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Han Y, Cui Y, Liu X, Wang Y. A Review of Manufacturing Methods for Flexible Devices and Energy Storage Devices. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:896. [PMID: 37754130 PMCID: PMC10526154 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the advancements in modern living standards and technological development, conventional smart devices have proven inadequate in meeting the demands for a high-quality lifestyle. Therefore, a revolution is necessary to overcome this impasse and facilitate the emergence of flexible electronics. Specifically, there is a growing focus on health detection, necessitating advanced flexible preparation technology for biosensor-based smart wearable devices. Nowadays, numerous flexible products are available on the market, such as electronic devices with flexible connections, bendable LED light arrays, and flexible radio frequency electronic tags for storing information. The manufacturing process of these devices is relatively straightforward, and their integration is uncomplicated. However, their functionality remains limited. Further research is necessary for the development of more intricate applications, such as intelligent wearables and energy storage systems. Taking smart wear as an example, it is worth noting that the current mainstream products on the market primarily consist of bracelet-type health testing equipment. They exhibit limited flexibility and can only be worn on the wrist for measurement purposes, which greatly limits their application diversity. Flexible energy storage and flexible display also face the same problem, so there is still a lot of room for development in the field of flexible electronics manufacturing. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the developmental history of flexible devices, systematically summarizing representative preparation methods and typical applications, identifying challenges, proposing solutions, and offering prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yaqun Wang
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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Lee J, Kim CH. Advanced Algorithm for Reliable Quantification of the Geometry and Printability of Printed Patterns. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101597. [PMID: 37242014 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In nanoparticle-based printed electronic devices, the printability of the patterns constituting the device are crucial factors. Although many studies have investigated the printability of patterns, only a few have analyzed and established international standards for measuring the dimensions and printability of shape patterns. This study introduces an advanced algorithm for accurate measurement of the geometry and printability of shape patterns to establish an international standard for pattern dimensions and printability. The algorithm involves three core concepts: extraction of edges of printed patterns and identification of pixel positions, identification of reference edges via the best-fitting of the shape pattern, and calculation of different pixel positions of edges related to reference edges. This method enables the measurement of the pattern geometry and printability, including edge waviness and widening, while considering all pixels comprising the edges of the patterns. The study results revealed that the rectangle and circle patterns exhibited an average widening of 3.55% and a maximum deviation of 1.58%, based on an average of 1662 data points. This indicates that the algorithm has potential applications in real-time pattern quality evaluation, process optimization using statistical or AI-based methods, and foundation of International Electrotechnical Commission standards for shape patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsu Lee
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Lu HC, You JL, Liao YC. Total Liquid Transfer with Enhanced Contact Line Slippage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14238-14248. [PMID: 36350766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A new surface treatment method is developed to achieve total liquid transfer. The transfer process of a liquid droplet is recorded through high-speed photography and analyzed via image analysis to investigate the hydrodynamic interactions. For a pristine PMMA surface, a viscous and viscoelastic liquid facilitates transfer by increased viscous and inertial forces and delayed liquid bridge breakage but is limited by slow contact line slippage. Hydrophobic surface treatments can increase contact line slippage and the receding angle to achieve transfer ratios up to 98%. However, pinning and contact angle hysteresis from surface roughness features limit liquid transfer, especially for smaller droplets and higher separation velocities. A lubricant-infused surface treatment with PDMS and a thin layer of less viscous silicone oil provides a smooth, homogeneous surface with fast slippage, low contact angle hysteresis, and only a slight oil wetting ridge. Liquid could then transfer at high ratios (∼99.9%), regardless of droplet size and separation velocity. Finally, complete transfer liquid from indented cells is demonstrated to show the potential of this surface modification method for gravure printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chin Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jhu-Lin You
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Jo M, Noh J, Cho G, Lee TM, Oh B, Nam S, Lee C. Strain Optimization of Tensioned Web through Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Roll-to-Roll Drying Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122515. [PMID: 35746091 PMCID: PMC9230203 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unpredictable web temperature distributions in the dryer and strain deviations in the cross-machine (CMD) and machine (MD) directions could hamper the manufacture of smooth functional layers on polymer-based webs through the roll-to-roll (R2R) continuous process system. However, research on this topic is limited. In this study, we developed a structural analysis model using the temperature distribution of the web as a boundary condition to analyze the drying mechanism of the dryer used in an R2R system. Based on the results of this model, we then applied structural modifications to the flow channel and hole density of the aluminum plate of the dryer. The model successfully predicted the temperature and strain distributions of the web inside the dryer in the CMD and MD by forming a tension according to the speed difference of the driven rolls at both ends of the span. Our structural improvements significantly reduced the temperature deviation of the moving web inside the dryer by up to 74% and decreased the strain deviation by up to 46%. The findings can help prevent web unevenness during the drying process of the R2R system, which is essential to minimize the formation of defects on functional layers built over polymer-based webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Jo
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.J.); (J.N.)
| | - Jaehyun Noh
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.J.); (J.N.)
| | - Gyoujin Cho
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyukwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Taik-min Lee
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Intelligence and Precision Machinery Research Division, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea;
| | - Bukuk Oh
- Materials & Production Engineering Research Institute, LG Electronics, 222 LG-ro Jinwi-myeon, Pyeongtaek 17709, Korea;
| | - Sanghoon Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05023, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Kim S, Jo M, Lee J, Lee C. Transmittance Control of a Water-Repellent-Coated Layer on a Tensioned Web in a Roll-to-Roll Slot-Die Coating System. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224003. [PMID: 34833300 PMCID: PMC8620358 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar cells are important alternatives to fossil fuels for energy generation in today's world, where the demand for alternative, renewable sources of energy is increasing. However, solar cells, which are installed outdoors, are susceptible to pollution by environmental factors. A solution to overcome this limitation involves coating solar cell surfaces with functional coatings. In this study, we propose a transmittance control method for a tensioned web in a roll-to-roll, transparent, water-repellent film coating. First, we analyzed the effects of process conditions on the transmittance and contact angle of the transparent water-repellent film during roll-to-roll slot-die coating. It was confirmed that the tension was the most dominant factor, followed by the coating gap. Through the tension control, the transmittance was changed by 3.27%, and the contact angle of the DI water was changed by 17.7°. In addition, it was confirmed that the transmittance was changed by 0.8% and the contact angle of DI water by 3.9° via the coating gap control. Based on these results, a transmittance prediction model was developed according to the tension and coating gap, and was then verified experimentally. Finally, a water-repellent film with a high transmittance of 89.77% was obtained using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Minho Jo
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3570; Fax: +82-2-454-0428
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Jeong Y, Gu J, Byun J, Ahn J, Byun J, Kim K, Park J, Ko J, Jeong J, Amjadi M, Park I. Ultra-Wide Range Pressure Sensor Based on a Microstructured Conductive Nanocomposite for Wearable Workout Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001461. [PMID: 33694309 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional flexible pressure sensors are not suitable for high-pressure applications due to their low saturation pressure. In this study, an ultra-wide range pressure sensor is designed based on the optimized microstructure of the polyimide/carbon nanotubes (PI/CNT) nanocomposite film. The sensing range of the pressure sensor is expanded by adopting polyimide (PI) with a high elastic modulus as a matrix material and its sensitivity is improved through functional sensing film with tip-flattened microdome arrays. As a result, the pressure sensor can measure a wide pressure range (≈ 0-3000 kPa) and possesses the sensitivity of ≈ 5.66 × 10-3 -0.23 × 10-3 kPa-1 with high reliability and durability up to 1000 cycles. The proposed sensor is integrated into the hand and foot pressure monitoring systems for workout monitoring. The representative values of the pressure distribution in the hands and feet during the powerlifting are acquired and analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC). The analyzed results suggest that the pressure sensor can provide useful real-time information for healthcare and sports performance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano‐manufacturing Technology Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156, Gajeongbuk‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiyeul Byun
- Bros PT Lab 4, Mannyeonnam‐ro 3beon‐gil, Seo‐gu Daejeon 35200 Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano‐manufacturing Technology Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156, Gajeongbuk‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebum Byun
- Bros PT Lab 4, Mannyeonnam‐ro 3beon‐gil, Seo‐gu Daejeon 35200 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano‐manufacturing Technology Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156, Gajeongbuk‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun‐ho Jeong
- Department of Nano‐manufacturing Technology Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156, Gajeongbuk‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Morteza Amjadi
- Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering Heriot‐Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 91, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Large area electrolyte coating through surface and interface engineering in roll-to-roll slot-die coating process. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen D, Kang Z, Bessho T. Molecular grafting to improve adhesion of spray-deposited circuits on polymeric surface for flexible electronics. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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