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Takaya K, Okabe K, Sakai S, Aramaki-Hattori N, Asou T, Kishi K. Salicylate induces epithelial actin reorganization via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase and promotes wound healing and contraction in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16442. [PMID: 39013997 PMCID: PMC11252334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Wounds that occur in adults form scars due to fibrosis, whereas those in embryos regenerate. If wound healing in embryos is mimicked in adults, scarring can be reduced. We found that mouse fetuses could regenerate tissues up to embryonic day (E) 13, but visible scars remained thereafter. This regeneration pattern requires actin cable formation at the epithelial wound margin via activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Here, we investigated whether the AMPK-activating effect of salicylate, an anti-inflammatory drug, promotes regenerative wound healing. Salicylate administration resulted in actin cable formation and complete wound regeneration in E14 fetuses, in which scarring should have normally occurred, and promoted contraction of the panniculus carnosus muscle, resulting in complete wound regeneration. In vitro, salicylate further induced actin remodeling in mouse epidermal keratinocytes in a manner dependent on cell and substrate target-specific AMPK activation and subsequent regulation of Rac1 signaling. Furthermore, salicylate promoted epithelialization, enhanced panniculus carnosus muscle contraction, and inhibited scar formation in adult mice. Administration of salicylates to wounds immediately after injury may be a novel method for preventing scarring by promoting a wound healing pattern similar to that of embryonic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Takaya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sakai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noriko Aramaki-Hattori
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Asou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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2
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Cheng JW, Yu Y, Zong SY, Cai WW, Wang Y, Song YN, Xian H, Wei F. Berberine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by restoring macrophage polarization via AMPK/mTORC1 pathway switching glycolytic reprogramming. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111024. [PMID: 37827054 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of macrophage polarization majorly contributes to the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Polarization and functions of activated macrophages are closely associated with the reprogramming of intracellular metabolisms. Previously, we demonstrated that the anti-arthritis effect of berberine (BBR) in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) may be related to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation (a key regulator in the biological energy metabolism), and balanced macrophage polarization. However, the specific molecular mechanism of BBR in macrophage metabolism is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we clarified that BBR ameliorated articular inflammation and restored M1/M2 ratio in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice in an AMPK-dependent manner. Mechanistically, BBR reversed the effects of mTORC1 agonist leucine (Leu) on regulating macrophage polarization through activation of AMPK to switch glycolytic reprogramming. Furthermore, BBR inhibition of mTORC1 rely on activation of AMPK to phosphorylate raptor and TSC2 instead of destroying its structure. Our study revealed that the activation of AMPK is required for the BBR-mediated anti-arthritis effect by downregulating mTORC1/HIF-1α and inhibiting the glycolysis in M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-Ye Zong
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Wei Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Biochemical Engineering Center of Anhui, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Ning Song
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Biochemical Engineering Center of Anhui, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Xian
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Biochemical Engineering Center of Anhui, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
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3
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Townsend LK, Steinberg GR. AMPK and the Endocrine Control of Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:910-933. [PMID: 37115289 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms require a coordinated response from multiple tissues to maintain whole-body homeostasis in the face of energetic stressors such as fasting, cold, and exercise. It is also essential that energy is stored efficiently with feeding and the chronic nutrient surplus that occurs with obesity. Mammals have adapted several endocrine signals that regulate metabolism in response to changes in nutrient availability and energy demand. These include hormones altered by fasting and refeeding including insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, catecholamines, ghrelin, and fibroblast growth factor 21; adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin; cell stress-induced cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha and growth differentiating factor 15, and lastly exerkines such as interleukin-6 and irisin. Over the last 2 decades, it has become apparent that many of these endocrine factors control metabolism by regulating the activity of the AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase). AMPK is a master regulator of nutrient homeostasis, phosphorylating over 100 distinct substrates that are critical for controlling autophagy, carbohydrate, fatty acid, cholesterol, and protein metabolism. In this review, we discuss how AMPK integrates endocrine signals to maintain energy balance in response to diverse homeostatic challenges. We also present some considerations with respect to experimental design which should enhance reproducibility and the fidelity of the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Wang Y, Dong Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Jao Y, Liu J, Zhang M, He H. AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K axis prevents apoptosis of Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected gingival epithelial cells via Bad Ser136 phosphorylation. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01839-z. [PMID: 37014579 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial disruption is the initiation of most infectious disease. Regulation of epithelium apoptosis may play a key role in balance the survival competition between resident bacteria and host cells. The role of the mTOR/p70S6K pathway in preventing apoptosis of human gingival epithelial cells (hGECs) infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) was investigated in order to further understand the survival strategy of the epithelial cells in during Pg infecting. hGECs was challenged with Pg for 4, 12, and 24 h. Additionally, hGECs was pretreated with LY294002 (PI3K signaling inhibitor) or Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) for 12 h and exposed them to Pg for 24 h. Subsequently, apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry, and expression and activity of Bcl-2, Bad, Bax, PI3K, AKT, AMPK, mTOR, and p70S6K proteins were analyzed using western blotting. Pg-infecting did not increase apoptosis of hGECs; but the expression ratio of Bad to Bcl-2 was increased after infecting. In contrast, BadSer136 phosphorylation was promoted, accompanied by a significant reduction of mTOR/p70S6K and PI3K/AKT signaling, along with the upregulation of AMPKThr172 signaling. Morrover, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 promoted Pg-mediated reduction of mTOR/p70S6K expression, and the increase of AMPK signaling and BadSer136 phosphorylation rate, eventually decreasing apoptosis. While Compound C inhibited Pg-mediated activation of AMPK and downregulation of mTOR/p70S6K signaling, significantly reduced the BadSer136 phosphorylation rate, thereby increasing apoptosis. Thus, hGECs prevent apoptosis via an inherent cellular-homeostasis, pro-survival mechanism during Pg infection, the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K pathway helps prevent apoptosis in hGECs infected with Pg by regulating BadSer136 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Dong
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Periodontitis, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University Hainan Provincial Stomatology Centre, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing He
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Hallmarks and Biomarkers of Skin Senescence: An Updated Review of Skin Senotherapeutics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020444. [PMID: 36830002 PMCID: PMC9952625 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process characterized by an ongoing decline in physiological functions, leading to degenerative diseases and an increased probability of death. Cellular senescence has been typically considered as an anti-proliferative process; however, the chronic accumulation of senescent cells contributes to tissue dysfunction and aging. In this review, we discuss some of the most important hallmarks and biomarkers of cellular senescence with a special focus on skin biomarkers, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and senotherapeutic strategies to eliminate or prevent senescence. Although most of them are not exclusive to senescence, the expression of the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) enzyme seems to be the most reliable biomarker for distinguishing senescent cells from those arrested in the cell cycle. The presence of a stable DNA damage response (DDR) and the accumulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) mediators and ROS are the most representative hallmarks for senescence. Senotherapeutics based on natural compounds such as quercetin, naringenin, and apigenin have shown promising results regarding SASP reduction. These compounds seem to prevent the accumulation of senescent cells, most likely through the inhibition of pro-survival signaling pathways. Although studies are still required to verify their short- and long-term effects, these therapies may be an effective strategy for skin aging.
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Wong W, Crane ED, Zhang H, Li J, Day TA, Green AE, Menzies KJ, Crane JD. Pgc-1α controls epidermal stem cell fate and skin repair by sustaining NAD + homeostasis during aging. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101575. [PMID: 35987498 PMCID: PMC9463389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The epidermal barrier is renewed by the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocyte stem cells after injury and aging impedes this repair process through undefined mechanisms. We previously identified a gene signature of metabolic dysfunction in aged murine epidermis, but the precise regulators of epidermal repair and age-related growth defects are not well established. Aged mouse models as well as mice with conditional epidermal loss of the metabolic regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (Pgc-1α) were used to explore the cellular pathways which control skin repair after injury and stress. METHODS Aged mice or those with epidermal Pgc-1α deletion (epiPgc-1α KO) and young or Pgc1afl/fl controls were subjected to wound injury, UVB exposure or the inflammatory agent TPA. In vivo and ex vivo analyses of wound closure, skin structure, cell growth and stem cell differentiation were used to understand changes in epidermal re-growth and repair resulting from aging or Pgc-1α loss. RESULTS Aging impairs epidermal re-growth during wound healing and results in lower expression of Pgc-1α. Mice with conditional deletion of epidermal Pgc-1α exhibit greater inflammation- and UVB-induced cell differentiation, reduced proliferation, and slower wound healing. epiPgc-1α KO mice also displayed reduced keratinocyte NAD+ levels, shorter telomeres, and greater poly ADP-ribosylation, resulting in enhanced stress-stimulated p53 and p21 signaling. When NAD+ was reduced by Pgc-1α loss or pharmacologic inhibition of NAD+ synthesis, there was reduced stress-induced proliferation, increased differentiation, and protection against DNA damage via enhanced epidermal shedding. Similarly, aged mice exhibit disrupted epidermal NAD+ homeostasis and enhanced p53 activation, resulting in p21 growth arrest after wounding. NAD+ precursor treatment restores epidermal growth from old skin to that of young. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify a novel role for epidermal Pgc-1α in controlling epidermal repair via its regulation of cellular NAD+ and downstream effects on p53-driven growth arrest. We also establish that parallel mechanisms are evident in aged epidermis, showing that NAD+ signaling is an important controller of physiologic skin repair and that dysfunction of this pathway contributes to age-related wound repair defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Wong
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Crane
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiahe Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tovah A Day
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex E Green
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Justin D Crane
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Wang J, Cui B, Chen Z, Ding X. The regulation of skin homeostasis, repair and the pathogenesis of skin diseases by spatiotemporal activation of epidermal mTOR signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950973. [PMID: 35938153 PMCID: PMC9355246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outmost layer of the skin, is a stratified squamous epithelium that protects the body from the external world. The epidermis and its appendages need constantly renew themselves and replace the damaged tissues caused by environmental assaults. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a central controller of cell growth and metabolism that plays a critical role in development, homeostasis and diseases. Recent findings suggest that mTOR signaling is activated in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner in the epidermis, coordinating diverse skin homeostatic processes. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling underlies the pathogenesis of skin diseases, including psoriasis and skin cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of epidermal mTOR signaling activity and function in skin, with a focus on skin barrier formation, hair regeneration, wound repair, as well as skin pathological disorders. We propose that fine-tuned control of mTOR signaling is essential for epidermal structural and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiping Cui
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolei Ding,
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Ma X, Ru Y, Luo Y, Kuai L, Chen QL, Bai Y, Liu YQ, Chen J, Luo Y, Song JK, Zhou M, Li B. Post-Translational Modifications in Atopic Dermatitis: Current Research and Clinical Relevance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942838. [PMID: 35874824 PMCID: PMC9301047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing cutaneous disorder characterized by compromised immune system, excessive inflammation, and skin barrier disruption. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are covalent and enzymatic modifications of proteins after their translation, which have been reported to play roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases. However, less attention has been paid to the effect of PTMs on AD. This review summarized the knowledge of six major classes (including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, o-glycosylation, and glycation) of PTMs in AD pathogenesis and discussed the opportunities for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Qiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kun Song
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Zhou, ; Bin Li,
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Zhou, ; Bin Li,
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9
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Wang J, Eming SA, Ding X. Role of mTOR Signaling Cascade in Epidermal Morphogenesis and Skin Barrier Formation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060931. [PMID: 35741452 PMCID: PMC9220260 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The skin epidermis is a stratified multilayered epithelium that provides a life-sustaining protective and defensive barrier for our body. The barrier machinery is established and maintained through a tightly regulated keratinocyte differentiation program. Under normal conditions, the basal layer keratinocytes undergo active proliferation and migration upward, differentiating into the suprabasal layer cells. Perturbation of the epidermal differentiation program often results in skin barrier defects and inflammatory skin disorders. The protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the central hub of cell growth, metabolism and nutrient signaling. Over the past several years, we and others using transgenic mouse models have unraveled that mTOR signaling is critical for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that disturbed activation of mTOR signaling is significantly implicated in the development of various skin diseases. In this review, we focus on the formation of skin barrier and discuss the current understanding on how mTOR signaling networks, including upstream inputs, kinases and downstream effectors, regulate epidermal differentiation and skin barrier formation. We hope this review will help us better understand the metabolic signaling in the epidermis, which may open new vistas for epidermal barrier defect-associated disease therapy. Abstract The skin epidermis, with its capacity for lifelong self-renewal and rapid repairing response upon injury, must maintain an active status in metabolism. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a central controller of cellular growth and metabolism that coordinates diverse physiological and pathological processes in a variety of tissues and organs. Recent evidence with genetic mouse models highlights an essential role of the mTOR signaling network in epidermal morphogenesis and barrier formation. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding how mTOR signaling networks, including upstream inputs, kinases and downstream effectors, regulate epidermal morphogenesis and skin barrier formation. Understanding the details of the metabolic signaling will be critical for the development of novel pharmacological approaches to promote skin barrier regeneration and to treat epidermal barrier defect-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sabine A. Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-137-6457-1130 (X.D.)
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-137-6457-1130 (X.D.)
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Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms have evolved specific mechanisms to replenish cells in homeostasis and during repair. Here, we discuss how emerging technologies (e.g., single-cell RNA sequencing) challenge the concept that tissue renewal is fueled by unidirectional differentiation from a resident stem cell. We now understand that cell plasticity, i.e., cells adaptively changing differentiation state or identity, is a central tissue renewal mechanism. For example, mature cells can access an evolutionarily conserved program (paligenosis) to reenter the cell cycle and regenerate damaged tissue. Most tissues lack dedicated stem cells and rely on plasticity to regenerate lost cells. Plasticity benefits multicellular organisms, yet it also carries risks. For one, when long-lived cells undergo paligenotic, cyclical proliferation and redif-ferentiation, they can accumulate and propagate acquired mutations that activate oncogenes and increase the potential for developing cancer. Lastly, we propose a new framework for classifying patterns of cell proliferation in homeostasis and regeneration, with stem cells representing just one of the diverse methods that adult tissues employ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles J. Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,Current affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,Current affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,Current affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Ikeda Y, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs via the modulation of AKT-signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s disease. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:104-113. [PMID: 34904048 PMCID: PMC8637616 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly. It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are related to the AD. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate, which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment. Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD. The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit. They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes. Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, being currently used for DM therapy, may also be effective for AD treatment. The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models. Although further studies for mTOR, GLP1, and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required, they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments. We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis, the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/ or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Trefts E, Shaw RJ. AMPK: restoring metabolic homeostasis over space and time. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3677-3690. [PMID: 34547233 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of AMPK and its homologs enabled exquisite responsivity and control of cellular energetic homeostasis. Recent work has been critical in establishing the mechanisms that determine AMPK activity, novel targets of AMPK action, and the distribution of AMPK-mediated control networks across the cellular landscape. The role of AMPK as a hub of metabolic control has led to intense interest in pharmacologic activation as a therapeutic avenue for a number of disease states, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. As such, critical work on the compartmentalization of AMPK, its downstream targets, and the systems it influences has progressed in recent years. The variegated distribution of AMPK-mediated control of metabolic homeostasis has revealed key insights into AMPK in normal biology and future directions for AMPK-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Trefts
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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