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Fathy E, Hassan MM, Elnaggar MY. Short nylon tire cord and gamma irradiation impact on SBR/ultrasonic and mechanochemical devulcanized rubber blends. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Devulcanization of discarded tire rubber (WR) has remained of prior attention to numerous researchers, aiming for unlimited commercial profits upon modification, especially to serve as a substituent for virgin rubber. In this concern, composites of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and devulcanized waste rubber, developed via two techniques: mechanochemical (DRm) and ultrasonic (DRus), and reinforced with short nylon tire cord (SNF), namely at a filling ratio of 3 and 5 phr were fabricated. All prepared specimens were exposed to various gamma radiation doses, namely 50, 100, and 150 kGy. The post-radiation characterization was investigated by FTIR and SEM techniques. Radiation-induced crosslinking density of the polymer composites was calculated and correlated with the different mechanical features. Furthermore, the TGA technique and activation energy measurement were implemented in studying the thermal behavior of the products. Incorporation of 5 phr SNF set out the thermal stability order: SBR/DRm/5 SNF > SBR/DRus/5 SNF > SBR/5 SNF. Ionizing irradiation of all composite–SNF formulations derived to a marked improvement in TS data as a result of creating further crosslinking within the polymeric matrix, reaching a maximum by the integral dose 150 kGy. The results were appreciably compared to a recently published study that applied reinforced tire fiber with polyester, as another cord utilized in the manufacture of tires. It is found that TS data observed by irradiation with 150 kGy of SBR/3 SNF, SBR/DRm/3 SNF, and SBR/DRus/3 SNF are respectively as follows: 3.7, 2.5, and 2.4 MPa, whereas the corresponding reported values for PTC reinforced counterpart blends were: 2, 1.7 and 1.8 MPa. Similarly, the TS respective values of SBR/5 SNF, SBR/DRm/5 SNF and SBR/DRus are 2.5, 1.9, and 2.2 MPa, whereas their counterparts reinforced with 5 phr PTC recorded 1.6, 1.8, and 1.2 MPa. SNF-reinforced SBR, SBR/DRm, and SBR/DRus were superior in their properties to PTC-reinforced counterpart specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.S. Fathy
- Department of Polymer Chemistry , National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Medhat M. Hassan
- Department of Polymer Chemistry , National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mona Y. Elnaggar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry , National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , Cairo , Egypt
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2
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Cheng Y, Wang Q. Experimental and application of continuous regeneration of waste rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Qianting Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
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3
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Guo L, Ren D, Wang W, Hao K, Guo X, Liu F, Xu Y, Liu M, Liu H. Low-Temperature Mechano-Chemical Rubber Reclamation Using Terpinene as a Swelling Agent to Enhance Bond-Breaking Selectivity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244272. [PMID: 34960823 PMCID: PMC8705143 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Common swelling agents used in the mechano-chemical rubber devulcanization process usually require high temperatures to achieve satisfactory swelling effects, which results in severe production of pollutants and reduces the selectivity of bond scissions. This work presents an environmentally friendly swelling agent, terpinene, which can swell the rubber crosslink structures at low temperatures. Both a rubber swelling experiment and a rubber reclaiming experiment with a mechano-chemical devulcanization method are conducted to explore the swelling effects of terpinene. After soaking in terpinene at 60 °C for 90 min, the length elongation of the rubber sample reaches 1.55, which is much higher than that in naphthenic oil and is comparable to that in toluene. When adding 3 phr of terpinene for every 100 phr of waste rubber during the reclaiming process, the bond scissions exhibit high selectivity. After revulcanization, the reclaimed rubbers have a tensile strength of 17 MPa and a breaking elongation of 400%. Consequently, the application of terpinene as the swelling agent in the LTMD method can greatly improve the properties of reclaimed rubbers, thereby enhancing the dual value for the economy and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (D.R.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.G.); (F.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Donghui Ren
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (D.R.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Wenchao Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (D.R.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Kuanfa Hao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (D.R.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiurui Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (D.R.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (D.R.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuan Xu
- Sino-Thai International Rubber College, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China;
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Co. Ltd, Changchun 130011, China;
| | - Haichao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-17860825865
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Conditions Optimization and Physiochemical Analysis of Oil Obtained by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Scrap Tube Rubber Using MgO as Catalyst. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor vehicles scrap tires and tube rubbers generate a large amount of waste with different characteristics and compositions, contaminating the environment when not properly disposed. Waste inner tube rubber (isobutylene isoprene) representing a threat to the environment can be used as valuable source of energy. Waste inner tube rubber was pyrolyzed thermally under atmospheric pressure both with and without catalyst. Parameters of temperature, time, and catalyst weight were optimized for catalytic and thermal pyrolysis of isobutylene-isoprene rubber into liquid fuel, using MgO as catalyst. It was found that one-hour heating time at 350 °C using 2 g catalyst (MgO) constitutes a suitable parameter for the maximum conversion of scrap inner tube rubber into oil. The oil obtained was characterized by physical and chemical tests. Among the physical tests, Density, specific gravity, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, analine point and flash point were determined according to IP and ASTM standard valves. The physical tests indicate the presence of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Among the chemical tests, the phenol test, bromine number, bromine water test, and KMnO4 tests were conducted. The chemical tests are also the support of physical tests conducted. The physical and chemical tests indicate that the oil obtained is a mixture of kerosene, diesel, and light oil and could be used for fuel purposes.
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Fathy E, El-Nemr KF, Youssef H, El-Shafie M. Effect of gamma irradiation and oxidized bitumen on the performance of the modified crumb rubber for various applications. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study is to enhance the properties of crumb rubber (CR) derived from the tread and sidewalls of passenger and truck waste tires by adding bitumen (B) and oxidized bitumen (OB). On this context, CR was activated and modified by adding different chemical ingredients to convert it into modified crumb rubber (MCR). OB was irradiated at 25 kGy to get irradiated oxidized bitumen (IOB) with the aim of study the effect of irradiation on the samples in the presence and absence of sulfur element. The crosslinking density, mechanical parameters and thermal stability of the developed blend were examined. Furthermore, chemical resistance behavior, vibration tests which reflecting the velocity level and sound proofing performance were discussed. Remarked improvement in the mechanical, thermal and various applications of MCR were achieved by the incorporation of OB especially at 10 phr and gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.S. Fathy
- Polymer Chemistry Department , National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Khaled F. El-Nemr
- Radiation Chemistry Department , National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - H.A. Youssef
- Radiation Chemistry Department , National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - M. El-Shafie
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
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Elnaggar MY, Fathy ES, Hassan MM. Investigation of physico -mechanical properties of flexible poly (vinyl chloride) filled with antimony trioxide using ionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3054-3061. [PMID: 29613848 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1461247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Composites of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with 2% calcium carbonate, 2% diethyl phthalate, 2% paraffin wax and 2% lead sulphate and different contents of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) prepared by melting and irradiated with gamma ray have been considered. Assessment of the mechanical and thermal properties of the unirradiated and irradiated flexible polyvinyl chloride (FPVC) were completed utilizing elasticity (TS), Elongation at break (Eb) and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. TS and thermal stability of FPVC displayed advanced improvement after addition of additives and this approach highlighted the efficiency of those ingredients on PVC. The compounding of FPVC with Sb2O3 in various extents was examined by FTIR, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope methods. It is obvious that the presence of Sb2O3 begins impacting oxidative degradation, leading to a decrease in mechanical properties up to 10%. Moreover, a slight increase in the thermal stability of composites by exposure to ionizing radiation is apparently due to cross-linking of FPVC chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Y Elnaggar
- Polymer Chemistry Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology , Nasr City , Egypt
| | - E S Fathy
- Polymer Chemistry Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology , Nasr City , Egypt
| | - Medhat M Hassan
- Polymer Chemistry Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology , Nasr City , Egypt
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Loo K, Sin LT, Bee S, Ratnam CT, Bee S, Tee T, Rahmat AR. Electron Beam Irradiation to Recrosslink Devulcanized Sulfur Cured Rubber Blended Polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kheng‐Hooi Loo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Lee Tin Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Soo‐Tueen Bee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - C. T. Ratnam
- Radiation Processing Technology DivisionMalaysian Nuclear Agency 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Soo‐Ling Bee
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources EngineeringEngineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal, 14300 Penang Malaysia
| | - Tiam‐Ting Tee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - A. R. Rahmat
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
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Elnaggar MY, Fathy ES, Amdeha E, Hassan MM. Impact of gamma irradiation on virgin styrene butadiene rubber blended with ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Y. Elnaggar
- Polymer Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Nasr City Egypt
| | - El Sayed Fathy
- Polymer Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Nasr City Egypt
| | - Enas Amdeha
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Nasr City Egypt
| | - Medhat M. Hassan
- Polymer Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Nasr City Egypt
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Sripornsawat B, Saiwari S, Nakason C. Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on waste truck tire rubber and copolyester blends reinforced with carbon black. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:638-646. [PMID: 30343796 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Devulcanized rubber (DR) was prepared from waste truck tire rubber via thermo-chemical devulcanization process. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on blending of DR and copolyester (DR/COPE) were prepared. Effects of carbon black loading on microstructure, mechanical properties and elastomeric behaviors of dynamically cured DR/COPE blends were investigated. It was found that increasing of the carbon black loadings leads to transformation from co-continuous phase structure to dispersion of smaller vulcanized rubber domains in the COPE matrix. Furthermore, the carbon black was well dispersed in the DR/COPE matrix up to 10 wt% and then the aggregates slightly occurred with increasing of carbon black loadings. In addition, dynamic experiments proved that a progressive non-linear behavior was more pronounced with increasing of carbon black loadings. Also, tan δmax of the DR phase decreases with increasing carbon black concentration indicating mainly localization of filler in rubber phase. Moreover, it was found that increases of CB loadings resulted in increase of tensile strength and hardness while the elongation at break was slightly decreased. Additionally, the rate of stress relaxations was found to be increased with increasing CB loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boripat Sripornsawat
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Sitisaiyidah Saiwari
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand.
| | - Charoen Nakason
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand.
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Elnaggar MY, Fathy ES, Radi H. Impact of UV-absorber and photo-sensitizer on the irradiated waste polyethylene hoses. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Ashok N, Balachandran M, Lawrence F, Sebastian N. EPDM-chlorobutyl rubber blends in γ-radiation and hydrocarbon environment: Mechanical, transport, and ageing behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Ashok
- Centre of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies (CoE-AMGT), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University; Coimbatore India
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Amrita School of Engineering; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University; Coimbatore India
| | - Meera Balachandran
- Centre of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies (CoE-AMGT), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University; Coimbatore India
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Amrita School of Engineering; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University; Coimbatore India
| | - Falix Lawrence
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research; Kalpakkam India
| | - Neethu Sebastian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Amrita School of Engineering; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University; Coimbatore India
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Zhang Y, Li J, Shen L, Lin H, Shan Y. The observation of PP/EVA blends in which isotactic PP was preradiated with different radiation absorbed doses. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Jianxi Li
- CGN National R and D Center; Life Evaluation and Management Technology of Nonmetal Materials Lab; Suzhou 215400 China
| | - Liguo Shen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Yongdong Shan
- CGN National R and D Center; Life Evaluation and Management Technology of Nonmetal Materials Lab; Suzhou 215400 China
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13
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Yang C, Zhe X, Zhang M, Wang M, Wu G. Radiation effects on the foaming of atactic polypropylene with supercritical carbon dioxide. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Sripornsawat B, Saiwari S, Pichaiyut S, Nakason C. Influence of ground tire rubber devulcanization conditions on properties of its thermoplastic vulcanizate blends with copolyester. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Danielli Bastos de Sousa F, Scuracchio CH, Hu GH, Hoppe S. Effects of processing parameters on the properties of microwave-devulcanized ground tire rubber/polyethylene dynamically revulcanized blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiula Danielli Bastos de Sousa
- Technology Development Center - CDTec, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Rua Félix da Cunha, 809 Pelotas Centro 96010-000 Brazil RS
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP); 1 Rue Grandville Nancy BP20451, 54001 France
| | - Carlos Henrique Scuracchio
- Materials Engineering Department (DEMa); Universidade Federal da São Carlos (UFSCar); Washington Luís (SP-310), Km 235 São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP); 1 Rue Grandville Nancy BP20451, 54001 France
| | - Sandrine Hoppe
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP); 1 Rue Grandville Nancy BP20451, 54001 France
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Hassan MM, Badway NA, Elnaggar MY, Hegazy ESA. Effects of peroxide and gamma radiation on properties of devulcanized rubber/polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene monomer formulation. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medhat M. Hassan
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology; Nasr City Cairo 11731 Egypt
| | - Nagwa A. Badway
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Al-Azhar University; Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - Mona Y. Elnaggar
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology; Nasr City Cairo 11731 Egypt
| | - El-Sayed A. Hegazy
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology; Nasr City Cairo 11731 Egypt
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