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Bai W, Yang L, Qiu J, Zhu Z, Wang S, Li P, Zhou D, Wang H, Liao Y, Yu Y, Yang Z, Wen P, Zhang D. Single-cell analysis of CD4+ tissue residency memory cells (TRMs) in adult atopic dermatitis: A new potential mechanism. Genomics 2024; 116:110870. [PMID: 38821220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is complex. CD4+ T cells play an essential role in the development of lesions in AD. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between adult AD lesioned and non-lesioned skin using two datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. 62 DEGs were shown to be related to cytokine response. Compared to non-lesioned skin, lesioned skin showed immune infiltration with increased numbers of activated natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T memory cells (p < 0.01). We then identified 13 hub genes with a strong association with CD4+ T cells using weighted correlation network analysis. Single-cell analysis of AD detected a novel CD4+ T subcluster, CD4+ tissue residency memory cells (TRMs), which were verified through immunohistochemistry (IHC) to be increased in the dermal area of AD. The significant relationship between CD4+ TRM and AD was assessed through further analyses. FOXO1 and SBNO2, two of the 13 hub genes, were characteristically expressed in the CD4+ TRM, but down-regulated in IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells, as shown using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Moreover, SBNO2 expression was associated with increased Th1 infiltration in AD (p < 0.05). In addition, genes filtered using Mendelian randomization were positively correlated with CD4+ TRM and were highly expressed in IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells, as determined using qPCR and western blotting. Collectively, our results revealed that the newly identified CD4+ TRM may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zihan Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuxing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peidi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Liao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Puqiao Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Park CO, Kim SM, Lee KH, Bieber T. Biomarkers for phenotype-endotype relationship in atopic dermatitis: a critical review. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105121. [PMID: 38614010 PMCID: PMC11021839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common form of chronic skin inflammation with diverse clinical variants. Historically, various AD phenotypes have been grouped together without considering their heterogeneity. This approach has resulted in a lack of phenotype- and endotype-adapted therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive insights into AD pathogenesis have enabled precise medicinal approach for AD. These efforts aimed to redefine the endophenotype of AD and develop various biomarkers for diverse purposes. Among these endeavours, efforts are underway to elucidate the mechanisms (and related biomarkers) that lead to the emergence and progression of atopic diseases originating from AD (e.g., atopic march). This review focuses on diverse AD phenotypes and calls for a definition of endophenotypes. While awaiting scientific validation, these biomarkers ensure predicting disease onset and trajectory and tailoring therapeutic strategies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Su Min Kim
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Christine Kühne-Center of Allergy Research and Education, Medicine Campus, Davos, Switzerland
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3
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Crespo JF, Cabanillas B. Recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of IgE-mediated food allergy. Food Chem 2023; 411:135500. [PMID: 36682170 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a public health issue the prevalence of which is steadily increasing. New discoveries have contributed to the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to IgE-mediated food allergy. Novel scientific findings have defined roles for specific cell types, such as T follicular helper cells, in induction of high-affinity IgE by B cells. Also, not only mast cells and basophils contribute to food anaphylaxis, but also other cell types, such as neutrophils and macrophages. Elucidation of mechanisms involved in sensitization to food allergens through organs including the skin is key to deepening our understanding of the "dual exposure" hypothesis, which suggests that allergic sensitization is mainly acquired through inflamed skin while the oral route induces tolerance. This review considers the latest scientific knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of IgE-mediated food allergy. It reveals crucial components involved in the sensitization and elicitation phases and emerging approaches in anaphylaxis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus F Crespo
- Department of Allergy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cabanillas
- Department of Allergy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Shi C, Pei S, Ding Y, Tao C, Zhu Y, Peng Y, Li W, Yi Y. Exosomes with overexpressed miR 147a suppress angiogenesis and infammatory injury in an experimental model of atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8904. [PMID: 37264030 PMCID: PMC10235063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is defined as an intensely systemic inflammation among skin diseases. Exosomes derived from adipose-derived stem cells may be a novel cell-free therapeutic strategy for atopic dermatitis treatment. This study aims to elucidate the possible underlying mechanism of adipose-derived stem cells-exosomes harboring microRNA-147a in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. BALB/c mice treated with Dermatophagoides farinae extract/2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene were defined as a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, either with inflamed HaCaT cells and HUVECs exposed with TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation were applied for a cell model of atopic dermatitis. The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in the supernatants were examined by ELISA. Cell viability and migration were assessed by MTT and Transwell assay. The apoptosis was examined using flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. The tube formation assay was employed to analyzed angiogenesis. The molecular regulations among miR-147a, MEF2A, TSLP and VEGFA were confirmed using luciferase reporter assay, either with ChIP. microRNA-147a was markedly downregulated in the serum and skin samples of atopic dermatitis mice, of which overexpression remarkably promoted HaCaT cell proliferation, meanwhile inhibiting inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. microRNA-147a in adipose-derived stem cells was subsequently overexpressed, and exosomes (Exos-miR-147a mimics) were collected. Functionally, exos-microRNA-147a mimics attenuated TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cell inflammatory response and apoptosis, and suppressed HUVECs angiogenesis. Encouraging, molecular interaction experiments revealed that exosomal microRNA-147a suppressed TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HUVECs angiogenesis by targeting VEGFA, and exosomal microRNA-147a repressed HaCaT cells inflammatory injury through the MEF2A-TSLP axis. Mechanistically, exosomal microRNA-147a repressed pathological angiogenesis and inflammatory injury during atopic dermatitis progression by targeting VEGFA and MEF2A-TSLP axis. microRNA-147a-overexpressing adipose-derived stem cells-derived exosomes suppressed pathological angiogenesis and inflammatory injury in atopic dermatitis by targeting VEGFA and MEF2A-TSLP axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlong Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujun Pei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Congmin Tao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyan Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Wu S, Lei L, Hu Y, Jiang L, Fu C, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Huang J, Chen J, Zeng Q. Machine learning-based prediction models for atopic dermatitis diagnosis and evaluation. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Giancotta C, Colantoni N, Pacillo L, Santilli V, Amodio D, Manno EC, Cotugno N, Rotulo GA, Rivalta B, Finocchi A, Cancrini C, Diociaiuti A, El Hachem M, Zangari P. Tailored treatments in inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) with skin involvement. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1129249. [PMID: 37033173 PMCID: PMC10073443 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1129249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) are a group of inherited monogenic disorders that occur with immune dysregulation and frequent skin involvement. Several pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions, including immune system defects, alterations of skin barrier and metabolism perturbations. Current technological improvements and the higher accessibility to genetic testing, recently allowed the identification of novel molecular pathways involved in IEIs-A, also informing on potential tailored therapeutic strategies. Compared to other systemic therapy for skin diseases, biologics have the less toxic and the best tolerated profile in the setting of immune dysregulation. Here, we review IEIs-A with skin involvement focusing on the tailored therapeutic approach according to their pathogenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giancotta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Colantoni
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Santilli
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Concetta Manno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Diociaiuti
- Dermatology Unit and Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - May El Hachem
- Dermatology Unit and Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: Paola Zangari
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7
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Integrated bioinformatics-based identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers associated with atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2022; 39:1059-1068. [PMID: 36686015 PMCID: PMC9837587 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.114899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In-depth analysis of the rambling genes of atopic dermatitis may help to identify the pathologic mechanism of this disease. However, this has seldom been performed. Aim Using bioinformatics approaches, we analysed 3 gene expression profiles in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database, identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and found out the overlapping DEGs (common DEGs, cDEGs) in the above 3 profiles. Material and methods We identified 91 upregulated cDEGs, which were then arranged into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analyses were performed to explore the functional roles of these genes. Results GO analyses revealed these DEGs to be significantly enriched in biological processes including immune system process, immune response, defence response, leukocyte activation, and response to the biotic stimulus. These DEGs were also enriched in the KEGG pathway, including influenza A, amoebiasis, primary immunodeficiency, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and IL-17 signalling pathway. PPI analysis showed that 9 genes (PTPRC-CTLA4-CD274-CD1C-IL7R-GZMB-CCL5-CD83, and CCL22) were probably the novel hub genes of atopic dermatitis. Conclusions Together, the findings of these bioinformatics analyses thus identified key hub genes associated with AD development.
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Berna R, Mitra N, Hoffstad O, Wubbenhorst B, Nathanson KL, Margolis DJ. Uncommon variants in FLG2 and TCHHL1 are associated with remission of atopic dermatitis in a large longitudinal US cohort. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 314:953-959. [PMID: 34984527 PMCID: PMC9250940 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing inflammatory skin disease; filaggrin (FLG) variation has been consistently associated with its pathogenesis. Filaggrin-2 (FLG2) and trichohyalin-like-1 (TCHHL1) are members of the same protein family (S100 fused-type proteins), are similar in structure to FLG, and may be involved in AD pathogenesis. We sought to evaluate the association between variation in FLG2, TCHHL1 and AD remission. We sequenced FLG2 and TCHHL1 in a longitudinal AD cohort using targeted capture-based massively parallel sequencing. Association between individual alleles and AD remission was evaluated with generalized estimating equations for binary outcomes. Association between groups of alleles and AD remission was evaluated using a genetic algorithm to group alleles. We identified two loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in FLG2 (Ser2377Ter, Arg2207Ter) and 2 LoF mutations in TCHHL1 (Gln656Ter, Gln294Ter), none of which were associated with AD remission. Common (MAF > 5%) alleles in FLG2 were similarly unassociated with AD. No common alleles in TCHHL1 were associated with AD remission after multiple testing correction. Among self-described whites, a group of 34 uncommon alleles in FLG2 were associated with increased AD remission (OR 7.64e17; 95% CI 4.41e17-1.32e18; adjusted p < 1.0e-16). Twelve uncommon alleles in TCHHL1 trended toward association with increased AD remission (OR 23.46; 95% CI 7.07-77.89; adjusted p = 0.064). Among self-described African Americans, 13 uncommon FLG2 alleles were associated with increased AD remission (OR 21.01; 95% CI 11.90-37.09; adjusted p < 1.0e-16). No TCHHL1 uncommon allele groups were associated with AD remission among African Americans. Our study supports the role of uncommon alleles in FLG2 and TCHHL1 in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Berna
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ole Hoffstad
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Chong AC, Visitsunthorn K, Ong PY. Genetic/Environmental Contributions and Immune Dysregulation in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:1681-1700. [PMID: 36447957 PMCID: PMC9701514 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s293900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin conditions in humans. AD affects up to 20% of children worldwide and results in morbidity for both patients and their caregivers. The basis of AD is an interplay between genetics and the environment characterized by immune dysregulation. A myriad of mutations that compromise the skin barrier and/or immune function have been linked to AD. Of these, filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations are the most evidenced. Many other mutations have been implicated in isolated studies that are often unreplicated, creating an archive of genes with potential but unconfirmed relevance to AD. Harnessing big data, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may provide a more practical strategy for identifying the genetic signatures of AD. Epigenetics may also play a role. Staphylococcus aureus is the most evidenced microbial contributor to AD. Cutaneous dysbiosis may result in over-colonization by pathogenic strains and aberrant skin immunity and inflammation. Aeroallergens, air pollution, and climate are other key environmental contributors to AD. The right climate and/or commensals may improve AD for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Chong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peck Y Ong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Mießner H, Seidel J, Smith ESJ. In vitro models for investigating itch. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984126. [PMID: 36385768 PMCID: PMC9644192 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch (pruritus) is a sensation that drives a desire to scratch, a behavior observed in many animals. Although generally short-lasting and not causing harm, there are several pathological conditions where chronic itch is a hallmark symptom and in which prolonged scratching can induce damage. Finding medications to counteract the sensation of chronic itch has proven difficult due to the molecular complexity that involves a multitude of triggers, receptors and signaling pathways between skin, immune and nerve cells. While much has been learned about pruritus from in vivo animal models, they have limitations that corroborate the necessity for a transition to more human disease-like models. Also, reducing animal use should be encouraged in research. However, conducting human in vivo experiments can also be ethically challenging. Thus, there is a clear need for surrogate models to be used in pre-clinical investigation of the mechanisms of itch. Most in vitro models used for itch research focus on the use of known pruritogens. For this, sensory neurons and different types of skin and/or immune cells are stimulated in 2D or 3D co-culture, and factors such as neurotransmitter or cytokine release can be measured. There are however limitations of such simplistic in vitro models. For example, not all naturally occurring cell types are present and there is also no connection to the itch-sensing organ, the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, in vitro models offer a chance to investigate otherwise inaccessible specific cell–cell interactions and molecular pathways. In recent years, stem cell-based approaches and human primary cells have emerged as viable alternatives to standard cell lines or animal tissue. As in vitro models have increased in their complexity, further opportunities for more elaborated means of investigating itch have been developed. In this review, we introduce the latest concepts of itch and discuss the advantages and limitations of current in vitro models, which provide valuable contributions to pruritus research and might help to meet the unmet clinical need for more refined anti-pruritic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Mießner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Seidel
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewan St. John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ewan St. John Smith,
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11
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Comparison of cytokine mediators in type 2 inflammatory conditions on the skin and ocular surface. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 22:319-327. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Snow AL, Margolis DJ, Latrous M, Milner JD, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Atopy as Immune Dysregulation: Offender Genes and Targets. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1737-1756. [PMID: 35680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from exaggerated type 2 inflammation. Although typically viewed as polygenic multifactorial disorders caused by the interaction of several genes with the environment, we have come to appreciate that allergic diseases can also be caused by monogenic variants affecting the immune system and the skin epithelial barrier. Through a myriad of genetic association studies and high-throughput sequencing tools, many monogenic and polygenic culprits of allergic diseases have been described. Identifying the genetic causes of atopy has shaped our understanding of how these conditions occur and how they may be treated and even prevented. Precision diagnostic tools and therapies that address the specific molecular pathways implicated in allergic inflammation provide exciting opportunities to improve our care for patients across the field of allergy and immunology. Here, we highlight offender genes implicated in polygenic and monogenic allergic diseases and list targeted therapeutic approaches that address these disrupted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Meriem Latrous
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Chung EJ, Luo CH, Thio CLP, Chang YJ. Immunomodulatory Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040422. [PMID: 35456097 PMCID: PMC9025081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found on humans, and it constitutes the skin microbiota. Presence of S. aureus in healthy individuals usually does not pose any threat, as the human body is equipped with many mechanisms to prevent pathogen invasion and infection. However, colonization of S. aureus has been correlated with many healthcare-associated infections, and has been found in people with atopic diseases. In atopic dermatitis, constant fluctuations due to inflammation of the epidermal and mucosal barriers can cause structural changes and allow foreign antigens and pathogens to bypass the first line of defense of the innate system. As they persist, S. aureus can secrete various virulence factors to enhance their survival by host invasion and evasion mechanisms. In response, epithelial cells can release damage-associated molecular patterns, or alarmins such as TSLP, IL-25, IL-33, and chemokines, to recruit innate and adaptive immune cells to cause inflammation. Until recently, IL-36 had been found to play an important role in modulating atopic dermatitis. Secretion of IL-36 from keratinocytes can activate a Th2 independent pathway to trigger symptoms of allergic reaction resulting in clinical manifestations. This mini review aims to summarize the immunomodulatory roles of S. aureus virulence factors and how they contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Jachen Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan; (E.J.C.); (C.-H.L.); (C.L.-P.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Luo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan; (E.J.C.); (C.-H.L.); (C.L.-P.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Christina Li-Ping Thio
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan; (E.J.C.); (C.-H.L.); (C.L.-P.T.)
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan; (E.J.C.); (C.-H.L.); (C.L.-P.T.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Ma Z, Liu Y, Han C, Yang X, Zhao L. Elevated Plasma Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:685677. [PMID: 35321112 PMCID: PMC8936131 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.685677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a distant paralog of the cytokine IL-7, has been shown to be associated with atherosclerosis. However, the effect of plasma TSLP level after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains largely unclear. Thus, we aimed to assess the relationship between the concentration of TSLP at admission and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in AMI patients. Methods A total of 175 patients with AMI and 145 unstable angina (UA) controls were recruited in the present study. The clinical characteristics were collected, and MACE was recorded during hospitalization and the follow-up period after discharge. Results The median value (25, 75 percentiles) of TSLP concentrations in the AMI group was higher than that in the UA group [11.18 (8.14–15.22) vs. 8.56 (5.26–11.94) pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively]. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that Troponin-I (standardized β = 0.183, p = 0.004) was an independent factor for TSLP. According to the median of TSLP concentrations, all the AMI patients were divided into the high-level group (TSLP level ≥ 11.18 pg/ml, N = 91) and the low-level group (TSLP <11.18 pg/ml, N = 84). In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve for TSLP as a predictor of AMI was 0.674 with a cut-off value of 9.235 pg/ml. After a median follow-up of 14 months, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant difference in MACE-free survival between the two groups (p = 0.648). Finally, the multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that TSLP was a negative predictor of MACE in AMI patients (OR:0.778,95% CI:0.733–0.876, p = 0.032). Conclusions Plasma TSLP levels were elevated in patients with AMI than those in UA. The lower TSLP concentration was associated with MACE after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhao
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeping Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongsheng Guo
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunming Han
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Xinchun Yang
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhao
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15
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Berna R, Mitra N, Hoffstad O, Wubbenhorst B, Nathanson KL, Margolis DJ. Using a Machine Learning Approach to Identify Low-Frequency and Rare FLG Alleles Associated with Remission of Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100046. [PMID: 34909743 PMCID: PMC8659778 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common relapsing inflammatory skin disease. FLG is the gene most consistently associated with AD. Loss-of-function variants in FLG have been previously associated with AD. Low-frequency and rare alleles (minor allele frequency < 5%) in this gene have been given less attention than loss-of-function variants. We fine sequenced the FLG gene in a cohort of individuals with AD. We developed a machine learning‒based algorithm to associate low-frequency and rare alleles with the disease. We then applied this algorithm to the FLG data, searching for associations between groups of low-frequency and rare FLG alleles and AD remission. A group of 46 rare and low-frequency FLG alleles was associated with increased AD remission (P = 2.76e-11). Overall, 16 of these 46 FLG variants were identified in an independent cohort and were associated with decreased AD incidence (P = 0.0007). This study presents an application of statistical methods in AD genetics and suggests that low-frequency and rare alleles may play a larger role in AD pathogenesis than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Berna
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ole Hoffstad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Wang SH, Zuo YG. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Cutaneous Immune-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698522. [PMID: 34249003 PMCID: PMC8264505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was initially demonstrated to be critical in regulating inflammatory responses among various allergic disorders (such as atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and asthma). Although two isoforms (short form and long form) of TSLP have been demonstrated in human tissues, the long form of TSLP (lfTSLP) is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of allergies and cutaneous immune-mediated diseases. The immunomodulatory activity of lfTSLP varies widely, driving T helper (Th) cells polarizing Th2 and Th17 immune responses and inducing itch. Moreover, lfTSLP is closely associated with skin fibrosis, epidermal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and homeostatic tolerogenic regulations. This review highlights significant progress from experimental and clinical studies on lfTSLP in cutaneous immune-mediated diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid, systemic sclerosis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, Behçet’s disease, vitiligo, rosacea, systemic lupus erythematosus, and alopecia areata). We also offer original insights into the pleiotropic properties of the cytokine TSLP in various pathophysiological conditions, with significant clinical implications of TSLP-targeted therapies for immune-mediated skin diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Gang Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Epigenetic Changes Induced by Maternal Factors during Fetal Life: Implication for Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060887. [PMID: 34201206 PMCID: PMC8227197 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are believed to result from T-cell-mediated damage of the target tissue. The immune-mediated tissue injury, in turn, is known to depend on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the mechanisms whereby environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases remain elusive and represent a major untapped target to develop novel strategies for disease prevention. Given the impact of the early environment on the developing immune system, epigenetic changes induced by maternal factors during fetal life have been linked to a likelihood of developing an autoimmune disease later in life. In humans, DNA methylation is the epigenetic mechanism most extensively investigated. This review provides an overview of the critical role of DNA methylation changes induced by prenatal maternal conditions contributing to the increased risk of immune-mediated diseases on the offspring, with a particular focus on T1D. A deeper understanding of epigenetic alterations induced by environmental stressors during fetal life may be pivotal for developing targeted prevention strategies of type 1 diabetes by modifying the maternal environment.
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