ribosome cycle by depleting cytosolic potassium ions. This activates the ribotoxic stress response (RSR) sensor kinase ZAKα, p38, and JNK, as well as the hyperphosphorylation of the NLRP1 linker domain. As a result, nigericin-induced pyroptosis in human keratinocytes is blocked by extracellular potassium supplementation, ZAKα knockout, or pharmacologic inhibitors of ZAKα and p38 kinase activities. By surveying a panel of ionophores, we show that electroneutrality of ion movement is essential to activate ZAKα-driven RSR and a greater extent of K+ depletion is necessary to activate ZAKα-NLRP1 than NLRP3. These findings resolve the mechanism by which nigericin activates NLRP1 in nonhematopoietic cell types and demonstrate an unexpected connection between RSR, perturbations of potassium ion flux, and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritisha Rozario
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Miriam Pinilla
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse31077, France
| | - Leana Gorse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse31077, France
| | - Anna Constance Vind
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200, Denmark
- Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200, Denmark
| | - Kim S. Robinson
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Labs, 138648, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Gee Ann Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | | | - José Francisco Martínez
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200, Denmark
- Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200, Denmark
| | - Swat Kim Kerk
- Population and Global Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Zhewang Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - John C. Chambers
- Population and Global Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200, Denmark
- Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200, Denmark
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse31077, France
| | - Franklin Zhong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 308232, Singapore
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Xie Y, Wang M, Xia H, Sun H, Yuan Y, Jia J, Chen L. Development and validation of a CECT-based radiomics model for predicting IL1B expression and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1121485. [PMID: 36969073 PMCID: PMC10036854 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1121485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIt is necessary to explore a noninvasive method to stratify head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)’s prognosis and to seek new indicators for individualized precision treatment. As a vital inflammatory cytokine, IL1B might drive a new tumor subtype that could be reflected in overall survival (OS) and predicted using the radiomics method.MethodsA total of 139 patients with RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and matched CECT data from The Cancer Image Archive (TCIA) were included in the analysis. The prognostic value of IL1B expression in patients with HNSCC was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox regression analysis and subgroup analysis. Furthermore, the molecular function of IL1B on HNSCC was explored using function enrichment and immunocytes infiltration analyses. Radiomic features were extracted with PyRadiomics and processed using max-relevance minredundancy, recursive feature elimination, and gradient boosting machine algorithm to construct aradiomics model for predicting IL1B expression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve, precision recall (PR) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) curve were used to examine the performance of the model.ResultsIncreased IL1B expression in patients with HNSCC indicated a poor prognosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.56, P = 0.003) and was harmful in patients who underwent radiotherapy (HR = 1.87, P = 0.007) or chemotherapy (HR = 2.514, P < 0.001). Shape_Sphericity, glszm_SmallAreaEmphasis, and firstorder_Kurtosis were included in the radiomics model (AUC: training cohort, 0.861; validation cohort, 0.703). The calibration curves, PR curves and DCA showed good diagnostic effect of the model. The rad-score was close related to IL1B (P = 4.490*10-9), and shared the same corelated trend to EMT-related genes with IL1B. A higher rad-score was associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.041).DiscussionThe CECT-based radiomics model provides preoperative IL1B expression predictionand offers non-invasive instructions for the prognosis and individualized treatment of patients withHNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Hubei-MOST and KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hubei-MOST and KLOBM, Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- Hubei-MOST and KLOBM, Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Hubei-MOST and KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Oral Radiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangwen Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Hubei-MOST and KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liangwen Chen,
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Burian M, Schmidt MF, Yazdi AS. The NLRP1 inflammasome in skin diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111611. [PMID: 36911693 PMCID: PMC9996011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy human skin is constantly exposed to sterile and microbial agents. The skin immune system plays an important role in immune surveillance between tolerance and immune activation. This is mainly mediated by neutrophils, macrophages and most importantly lymphocytes. Keratinocytes, which form the outer skin barrier (epidermis) are also critical for cutaneous homeostasis. Being a non-professional immune cell, recognition of danger signals in keratinocytes is mediated by innate immune receptors (pattern recognition receptors, PRR). While Toll-like receptors are located on the cell membrane or the endosomes, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing gene family receptors (NLR) are intracellular PRRs. Some of these, once activated, trigger the formation of inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes and serve as platforms that mediate the release of innate cytokines after successful recognition, thereby attracting immune cells. Moreover, they mediate the pro-inflammatory cell death pyroptosis. Best characterized is the NLRP3 inflammasome. The function of inflammasomes differs significantly between different cell types (keratinocytes versus immune cells) and between different species (human versus mouse). In recent years, great progress has been made in deciphering the activation mechanisms. Dysregulation of inflammasomes can lead to diseases with varying degrees of severity. Here we focus on the structure, function, and associated pathologies of the NLRP1 inflammasome, which is the most relevant inflammasome in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Burian
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Morna F Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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High p62 expression suppresses the NLRP1 inflammasome and increases stress resistance in cutaneous SCC cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1077. [PMID: 36581625 PMCID: PMC9800582 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NLRP1 is the primary inflammasome sensor in human keratinocytes. Sensing of UVB radiation by NLRP1 is believed to underlie the induction of sunburn. Although constitutive NLRP1 activation causes skin inflammation and predisposes patients to the development of cutaneous SCCs, the NLRP1 pathway is suppressed in established SCCs. Here, we identified high levels of the autophagy receptor p62 in SCC cells lines and SCC tumors. Increased NF-κB activity in SCC cells causes p62 up-regulation. Suppression of p62 expression rescues UVB-induced NLRP1 inflammasome activation in early-stage SCC cells. p62 expression protects SCC cells from cytotoxic drugs, whereas NLRP1 sensitizes them. In summary, we identify p62 as a novel negative regulator of the NLRP1 inflammasome in human cutaneous SCC cells, in which suppression of NLRP1 by increased levels of p62 supports stress resistance of skin cancer cells.
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NLRP1 in Cutaneous SCCs: An Example of the Complex Roles of Inflammasomes in Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012308. [PMID: 36293159 PMCID: PMC9603439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein complexes termed inflammasomes ensure tissue protection from pathogenic and sterile stressors by induction of inflammation. This is mediated by different caspase-1-induced downstream pathways, including activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines proIL-1β and -18, induction of a lytic type of cell death, and regulation of the release of other pro-inflammatory molecules. Aberrant inflammasome activation underlies the pathology of numerous (auto)inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, inflammasomes support or suppress tumor development in a complex cell-type- and stage-dependent manner. In human keratinocytes and skin, NLRP1 is the central inflammasome sensor activated by cellular perturbation induced, for example, by UVB radiation. UVB represents the main inducer of skin cancer, which is the most common type of malignancy in humans. Recent evidence demonstrates that activation of NLRP1 in human skin supports the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) by inducing skin inflammation. In contrast, the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway is restrained in established cSCCs, suggesting that, at this stage, the protein complex has a tumor suppressor role. A better understanding of the complex functions of NLRP1 in the development of cSCCs and in general of inflammasomes in cancer might pave the way for novel strategies for cancer prevention and therapy. These strategies might include stage-specific modulation of inflammasome activation or its downstream pathways by mono- or combination therapy.
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Chen B, Luo Y, Kang X, Sun Y, Jiang C, Yi B, Yan X, Chen Y, Shi R. Development of a prognostic prediction model based on a combined multi-omics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell pyroptosis-related genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:981222. [PMID: 36246601 PMCID: PMC9557126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.981222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to develop and validate a prognostic model for HNSCC based on pyroptosis-associated genes (PAGs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to identify differentially expressed PAGs. These genes were analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional annotation analyses and Gene Ontology analyses. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1) gene, charged multivesicular body protein 7 (CHMP7) gene, and cytochrome C (CYCS) gene were used to create a prognostic model for HNSCC. The results of the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Cox regression analyses indicated that the developed model served as an independent risk factor for HNSCC. According to the K-M analysis, the overall survival of high-risk patients was lower than that of low-risk patients. The hazard ratios corresponding to the risk scores determined using the multivariate and univariate Cox regression analyses were 1.646 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.189–2.278) and 1.724 (95% CI: 1.294–2.298), respectively, and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.621. The potential mechanisms associated with the functions of the identified genes were then identified, and the tumor microenvironment and levels of immune cell infiltration achieved were analyzed. The immune infiltration analysis revealed differences in the distribution of Th cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, follicular helper T cells, adipose-derived cells, interdigitating dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. However, validating bioinformatics analyses through biological experiments is still recommended. This study developed a prognostic model for HNSCC that included NLRP1, CHMP7, and CYCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanbo Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueran Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxing Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runjie Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Runjie Shi,
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NLRP1 Inflammasome Activation in Keratinocytes: Increasing Evidence of Important Roles in Inflammatory Skin Diseases and Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2313-2322. [PMID: 35550825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, it was shown that DNA sequence variants of the human NLRP1 gene are associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases affecting mainly the skin. However, at that time, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were poorly characterized. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that the NLRP1 inflammasome expressed by keratinocytes not only plays a part in the pathology of common inflammatory skin diseases and cancer development but also contributes to skin immunity. Understanding the mechanisms regulating NLRP1 activation in keratinocytes and the downstream events in human skin might pave the way for developing novel strategies for treating patients suffering from NLRP1-mediated skin diseases.
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Smith AO, Ju W, Adzraku SY, Wenyi L, Yuting C, Qiao J, Xu K, Zeng L. Gamma Radiation Induce Inflammasome Signaling and Pyroptosis in Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3277-3288. [PMID: 34290514 PMCID: PMC8289370 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s318812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The extend to the clinical benefit of radiation therapy is the inability to eliminate only cancer cells and destroy normal cells such as microvascular endothelial in the vascular niche and turn induced-inflammasome signaling and cell death. These unfortunate injuries generated by ionizing radiation alter the therapeutic window and result in the re-occurrence of the malignancy. Therefore, we engaged in vitro studies by demonstrating radiation-induced inflammasome and cell death in endothelial cells. Methods The microvascular endothelial cells were cultured in a sterile dish, then kept in a humidifier of 5% at 37°C for 12 hours/more to attain confluence, and exposed at a dose of 1.8Gy/min achieve the coveted amounts except for the control. The cells were harvested 24 hours post-irradiation. Results Our findings indicate that gamma radiation activates the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of NLRP1 and NLRP3 complex in microvascular endothelial cells. These complexes activate the inactive precursor of caspase-1, which cleaved to bioactive caspase −1 and enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 that induce the dependent pyroptotic, which results in the production of chemokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and high-mobility group protein-1 (HMGB-1). We also discovered the radiation could directly prompt caspase −1, which auto-cleaved to activate gasdermin D to potentiate pyroptosis independently. Discussion Overall, these findings suggested that reducing the unfavorable effect of radiation injuries could be challenging since gamma radiation induces the microvascular endothelial cells to cell death and activates the inflammasome signaling via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Osman Smith
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ju
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Seyram Yao Adzraku
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wenyi
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yuting
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Department of Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, 221002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wright Q, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Wells JW, Leggatt GR. PD-1 and beyond to Activate T Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancers: The Case for 4-1BB and VISTA Antibodies in Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3310. [PMID: 34282763 PMCID: PMC8269268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) have a higher incidence than all other cancers combined with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), capable of metastasis, representing approximately 20% of NMSCs. Given the accessibility of the skin, surgery is frequently employed to treat localized disease, although certain localities, the delineation of clear margins, frequency and recurrence of tumors can make these cancers inoperable in a subset of patients. Other treatment modalities, including cryotherapy, are commonly used for individual lesions, with varying success. Immunotherapy, particularly with checkpoint antibodies, is increasingly a promising therapeutic approach in many cancers, offering the potential advantage of immune memory for protection against lesion recurrence. This review addresses a role for PD-1, 4-1BB and VISTA checkpoint antibodies as monotherapies, or in combination as a therapeutic treatment for both early and late-stage cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graham R. Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (Q.W.); (J.L.G.C.); (J.W.W.)
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13
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Moon SW, Son HJ, Mo HY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Somatic Mutation of NLRP Genes in Gastric and Colonic Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:607385. [PMID: 34257569 PMCID: PMC8262223 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.607385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat protein (NLRP) genes are involved in inflammasome formation that plays a role in inflammation/host defense and cell death. Both cell death and inflammation are crucial for cancer development, but the roles of NLRPs in cancer are partially known. In this study, we analyzed mononucleotide repeats in coding sequences of NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRP4 and NLRP9, and found 1, 1, 1 and 8 frameshift mutation (s) in gastric (GC) and colonic cancers (CRC), respectively. Five of the 32 high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) GCs (15.5%) and 6 of 113 MSI-H CRCs (5.5%) exhibited the frameshift mutations. There was no NLRP frameshift mutations in microsatellite stable (MSS) GCs and CRCs. We also discovered that 2 of 16 CRCs (12.5%) harbored intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of the NLRP9 frameshift mutations in one or more areas. In both GC and CRC with MSI-H, NLRP9 expression in NLRP9-mutated cases was significantly lower than that in NLRP9-non-mutated cases. Our data indicate that NLRP9 is altered at multiple levels (frameshift mutation, mutational ITH and loss of expression), which together could contribute to pathogenesis of MSI-H GC and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Moon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Son
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Yoon Mo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Wang Y, Li Z, Teng M, Liu J. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway by inducing autophagy in A431 human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2705-2715. [PMID: 34104103 PMCID: PMC8176175 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.57167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has been previously demonstrated; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study sought to verify the therapeutic effect of DHA against cSCC and explore its underlying mechanism in A431 cSCC cells. This study reported that DHA inhibited A431 cells proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and promoted A431 cells apoptosis. Moreover, DHA inhibited the invasion and migration of A431 cells. Mechanistically, DHA promoted autophagy and inhibited activation of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Treatment of A431 cells with the mTOR inhibitor, and autophagy promoter, rapamycin also inhibited these two pathways. In conclusion, DHA inhibited activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway by promoting autophagy in A431 cells, thus accounting for its therapeutic effect. Induction of autophagy by DHA may be mediated by inhibiting the mTOR pathway and promoting reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, Guangdong, China
| | - Muzhou Teng
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, Guangdong, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
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15
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Zhai Z, Vaddi PK, Samson JM, Takegami T, Fujita M. NLRP1 Functions Downstream of the MAPK/ERK Signaling via ATF4 and Contributes to Acquired Targeted Therapy Resistance in Human Metastatic Melanoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010023. [PMID: 33396632 PMCID: PMC7823742 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation leads to constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and its downstream effector responses. Uncovering the hidden downstream effectors can aid in understanding melanoma biology and improve targeted therapy efficacy. The inflammasome sensor, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 1 (NLRP1), is responsible for IL-1β maturation and itself is a melanoma tumor promoter. Here, we report that NLRP1 is a downstream effector of MAPK/ERK signaling through the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), creating regulation in metastatic melanoma cells. We confirmed that the NLRP1 gene is a target of ATF4. Interestingly, ATF4/NLRP1 regulation by the MAPK/ERK pathway uses distinct mechanisms in melanoma cells before and after the acquired resistance to targeted therapy. In parental cells, ATF4/NLRP1 is regulated by the MAPK/ERK pathway through the ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2). However, vemurafenib (VEM) and trametinib (TRA)-resistant cells lose the signaling via RSK2 and activate the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway to redirect ATF4/NLRP1. Therefore, NLRP1 expression and IL-1β secretion were downregulated in response to VEM and TRA in parental cells but enhanced in drug-resistant cells. Lastly, silencing NLRP1 in drug-resistant cells reduced their cell growth and inhibited colony formation. In summary, we demonstrated that NLRP1 functions downstream of the MAPK/ERK signaling via ATF4 and is a player of targeted therapy resistance in melanoma. Targeting NLRP1 may improve the therapeutic efficacy of targeted therapy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.Z.); (P.K.V.); (J.M.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Prasanna K. Vaddi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.Z.); (P.K.V.); (J.M.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Jenny Mae Samson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.Z.); (P.K.V.); (J.M.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomoya Takegami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.Z.); (P.K.V.); (J.M.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Z.Z.); (P.K.V.); (J.M.S.); (T.T.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-4045; Fax: +1-303-724-4048
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16
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Bai L, Li W, Zheng W, Xu D, Chen N, Cui J. Promising targets based on pattern recognition receptors for cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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The NLRP1 Inflammasome in Human Skin and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134788. [PMID: 32640751 PMCID: PMC7370280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes represent a group of protein complexes that contribute to host defense against pathogens and repair processes upon the induction of inflammation. However, aberrant and chronic inflammasome activation underlies the pathology of numerous common inflammatory diseases. Inflammasome assembly causes activation of the protease caspase-1 which in turn activates proinflammatory cytokines and induces a lytic type of cell death termed pyroptosis. Although NLRP1 (NACHT, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 1) was the first inflammasome sensor, described almost 20 years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activation and the resulting downstream events are incompletely understood. This is partially a consequence of the poor conservation of the NLRP1 pathway between human and mice. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates a complex and multi-stage mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation. In contrast to other inflammasome sensors, NLRP1 possesses protease activity required for proteolytic self-cleavage and activation mediated by the function-to-find domain (FIIND). CARD8 is a second FIIND protein and is expressed in humans but not in mice. In immune cells and AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cells, the anti-cancer drug talabostat induces CARD8 activation and causes caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. In contrast, in human keratinocytes talabostat induces NLRP1 activation and massive proinflammatory cytokine activation. NLRP1 is regarded as the principal inflammasome sensor in human keratinocytes and UVB radiation induces its activation, which is believed to underlie the induction of sunburn. Moreover, gain-of-function mutations of NLRP1 cause inflammatory skin syndromes and a predisposition for the development of skin cancer. SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of NLRP1 are associated with several (auto)inflammatory diseases with a major skin phenotype, such as psoriasis or vitiligo. Here, we summarize knowledge about NLRP1 with emphasis on its role in human keratinocytes and skin. Due to its accessibility, pharmacological targeting of NLRP1 activation in epidermal keratinocytes represents a promising strategy for the treatment of the numerous patients suffering from NLRP1-dependent inflammatory skin conditions and cancer.
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18
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Tupik JD, Nagai-Singer MA, Allen IC. To protect or adversely affect? The dichotomous role of the NLRP1 inflammasome in human disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100858. [PMID: 32359693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NLRP1 is an inflammasome forming pattern recognition receptor (PRR). When activated by pathogen- and damage- associated molecular patterns (PAMPS/DAMPS), NLRP1 inflammasome formation leads to inflammation through the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β. As with other inflammasome forming NLR family members, NLRP1 also regulates cell death processes, termed pyroptosis. The domain structure of NLRP1 differs between mice and humans, making it possible for the function of the inflammasome to differ between species and adds complexity to the study of this NLR family member. In humans, mutations in both coding and non-coding regions of the NLRP1 gene are linked to a variety of diseases. Likewise, interruption of NLRP1 inhibitors or changes in the prevalence of NLRP1 activators can also impact disease pathobiology. Adding to its complexity, the NLRP1 inflammasome plays a dichotomous role in human diseases, functioning to either attenuate or augment miscellaneous biological processes in a tissue specific manner. For example, NLRP1 plays a protective role in the gastrointestinal tract by modulating the microbiome composition; however, it augments neurological disorders, cardio-pulmonary diseases, and cancer through promoting inflammation. Thus, it is critical that the role of NLRP1 in each of these disease processes be robustly defined. In this review, we summarize the current research landscape to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with NLRP1 function and dysfunction in human disease pathobiology. We propose that a better understanding of these mechanisms will ultimately result in improved insight into immune system dysfunction and therapeutic strategies targeting inflammasome function in multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juselyn D Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Margaret A Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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