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Tao N, Ying Y, Xu X, Sun Q, Shu Y, Hu S, Lou Z, Gao J. Th22 is the effector cell of thymosin β15-induced hair regeneration in mice. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:3. [PMID: 38191481 PMCID: PMC10773137 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin beta family has a significant role in promoting hair regeneration, but which type of T cells play a key role in this process has not been deeply studied. This research aimed to find out the subtypes of T cell that play key role in hair regeneration mediated by thymosin beta 15 (Tβ15). METHODS Ready-to-use adenovirus expressing mouse Tmsb15b (thymosin beta 15 overexpression, Tβ15 OX) and lentivirus-Tβ15 short hairpin RNA (Tβ15 sh) were used to evaluate the role of Tβ15 in hair regeneration and development. The effect of Th22 cells on hair regeneration was further studied by optimized Th22-skewing condition medium and IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP, an endogenous antagonist of IL-22, also known as IL-22RA2) in both ex vivo culture C57BL/6J mouse skin and BALB/c nude mice transplanted with thymus organoid model. RESULTS The results show that Tβ15, the homologous of Tβ4, can promote hair regeneration by increasing the proliferation activity of hair follicle cells. In addition, high-level expression of Tβ15 can not only increase the number of Th22 cells around hair follicles but also accelerate the transformation of hair follicles to maturity. Consistent with the expected results, when the IL-22BP inhibitor was used to interfere with Th22, the process of hair regeneration was blocked. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Th22 is the key effector cell of Tβ15 inducing hair regeneration. Both Tβ15 and Th22 may be the potential drug targets for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingru Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoying Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianli Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Vikhe Patil K, Meijer M, Mak KHM, Yang W, Falcão AM, Castelo-Branco G, Genander M. Co-expression of PADI isoforms during progenitor differentiation enables functional diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220451. [PMID: 37778375 PMCID: PMC10542451 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein isoforms, generated through alternative splicing or promoter usage, contribute to tissue function. Here, we characterize the expression of predicted Padi3α and Padi3β isoforms in hair follicles and describe expression of Padi2β, a hitherto unknown PADI2 isoform, in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Padi2β transcription is initiated from a downstream intronic promoter, generating an N-terminally truncated, unstable, PADI2β. By contrast to the established role of the canonical PADI2 (PADI2α) (Falcao et al. 2019 Cell Rep. 27, 1090-1102.e10. (doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.108)), PADI2β inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation, suggesting that PADI2 isoforms exert opposing effects on oligodendrocyte lineage progression. We localize Padi3α and Padi3β to developing hair follicles and find that both transcripts are expressed at low levels in progenitor cells, only to increase in expression concomitant with differentiation. When expressed in vitro, PADI3α and PADI3β are enriched in the cytoplasm and precipitate together. Whereas PADI3β protein stability is low and PADI3β fails to induce protein citrullination, we find that the enzymatic activity and protein stability of PADI3α is reduced in the presence of PADI3β. We propose that PADI3β modulates PADI3α activity by direct binding and heterodimer formation. Here, we establish expression and function of Padi2 and Padi3 isoforms, expanding on the mechanisms in place to regulate citrullination in complex tissues. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vikhe Patil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mandy Meijer
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kylie Hin-Man Mak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Center for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Méchin MC, Simon M. Deimination in epidermal barrier and hair formation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220245. [PMID: 37778378 PMCID: PMC10542453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) transform a protein arginine residue into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins is called citrullination or deimination. As described in this special issue, PADs play a role in various physiological processes, and PAD deregulations are involved in many human diseases. Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, where their roles begin to be deciphered. PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in keratinocyte differentiation, particularly in the epidermal barrier function, keratins, filaggrin and filaggrin-related proteins being the most abundant deiminated epidermal proteins. Reduced amounts of deiminated proteins and PAD1 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, two very frequent and chronic skin inflammatory diseases. The trichohyalin/PAD3/transglutaminase three pathway is important for hair shaft formation. Mutations of the PADI3 gene, leading to a decreased activity or abnormal localization of the corresponding isotype, are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombable hair syndrome, and are associated with the central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, a frequent alopecia mainly affecting women of African ancestry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
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4
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Bieber T. Disease modification in inflammatory skin disorders: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:662-680. [PMID: 37443275 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammatory skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris, has led to new treatment options with the primary goal of alleviating symptoms. In addition, this knowledge has the potential to inform on new strategies aimed at inducing deep and therapy-free remission, that is, disease modification, potentially impacting on associated comorbidities. However, to reach this goal, key areas require further exploration, including the definitions of disease modification and disease activity index, further understanding of disease mechanisms and systemic spillover effects, potential windows of opportunity, biomarkers for patient stratification and successful intervention, as well as appropriate study design. This Perspective article assesses the opportunities and challenges in the discovery and development of disease-modifying therapies for chronic inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.
- Davos Biosciences, Davos, Switzerland.
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5
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Padhi A, Rekha RS, Benrejdal L, Grundeken ME, Lourda M, Ehrström M, Eyerich K, Páez IT, Johansson EK, Bradley M, Bergman P, Lysell J. Baricitinib Blocks Cytokine-Mediated Downregulation of PAD1 in Human Keratinocytes: A Possible Molecular Link to the Effects of JAK Inhibitors in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1306-1309.e4. [PMID: 36641131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Padhi
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinal Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- Division of Clinal Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Benrejdal
- Division of Clinal Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marijke Elise Grundeken
- Division of Clinal Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magda Lourda
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ehrström
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Tapia Páez
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma K Johansson
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bradley
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinal Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Lysell
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Genander M. Citrullination at the Inflammatory Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1120-1122. [PMID: 36858900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Alioli AC, Briot J, Pons C, Yang H, Gairin M, Goudounèche D, Cau L, Simon M, Méchin MC. Down-regulation of peptidylarginine deiminase type 1 in reconstructed human epidermis disturbs nucleophagy in the granular layer and affects barrier function. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:198. [PMID: 37385992 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a family of enzymes named peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). PADs transform arginine residues of protein substrates into citrulline. Deimination has been associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes. In human skin, three PADs are expressed (PAD1-3). While PAD3 is important for hair shape formation, the role of PAD1 is less clear. To decipher the main role(s) of PAD1 in epidermal differentiation, its expression was down-regulated using lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference in primary keratinocytes and in three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). Compared to normal RHEs, down-regulation of PAD1 caused a drastic reduction in deiminated proteins. Whereas proliferation of keratinocytes was not affected, their differentiation was disturbed at molecular, cellular and functional levels. The number of corneocyte layers was significantly reduced, expression of filaggrin and cornified cell envelope components, such as loricrin and transglutaminases, was down-regulated, epidermal permeability increased and trans-epidermal-electric resistance diminished drastically. Keratohyalin granule density decreased and nucleophagy in the granular layer was disturbed. These results demonstrate that PAD1 is the main regulator of protein deimination in RHE. Its deficiency alters epidermal homeostasis, affecting the differentiation of keratinocytes, especially the cornification process, a special kind of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Candide Alioli
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- University of Lyon, INSERM UMR1033, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Briot
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Pons
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Hang Yang
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Capgemini, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Marie Gairin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Muret, France
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- Centre de Microscopie Électronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), University of Toulouse, Medical Faculty of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Cau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Silab, Saint-Viance, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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8
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Christensen AO, Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Khan SA, DeVore SB, Edwards S, Bouma GJ, Navratil AM, Cherrington BD, Rothfuss HM. Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1395-1410. [PMID: 36087287 PMCID: PMC10248218 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational modification of arginine residues, is catalyzed by the four catalytically active peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) isozymes and alters charge to affect target protein structure and function. PADs were initially characterized in rodent uteri and, since then, have been described in other female tissues including ovaries, breast, and the lactotrope and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. In these tissues and cells, estrogen robustly stimulates PAD expression resulting in changes in levels over the course of the female reproductive cycle. The best-characterized targets for PADs are arginine residues in histone tails, which, when citrullinated, alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Methodological advances have allowed for the identification of tissue-specific citrullinomes, which reveal that PADs citrullinate a wide range of enzymes and structural proteins to alter cell function. In contrast to their important physiological roles, PADs and citrullinated proteins are also involved in several female-specific diseases including autoimmune disorders and reproductive cancers. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding PAD expression and function and highlight the role of protein citrullination in both normal female reproductive tissues and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Coleman H Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sydney Edwards
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Heather M Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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9
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Czerwińska J, Kasprowicz-Furmańczyk M, Placek W, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A. Changes in Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) and Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD-4) Levels in Serum of General Treated Psoriatic Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148723. [PMID: 35886575 PMCID: PMC9324472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease in which the disturbed dependencies between lymphocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes and neutrophils play the most important role. One of them is the overproduction of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The release of NETs can be induced by pathogens, as well as antibodies and immune complexes, cytokines and chemokines, including TNFα. The first step of the NET creation is the activation of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD-4). PAD-4 seems to be responsible for citrullination of histones and chromatin decondensation, but the data on PAD-4 in NETs is inconclusive. Thus, the current study aimed to determine PAD-4 and TNFα levels in the serum of psoriatic patients by ELISA and observe the response of these factors to systemic (anti-17a, anti-TNFα and methotrexate) therapies. Increased levels of both PAD-4 and its main stimulus factor TNFα in pre-treatment patients have been reported along with the concentrations of proteins correlated with disease severity (PASI, BSA). Before treatment, the irregularities in the case of anti-nuclear antibodies level (ANA) were also observed. All of the applied therapies led to a decrease in PAD-4 and TNFα levels after 12 weeks. The most significant changes, both in protein concentrations as well as in scale scores, were noted with anti-TNFα therapy (adalimumab and infliximab). This phenomenon may be associated with the inhibition of TNFα production at different stages of psoriasis development, including NET creation. The obtained data suggest the participation of PAD-4 in the activation of neutrophils to produce NETs in psoriasis, which may create opportunities for modern therapies with PAD inhibitors. However, further exploration of gene and protein expression in psoriatic skin is needed.
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10
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Pan Y, Du D, Wang L, Wang X, He G, Jiang X. The Role of T Helper 22 Cells in Dermatological Disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911546. [PMID: 35911703 PMCID: PMC9331286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 22 (Th22) cells are a newly identified subset of CD4+ T cells that secrete the effector cytokine interleukin 22 (IL-22) upon specific antigen stimulation, barely with IFN-γ or IL-17. Increasing studies have demonstrated that Th22 cells and IL-22 play essential roles in skin barrier defense and skin disease pathogenesis since the IL-22 receptor is widely expressed in the skin, especially in keratinocytes. Herein, we reviewed the characterization, differentiation, and biological activities of Th22 cells and elucidated their roles in skin health and disease. We mainly focused on the intricate crosstalk between Th22 cells and keratinocytes and provided potential therapeutic strategies targeting the Th22/IL-22 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, China Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, China Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gu He, ; Xian Jiang,
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, China Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gu He, ; Xian Jiang,
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11
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Vikhe Patil K, Mak KHM, Genander M. A Hairy Cituation - PADIs in Regeneration and Alopecia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:789676. [PMID: 34966743 PMCID: PMC8710808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.789676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Review article, we focus on delineating the expression and function of Peptidyl Arginine Delminases (PADIs) in the hair follicle stem cell lineage and in inflammatory alopecia. We outline our current understanding of cellular processes influenced by protein citrullination, the PADI mediated posttranslational enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline, by exploring citrullinomes from normal and inflamed tissues. Drawing from other stem cell lineages, we detail the potential function of PADIs and specific citrullinated protein residues in hair follicle stem cell activation, lineage specification and differentiation. We highlight PADI3 as a mediator of hair shaft differentiation and display why mutations in PADI3 are linked to human alopecia. Furthermore, we propose mechanisms of PADI4 dependent fine-tuning of the hair follicle lineage progression. Finally, we discuss citrullination in the context of inflammatory alopecia. We present how infiltrating neutrophils establish a citrullination-driven self-perpetuating proinflammatory circuitry resulting in T-cell recruitment and activation contributing to hair follicle degeneration. In summary, we aim to provide a comprehensive perspective on how citrullination modulates hair follicle regeneration and contributes to inflammatory alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vikhe Patil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kylie Hin-Man Mak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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