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Jain A, Meshram RJ, Lohiya S, Patel A, Kaplish D. Exploring the Microbial Landscape of Neonatal Skin Flora: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e52972. [PMID: 38406113 PMCID: PMC10894447 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the intricate landscape of the neonatal skin microbiome, shedding light on its dynamic composition, developmental nuances, and influential factors. The neonatal period represents a critical window during which microbial colonization significantly impacts local skin health and the foundational development of the immune system. Factors such as mode of delivery and gestational age underscore the vulnerability of neonates to disruptions in microbial establishment. Key findings emphasize the broader systemic implications of the neonatal skin microbiome, extending beyond immediate health outcomes to influence susceptibility to infections, allergies, and immune-related disorders. This review advocates for a paradigm shift in neonatal care, proposing strategies to preserve and promote a healthy skin microbiome for long-term health benefits. The implications of this research extend to public health, where interventions targeting the neonatal skin microbiome could potentially mitigate diseases originating in early life. As we navigate the intersection of research and practical applications, bridging the gap between knowledge and implementation becomes imperative for translating these findings into evidence-based practices and improving neonatal well-being on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Jain
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Revat J Meshram
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sham Lohiya
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Ankita Patel
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Divyanshi Kaplish
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Pereira MS, Kriegel MA. Evolving concepts of host-pathobiont interactions in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 80:102265. [PMID: 36444784 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are complex, multifactorial diseases with a polygenic trait and diverse environmental factors that contribute to triggering and exacerbating each disorder. The human microbiome is increasingly implicated in the multistep pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We summarize here the latest developments in the field of how the microbiota interacts with the host on a cellular and molecular level. We review how pathobionts evolve within the gut of autoimmune-prone hosts to translocate to secondary lymphoid tissues. On mucosal sites and in non-gut tissues, pathobionts trigger autoimmune pathways through various mechanisms, including cross-reactivity with autoantigens and secretion of metabolites that alter immune functions. A better understanding of these mechanisms will hasten the development of unconventional therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia S Pereira
- Department of Translational Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin A Kriegel
- Department of Translational Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Amyloid-containing biofilms and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102435. [PMID: 35863164 PMCID: PMC9847210 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms known for their ability to adapt to their environment. In response to stressful environmental conditions or in the presence of a contact surface, they commonly form multicellular aggregates called biofilms. Biofilms form on various abiotic or biotic surfaces through a dynamic stepwise process involving adhesion, growth, and extracellular matrix production. Biofilms develop on tissues as well as on implanted devices during infections, providing the bacteria with a mechanism for survival under harsh conditions including targeting by the immune system and antimicrobial therapy. Like pathogenic bacteria, members of the human microbiota can form biofilms. Biofilms formed by enteric bacteria contribute to several human diseases including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, until recently the interactions of immune cells with biofilms had been mostly uncharacterized. Here, we will discuss how components of the enteric biofilm produced in vivo, specifically amyloid curli and extracellular DNA, could be interacting with the host's immune system causing an unpredicted immune response.
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Khalil MA, El-Zaher EHA, El-Salam OA, Ali SS. Exploring the therapeutic potential of acetonic plant extracts in the healing of skin wounds infected with multidrug resistant pathogens. J Appl Biomed 2022; 20:45-55. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2022.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Bedi S, Richardson TM, Jia B, Saab H, Brinkman FSL, Westley M. Similarities between bacterial GAD and human GAD65: Implications in gut mediated autoimmune type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261103. [PMID: 35196314 PMCID: PMC8865633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of islet autoantibodies (AAbs) can predict and possibly dictate eventual type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis. Upwards of 75% of those with T1D are positive for AAbs against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 or GAD), a producer of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human pancreatic beta cells. Interestingly, bacterial populations within the human gut also express GAD and produce GABA. Evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the microbiome may correlate with T1D pathogenesis and physiology. Therefore, autoimmune linkages between the gut microbiome and islets susceptible to autoimmune attack need to be further elucidated. Utilizing in silico analyses, we show that 25 GAD sequences from human gut bacterial sources show sequence and motif similarities to human beta cell GAD65. Our motif analyses determined that most gut GAD sequences contain the pyroxical dependent decarboxylase (PDD) domain of human GAD65, which is important for its enzymatic activity. Additionally, we showed overlap with known human GAD65 T cell receptor epitopes, which may implicate the immune destruction of beta cells. Thus, we propose a physiological hypothesis in which changes in the gut microbiome in those with T1D result in a release of bacterial GAD, thus causing miseducation of the host immune system. Due to the notable similarities we found between human and bacterial GAD, these deputized immune cells may then target human beta cells leading to the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Bedi
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Richardson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Baofeng Jia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, CA, United States of America
| | - Hadeel Saab
- Intern, The(sugar)science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Fiona S. L. Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, CA, United States of America
| | - Monica Westley
- Founder, The(sugar)science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Puccetti M, Pariano M, Costantini C, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M. Pharmaceutically Active Microbial AhR Agonists as Innovative Biodrugs in Inflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030336. [PMID: 35337134 PMCID: PMC8949935 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the microbiome occur in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, a finding consistent with the role of the microbiome in the maintenance of the immune system homeostasis. In this regard, L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, of both host and microbial origin, act as important regulators of host–microbial symbiosis by acting as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. The intestinal and respiratory barriers are very sensitive to AhR activity, suggesting that AhR modulation could be a therapeutic option to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier, which has substantial implications for health even beyond the mucosal site. A number of studies have highlighted the capacity of AhR to respond to indoles and indolyl metabolites, thus positioning AhR as a candidate indole receptor. However, the context-and ligand-dependent activity of AhR requires one to resort to suitable biopharmaceutical formulations to enable site-specific drug delivery in order to achieve therapeutic effectiveness, decrease unwanted toxicities and prevent off-target effects. In this review, we highlight the dual activity of the microbial metabolite indole-3-aldehyde at the host–microbe interface and its ability to orchestrate host pathophysiology and microbial symbiosis and discuss how its proper clinical development may turn into a valuable therapeutic strategy in local and distant inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-585-5162
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (M.R.)
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