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Liu LY, He SJ, Chen Z, Ge M, Lyu CY, Gao D, Yu JP, Cai MH, Yuan JX, Zhang JL. The Role of Regulatory Cell Death in Vitiligo. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:61-73. [PMID: 38153369 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is one of the common chronic autoimmune skin diseases in clinic, which is characterized by localized or generalized depigmentation and seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. At present, the pathogenesis of vitiligo is not clear; mainly, heredity, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, melanocyte (MC) self-destruction, and the destruction, death, or dysfunction of MCs caused by various reasons are always the core of vitiligo. Regulatory cell death (RCD) is an active and orderly death mode of cells regulated by genes, which widely exists in various life activities, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. With the deepening of the research and understanding of RCD, people gradually found that there are many different forms of RCD in the lesions and perilesional skin of vitiligo patients, such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Different cell death modes have different mechanisms in vitiligo, and different RCDs can interact and regulate each other. In this article, the mechanism related to RCD in the pathogenesis of vitiligo is reviewed, which provides new ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and targeted treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyu-Ye Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Jia He
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- First Clinical Medical College Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ge
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yi Lyu
- First Clinical Medical College Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Peng Yu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Han Cai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiang Yuan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Ye S, Qi X, Liu Y, Zhuang L, Gu Z. RIP1/3-dependent programmed necrosis induces intestinal injury in septic rats. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:106-113. [PMID: 38151997 PMCID: PMC10875362 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of various types of cell death may help to restore the normal physiological function of cells and play a protective role in sepsis. In the current study, we explore the role of programmed cell necrosis in sepsis and the underlying mechanisms. The septic rat model is established by Cecal-ligation and perforation (CLP), and the in vitro model is established by LPS in IEC-6 cells. Our results demonstrate that receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is significantly upregulated in the ileum of septic rats and LPS-treated IEC-6 cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Nec-1, an inhibitor of RIP1, reduces the protein levels of RIP1, p-RIP3, and phosphorylated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) (serine 358) and relieves intestinal injury in CLP-induced septic rats with decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels. The in vitro experiments further reveal that LPS induces the colocalization of RIP1 and RIP3, resulting in the phosphorylation and translocation of MLKL to the plasma membrane in IEC-6 cells. LPS also facilitates ROS production in IEC-6 cells, but this effect is further reversed by Nec-1, si-RIP1 and si-RIP3. Furthermore, LPS-induced necrosis in IEC-6 cells is counteracted by NAC. Thus, we conclude that RIP1/RIP3-dependent programmed cell necrosis participates in intestinal injury in sepsis and may be associated with RIP1/RIP3-mediated ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Ye
- />Department of Intensive Care UnitFuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of MedicineXiamen UniversityFuzhou Second HospitalFuzhou350007China
| | - Xinxin Qi
- />Department of Intensive Care UnitFuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of MedicineXiamen UniversityFuzhou Second HospitalFuzhou350007China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- />Department of Intensive Care UnitFuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of MedicineXiamen UniversityFuzhou Second HospitalFuzhou350007China
| | - Liangming Zhuang
- />Department of Intensive Care UnitFuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of MedicineXiamen UniversityFuzhou Second HospitalFuzhou350007China
| | - Zhongmin Gu
- />Department of Intensive Care UnitFuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of MedicineXiamen UniversityFuzhou Second HospitalFuzhou350007China
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Białczyk A, Wełniak A, Kamińska B, Czajkowski R. Oxidative Stress and Potential Antioxidant Therapies in Vitiligo: A Narrative Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:723-739. [PMID: 37737953 PMCID: PMC10590312 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterised by the loss of melanocytes and subsequent skin depigmentation. Although many theories have been proposed in the literature, none alone explains the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative stress has been identified as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. A growing body of evidence suggests that antioxidant therapies may offer a promising approach to managing this condition. This review summarises the potential mechanisms of oxidative stress and the types of melanocyte death in vitiligo. We also provide a brief overview of the most commonly studied antioxidants. Melanocytes in vitiligo are thought to be damaged by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species to destroy the structural and functional integrity of their DNA, lipids, and proteins. Various causes, including exogenous and endogenous stress factors, an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, disruption of antioxidant pathways, and gene polymorphisms, lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Although necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and oxeiptosis are newer types of cell death that may contribute to the pathophysiology of vitiligo, apoptosis remains the most studied cell death mechanism in vitiligo. According to studies, vitamin E helps to treat lipid peroxidation of the skin caused by psoralen ultra-violet A treatment. In addition, Polypodium leucotomos increased the efficacy of psoralen ultra-violet A or narrow-band ultraviolet B therapy. Our review provides valuable insights into the potential role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and antioxidant-based supporting therapies in treating vitiligo, offering a promising avenue for further research and the development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Białczyk
- Students' Scientific Club of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Adam Wełniak
- Students' Scientific Club of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Barbara Kamińska
- Students' Scientific Club of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Dellatorre G, Fava VM, Mira MT, Silva de Castro CC. Experimental approaches to assess melanocytes mosaicism in segmental vitiligo. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:216-220. [PMID: 36529602 PMCID: PMC9984711 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin that results in localized or disseminated white macules. One common feature of several existing classification protocols is the distribution of the disease into two main subtypes, non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) and segmental vitiligo (SV). SV is characterized by depigmentation spreading within one or more skin segments while NSV is widespread. Several clinical-epidemiological observations suggest that SV has distinct autoimmune pathophysiology compared to NSV. Furthermore, the clinical distribution pattern of SV lesions closely resembles other melanocyte mosaicism diseases. These observations led us to hypothesize that SV is caused by a localized autoimmune reaction targeting epidermal mosaicism melanocytes. Here, we proposed examples of experimental approaches to assess mosaicism in SV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinicius M Fava
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Távora Mira
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Silva de Castro
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Teng Y, Xu D, Yang X, Tang H, Tao X, Fan Y, Ding Y. The Emerging Roles of Pyroptosis, Necroptosis, and Ferroptosis in Non-Malignant Dermatoses: A Review. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1967-1977. [PMID: 37179755 PMCID: PMC10171792 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s409699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis are recently identified modes of programmed cell death (PCD) with unique molecular pathways. Increasing evidence has indicated that these PCD modes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various non-malignant dermatoses (a group of cutaneous disorders), including infective dermatoses, immune-related dermatoses, allergic dermatoses, benign proliferative dermatoses, etc. Moreover, their molecular mechanisms have been suggested as potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of these dermatoses. In this article, we aim to review and summarize the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis and their roles in the pathogenesis of some non-malignant dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teng
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhong Yang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Tang
- Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibin Fan
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Ding
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yang Ding; Yibin Fan, Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13732261339; +86-13505811700, Email ;
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang K, Zhang J, Yuan X, Zou G, Cao Z, Zhang C. 6'-O-Galloylpaeoniflorin attenuates Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis via modulating Nrf2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109122. [PMID: 35964411 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a common disease of the digestive system, chronic gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa caused by various factors. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the main causes of chronic gastritis, which can lead to gastric mucosal damage and gland atrophy, thereby promoting gastrocarcinogenesis. Oxidative stress and the inflammatory response are important mechanisms of H. pylori-induced gastritis. 6'-O-Galloylpaeoniflorin (GPF) is a substance isolated from peony root with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its role and mechanism in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis remain unclear. This study explored the effects of GPF on H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal oxidative stress and inflammation using flow cytometry, western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry. We found that H. pylori infection increased oxidative stress and expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo and that these outcomes were inhibited by GPF. Furthermore, GPF activated nuclear factor erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target genes in H. pylori-infected GES-1 cells and mice. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of GPF on H. pylori-infected cells were attenuated by an Nrf2 inhibitor. Taken together, these data suggest that GPF reduces H. pylori-induced gastric mucosa injury by activating Nrf2 signaling and that GPF is a potential candidate for the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Maihuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Junze Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinpu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guijun Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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7
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Hydrogen Sulfide Suppresses Skin Fibroblast Proliferation via Oxidative Stress Alleviation and Necroptosis Inhibition. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7434733. [PMID: 35774378 PMCID: PMC9239837 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7434733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Keloid is a common dermatofibrotic disease with excessive skin fibroblast proliferation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as the third gasotransmitter improves fibrosis of various organs and tissues. Our study is aimed at investigating the effects and possible mechanisms of H2S on skin fibroblast proliferation. Scar tissues from six patients with keloid and discarded skin tissue from six normal control patients were collected after surgery, respectively. Plasma H2S content and skin H2S production in patients with keloid were measured. Keloid fibroblasts and transforming growth factor-β1- (TGF-β1, 10 ng/mL) stimulated normal skin fibroblasts were pretreated with H2S donor as NaHS (50 μM) for 4 h. Cell migration after scratch was assessed. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), collagen I, and collagen III were detected by immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and/or Western blot. Intracellular superoxide anion and mitochondrial superoxide were evaluated by dihydroethidium (DHE) and MitoSOX staining, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 staining. Apoptotic cells were detected by TDT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The expressions of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) were measured by Western blot. We found that H2S production was impaired in both the plasma and skin of patients with keloid. In keloid fibroblasts and TGF-β1-stimulated normal skin fibroblasts, exogenous H2S supplementation suppressed the expressions of α-SMA, PCNA, collagen I, and collagen III, reduced intracellular superoxide anion and mitochondrial superoxide, improved the mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased the positive rate of TUNEL staining, and inhibited RIPK1 and RIPK3 expression as well as MLKL phosphorylation. Overall, H2S suppressed skin fibroblast proliferation via oxidative stress alleviation and necroptosis inhibition.
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Ni Q, Zhang P, Li Q, Han Z. Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849985. [PMID: 35321240 PMCID: PMC8937033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a dominant role in inflammatory skin diseases. Emerging evidence has shown that the close interaction occurred between oxidative stress and the gut microbiome. Overall, in this review, we have summarized the impact of oxidative stress and gut microbiome during the progression and treatment for inflammatory skin diseases, the interactions between gut dysbiosis and redox imbalance, and discussed the potential possible role of oxidative stress in the gut-skin axis. In addition, we have also elucidated the promising gut microbiome/redox-targeted therapeutic strategies for inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheyi Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheyi Han,
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Liu X, Xie X, Ren Y, Shao Z, Zhang N, Li L, Ding X, Zhang L. The role of necroptosis in disease and treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:730-755. [PMID: 34977874 PMCID: PMC8706757 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis, a distinctive type of programmed cell death different from apoptosis or necrosis, triggered by a series of death receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNFR2, and Fas. In case that apoptosis process is blocked, necroptosis pathway is initiated with the activation of three key downstream mediators which are receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). The whole process eventually leads to destruction of the cell membrane integrity, swelling of organelles, and severe inflammation. Over the past decade, necroptosis has been found widely involved in life process of human beings and animals. In this review, we attempt to explore the therapeutic prospects of necroptosis regulators by describing its molecular mechanism and the role it played in pathological condition and tissue homeostasis, and to summarize the research and clinical applications of corresponding regulators including small molecule inhibitors, chemicals, Chinese herbal extracts, and biological agents in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Zhiying Shao
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Cancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Nie Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Liantao Li
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xin Ding
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
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