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Barbhuiya S, Das BB, Qureshi T, Adak D. Cement-based solidification of nuclear waste: Mechanisms, formulations and regulatory considerations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120712. [PMID: 38531127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of cement-based solidification and immobilisation of nuclear waste. It covers various aspects including mechanisms, formulations, testing and regulatory considerations. The paper begins by emphasizing the importance of nuclear waste management and the associated challenges. It explores the mechanisms and principles in cement-based solidification, with a particular focus on the interaction between cement and nuclear waste components. Different formulation considerations are discussed, encompassing factors such as cement types, the role of additives and modifiers. The review paper also examines testing and characterisation methods used to assess the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of solidified waste forms. Then the paper addresses the regulatory considerations and compliance requirements for cement-based solidification. The paper concludes by critically elaborating on the current challenges, emerging trends and future research needs in the field. Overall, this review paper offers a comprehensive overview of cement-based solidification, providing valuable insights for researchers, practitioners and regulatory bodies involved in nuclear waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Barbhuiya
- Department of Engineering and Construction, University of East London, London, UK.
| | | | - Tanvir Qureshi
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Limited, Chalk River, ON, Canada; Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Dibyendu Adak
- Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Meghalaya, Shillong, India
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2
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Vibrational spectroscopy and thermal/dilatometric characterizations of Fe-containing bio-relevant glasses. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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3
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Jiménez JA, Crawford CL. Raman and optical spectroscopy study of iron-bearing bio-relevant phosphate glasses: Assessment of γ-ray irradiation effects. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Karaeva ME, Savinykh DO, Orlova AI, Khainakov SA, Nokhrin AV, Boldin MS, Garcia-Granda S, Murashov AA, Chuvil’deev VN, Yunin PA, Nazarov AA, Tabachkova NY. (Na, Zr) and (Ca, Zr) Phosphate-Molybdates and Phosphate-Tungstates: I-Synthesis, Sintering and Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:990. [PMID: 36769994 PMCID: PMC9919077 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Submicron-grade powders of Na1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x compounds (hereafter referred to as NZP) and Ca1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x compounds (hereafter, CZP), X = Mo, W (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were obtained by sol-gel synthesis. The compounds obtained were studied by X-ray diffraction phase analysis and electron microscopy. An increase in the W or Mo contents was shown to result in an increase in the unit cell volume of the NZP and CZP crystal lattices and in a decrease in the coherent scattering region sizes. Thermal expansion behavior at high temperatures of synthesized NZP and CZP compounds has been investigated. The dependencies of the parameters a and c on the heating temperature, as well as the temperature dependence of the crystal lattice unit cell volume V in the range from the room temperature up to 800 °C, were obtained. The dependencies of the average thermal expansion coefficient (αav) and of the volume coefficient (β) on the W and Mo contents in the compositions of NZP and CZP compounds were studied. Ceramics Na1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x with relatively high density (more than 97.5%) were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The increase in the W or Mo contents in the ceramics leads to an increase in the relative density of NZP and to a decrease of the optimum sintering temperature. The mean grain size in the NZP ceramics decreases with increasing W or Mo contents. The study of strength characteristics has revealed that the hardness of the NZP ceramics is greater than 5 GPa, and that the minimum fracture toughness factor was 1 MPa·m1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Karaeva
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - D. O. Savinykh
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A. I. Orlova
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S. A. Khainakov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. V. Nokhrin
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - M. S. Boldin
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - A. A. Murashov
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - V. N. Chuvil’deev
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - P. A. Yunin
- Laboratory of Diagnostics of Radiation Defects in Solid State Nanostructure, Institute for Physics of Microstructure, Russian Academy of Science, 603950 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - A. A. Nazarov
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Laboratory of Diagnostics of Radiation Defects in Solid State Nanostructure, Institute for Physics of Microstructure, Russian Academy of Science, 603950 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - N. Y. Tabachkova
- Center Collective Use “Materials Science and Metallurgy”, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory “FIANIT”, Laser Materials and Technology Research Center, A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Karaeva ME, Savinykh DO, Orlova AI, Nokhrin AV, Boldin MS, Murashov AA, Chuvil’deev VN, Skuratov VA, Issatov AT, Yunin PA, Nazarov AA, Drozdov MN, Potanina EA, Tabachkova NY. (Na, Zr) and (Ca, Zr) Phosphate-Molybdates and Phosphate-Tungstates: II-Radiation Test and Hydrolytic Stability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:965. [PMID: 36769972 PMCID: PMC9917871 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces the results of hydrolytic stability tests and radiation resistance tests of phosphate molybdates and phosphate tungstates Na1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x, X = Mo, W (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5). The ceramics characterized by relatively high density (more than 97.5%) were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of submicron powders obtained by sol-gel synthesis. The study focused on hydrolytic resistance of the ceramics in static mode at room temperature. After 28 days of testing in distilled water, the normalized leaching rate was determined. It was found that the ceramics demonstrated high hydrolytic resistance in static mode: the normalized leaching rates for Mo- and W-containing ceramics were 31·10-6 and 3.36·10-6 g·cm-2·day-1, respectively. The ceramics demonstrated high resistance to irradiation with 167 MeV Xe+26 multiple-charged ions at fluences ranging from 1·1012 to 6·1013 cm-2. The Mo-containing Na0.5Zr2(PO4)2.5(XO4)0.5 ceramics were shown to have higher radiation resistance than phosphate tungstates. Radiation was shown to trigger an increase in leaching rates for W and Mo in the crystal structure of NZP ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Karaeva
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - D. O. Savinykh
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - A. I. Orlova
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - A. V. Nokhrin
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - M. S. Boldin
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - A. A. Murashov
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - V. N. Chuvil’deev
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - V. A. Skuratov
- G.N. Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow 115409, Russia
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Dubna State University, Dubna 181982, Russia
| | - A. T. Issatov
- G.N. Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
- International Department of Nuclear Physics, New Materials and Technologies, The Faculty of Physics and Technology, Gumilov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Processes, Nuclear Physics Department, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
| | - P. A. Yunin
- Laboratory of Diagnostics of Radiation Defects in Solid State Nanostructure, Institute for Physics of Microstructure, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhniy Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - A. A. Nazarov
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
- Laboratory of Diagnostics of Radiation Defects in Solid State Nanostructure, Institute for Physics of Microstructure, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhniy Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - M. N. Drozdov
- Laboratory of Diagnostics of Radiation Defects in Solid State Nanostructure, Institute for Physics of Microstructure, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhniy Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - E. A. Potanina
- Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - N. Y. Tabachkova
- Center Collective Use “Materials Science and Metallurgy”, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Laboratory “FIANIT”, Laser Materials and Technology Research Center, A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Thermal, structural and crystallization study of Na2O–P2O5–Nb2O5 glasses. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bouabdalli EM, El Jouad M, Touhtouh S, Hajjaji A. First investigation of the local environment of europium in a strontium phosphate glass using molecular dynamics simulations. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2136670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Bouabdalli
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Jouad
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Samira Touhtouh
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Abdelowahed Hajjaji
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
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Liu H, Zhu Y, Huo J, Cui Z, Zhang X, Jiang Q, Yang D, Meng B. Effect of P 2O 5 and Na 2O on the Solubility of Molybdenum and Structural Features in Borosilicate Glass. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5464. [PMID: 35955394 PMCID: PMC9369828 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of doping phosphorus in a borosilicate glass matrix to improve the solubility of Mo was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the effectiveness of Na content on P species inhibiting the growth of the crystallization of Mo was assessed. The results indicate that phosphate-doped borosilicate glass can host 4 mol% of Mo, and that such a borosilicate glass matrix could only accommodate 1 mol% of Mo without phosphate doping. The effectiveness of phosphorus may be correlated with the Na content in borosilicate glass, and a high Na content borosilicate glass matrix requires more P doping to accommodate Mo. In addition, incorporating large amounts of P can compromise the aqueous durability of the glass matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yongchang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Jichuan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhu Cui
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Debo Yang
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Baojian Meng
- China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China
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Zhang Y, Kong L, Ionescu M, Gregg DJ. Current advances on titanate glass-ceramic composite materials as waste forms for actinide immobilization: A technical review. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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11
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Goj P, Wajda A, Błachowski A, Stoch P. A new iron-phosphate compound (Fe 7P 11O 38) obtained by pyrophosphate stoichiometric glass devitrification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22957. [PMID: 34824346 PMCID: PMC8617057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron phosphates are a wide group of compounds that possess versatile applications. Their properties are strongly dependent on the role and position of iron in their structure. Iron, because of its chemical character, is able to easily change its redox state and accommodate different chemical surroundings. Thus, iron-phosphate crystallography is relatively complex. In addition, the compounds possess intriguing magnetic and electric properties. In this paper, we present crystal structure properties of a newly developed iron-phosphate compound that was obtained by devitrification from iron-phosphate glass of pyrophosphate stoichiometry. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, the new compound (Fe7P11O38) was shown to adopt the hexagonal space group P63 (No. 173) in which iron is present as Fe3+ in two inequivalent octahedral and one tetrahedral positions. The results were confirmed by Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies, and appropriate band positions, as well as hyperfine interaction parameters, are assigned and discussed. The magnetic and electric properties of the compound were predicted by ab initio simulations. It was observed that iron magnetic moments are coupled antiferromagnetically and that the total magnetic moment of the unit cell has an integer value of 2 µB. Electronic band structure calculations showed that the material has half-metallic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Goj
- AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wajda
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Błachowski
- Mössbauer Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Stoch
- AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
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Jiao C, Hou C, Zhang M, Chao N, Gao Y, Li Y. Potential application of aluminum phosphate binder in the treatment of waste containing strontium: effects of SrO content on structures and leaching stabilities of aluminum phosphate solidified systems. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Szajerski P, Bogobowicz A, Gasiorowski A. Cesium retention and release from sulfur polymer concrete matrix under normal and accidental conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:121180. [PMID: 31561122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes an efficient two-stage process for stabilization and solidification of the Cs-137 isotope in a sulfur polymer concrete (SPC) matrix. Lignite slag (SL) and fly ash (FA) were applied as active fillers for cesium immobilization. To study the release of Cs-137 isotope and determine the tracer activity in the leachates, we applied a slightly modified ANSI/ANS 16.1 protocol and the gamma spectrometry technique. The measured effective diffusion coefficients for the Cs-137 isotope were between 0.84·10-9 and 3.10·10-9 cm2·s-1. Normalized leaching rates were within the range of 1.74·10-5 - 3.85·10-5 g·cm-2·d-1, fulfilling acceptance criteria for radioactive wasteforms. As well as standard leaching under static conditions, we also studied dynamic leaching of SPC samples at increased temperatures and leaching in an aggressive environment. The Cs-137 effective diffusion coefficients were found to increase by 3 - 4 orders of magnitude (10-6 - 10-5 cm2·s-1), while the normalized leaching rate reached values of up to 2.36·10-3 g·cm-2·d-1 after 28 days of leaching. The proposed cesium immobilization mechanism is based on the formation of cesium silicate and aluminosilicate phases, together with effective matrix sealing during the SPC manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szajerski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bogobowicz
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Gasiorowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland.
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Characterization and controlling thermal expansion of materials with kosnarite- and langbeinite-type structures. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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