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Bose S, Sarkar N, Jo Y. Natural medicine delivery from 3D printed bone substitutes. J Control Release 2024; 365:848-875. [PMID: 37734674 PMCID: PMC11147672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Unmet medical needs in treating critical-size bone defects have led to the development of numerous innovative bone tissue engineering implants. Although additive manufacturing allows flexible patient-specific treatments by modifying topological properties with various materials, the development of ideal bone implants that aid new tissue regeneration and reduce post-implantation bone disorders has been limited. Natural biomolecules are gaining the attention of the health industry due to their excellent safety profiles, providing equivalent or superior performances when compared to more expensive growth factors and synthetic drugs. Supplementing additive manufacturing with natural biomolecules enables the design of novel multifunctional bone implants that provide controlled biochemical delivery for bone tissue engineering applications. Controlled release of naturally derived biomolecules from a three-dimensional (3D) printed implant may improve implant-host tissue integration, new bone formation, bone healing, and blood vessel growth. The present review introduces us to the current progress and limitations of 3D printed bone implants with drug delivery capabilities, followed by an in-depth discussion on cutting-edge technologies for incorporating natural medicinal compounds embedded within the 3D printed scaffolds or on implant surfaces, highlighting their applications in several pre- and post-implantation bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Naboneeta Sarkar
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Yongdeok Jo
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
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2
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Balasankar A, Anbazhakan K, Arul V, Mutharaian VN, Sriram G, Aruchamy K, Oh TH, Ramasundaram S. Recent Advances in the Production of Pharmaceuticals Using Selective Laser Sintering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:330. [PMID: 37622935 PMCID: PMC10452903 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing process that has shown promise in the production of medical devices, including hip cups, knee trays, dental crowns, and hearing aids. SLS-based 3D-printed dosage forms have the potential to revolutionise the production of personalised drugs. The ability to manipulate the porosity of printed materials is a particularly exciting aspect of SLS. Porous tablet formulations produced by SLS can disintegrate orally within seconds, which is challenging to achieve with traditional methods. SLS also enables the creation of amorphous solid dispersions in a single step, rather than the multi-step process required with conventional methods. This review provides an overview of 3D printing, describes the operating mechanism and necessary materials for SLS, and highlights recent advances in SLS for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, an in-depth comparison and contrast of various 3D printing technologies for their effectiveness in tissue engineering applications is also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athinarayanan Balasankar
- Department of Physics, Gobi Arts & Science College, Erode, Gobichettipalayam 638453, India; (A.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Kandasamy Anbazhakan
- Department of Physics, Gobi Arts & Science College, Erode, Gobichettipalayam 638453, India; (A.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Velusamy Arul
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641202, India;
| | | | - Ganesan Sriram
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kanakaraj Aruchamy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae Hwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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Jain P, Kathuria H, Dubey N. Advances in 3D bioprinting of tissues/organs for regenerative medicine and in-vitro models. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121639. [PMID: 35779481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue/organ shortage is a major medical challenge due to donor scarcity and patient immune rejections. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict or mimic the human disease condition in animal models during preclinical studies because disease phenotype differs between humans and animals. Three-dimensional bioprinting (3DBP) is evolving into an unparalleled multidisciplinary technology for engineering three-dimensional (3D) biological tissue with complex architecture and composition. The technology has emerged as a key driver by precise deposition and assembly of biomaterials with patient's/donor cells. This advancement has aided in the successful fabrication of in vitro models, preclinical implants, and tissue/organs-like structures. Here, we critically reviewed the current state of 3D-bioprinting strategies for regenerative therapy in eight organ systems, including nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, integumentary, endocrine and exocrine, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary systems. We also focus on the application of 3D bioprinting to fabricated in vitro models to study cancer, infection, drug testing, and safety assessment. The concept of in situ 3D bioprinting is discussed, which is the direct printing of tissues at the injury or defect site for reparative and regenerative therapy. Finally, issues such as scalability, immune response, and regulatory approval are discussed, as well as recently developed tools and technologies such as four-dimensional and convergence bioprinting. In addition, information about clinical trials using 3D printing has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Himanshu Kathuria
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; Nusmetic Pte Ltd, Makerspace, I4 Building, 3 Research Link Singapore, 117602, Singapore.
| | - Nileshkumar Dubey
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Li X, Yang Z, Fang L, Ma C, Zhao Y, Liu H, Che S, Zvyagin AV, Yang B, Lin Q. Hydrogel Composites with Different Dimensional Nanoparticles for Bone Regeneration. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100362. [PMID: 34435714 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of large segmental bone defects and complex types of fractures caused by trauma, inflammation, or tumor resection is still a challenge in the field of orthopedics. Various natural or synthetic biological materials used in clinical applications cannot fully replicate the structure and performance of raw bone. This highlights how to endow materials with multiple functions and biological properties, which is a problem that needs to be solved in practical applications. Hydrogels with outstanding biocompatibility, for their casting into any shape, size, or form, are suitable for different forms of bone defects. Therefore, they have been used in regenerative medicine more widely. In this review, versatile hydrogels are compounded with nanoparticles of different dimensions, and many desirable features of these materials in bone regeneration are introduced, including drug delivery, cell factor vehicle, cell scaffolds, which have potential in bone regeneration applications. The combination of hydrogels and nanoparticles of different dimensions encourages better filling of bone defect areas and has higher adaptability. This is due to the minimally invasive properties of the material and ability to match irregular defects. These biological characteristics make composite hydrogels with different dimensional nanoparticles become one of the most attractive options for bone regeneration materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Linan Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Chengyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Songtian Che
- Department of Ocular Fundus Disease, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Andrei V Zvyagin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Quan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Yang X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Chen J, Wan Q. The Application of Polycaprolactone in Three-Dimensional Printing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162754. [PMID: 34451293 PMCID: PMC8400029 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering commonly encompasses the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the propagation of cells to regenerate damaged tissues or organs. 3D printing technology has been extensively applied to allow direct 3D scaffolds manufacturing. Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been widely used in the fabrication of 3D scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its advantages such as good biocompatibility, slow degradation rate, the less acidic breakdown products in comparison to other polyesters, and the potential for loadbearing applications. PCL can be blended with a variety of polymers and hydrogels to improve its properties or to introduce new PCL-based composites. This paper describes the PCL used in developing state of the art of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of PCL-based composite scaffolds and recent studies on applications in different clinical situations. For instance, PCL-based composite scaffolds were used as an implant surgical guide in dental treatment. Furthermore, future trend and potential clinical translations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Y.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Y.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Y.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Y.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianbing Wan
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Y.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Q.W.)
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Strategies for inclusion of growth factors into 3D printed bone grafts. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:569-585. [PMID: 34156062 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There remains a critical need to develop new technologies and materials that can meet the demands of treating large bone defects. The advancement of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technologies has allowed the creation of personalized and customized bone grafts, with specific control in both macro- and micro-architecture, and desired mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the biomaterials used for the production of these bone grafts often possess poor biological properties. The incorporation of growth factors (GFs), which are the natural orchestrators of the physiological healing process, into 3D printed bone grafts, represents a promising strategy to achieve the bioactivity required to enhance bone regeneration. In this review, the possible strategies used to incorporate GFs to 3D printed constructs are presented with a specific focus on bone regeneration. In particular, the strengths and limitations of different methods, such as physical and chemical cross-linking, which are currently used to incorporate GFs to the engineered constructs are critically reviewed. Different strategies used to present one or more GFs to achieve simultaneous angiogenesis and vasculogenesis for enhanced bone regeneration are also covered in this review. In addition, the possibility of combining several manufacturing approaches to fabricate hybrid constructs, which better mimic the complexity of biological niches, is presented. Finally, the clinical relevance of these approaches and the future steps that should be taken are discussed.
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Chen T, Jiang H, Zhu Y, Chen X, Zhang D, Li X, Shen F, Xia H, Min Y, Xie K. Highly Ordered 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds as a Versatile Culture Platform for Nerve Cells Growth. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100047. [PMID: 33893711 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds provide an encouraging alternative for nerve injuries due to their biological support for nerve cell growth, which can be used for neuronal repair. Nerve cells have been reported to be mostly cultured on 2D scaffolds that cannot mimic the native extracellular matrix. Herein, highly ordered 3D scaffolds are fabricated for nerve cell culture by melt electrospinning writing, the microstructures and geometries of the scaffolds could be well modulated. An effective strategy for scaffold surface modification to promote nerve cell growth is proposed. The effects of scaffolds with different surface modifications, viz., plasma treatment, single poly-D-lysine (PDL) coating after plasma treatment, single laminin (LM) coating after plasma treatment, double PDL and LM coatings after plasma treatment, on PC12 cell growth are evaluated. Experiments show the scaffold modified with double PDL and LM coatings after plasma treatment facilitated the growth of PC12 cells most effectively, indicating the synergistic effect of PDL and LM on the growth of nerve cells. This is the first systematic and quantitative study of the effects of different scaffold surface modifications on nerve cell growth. The above results provide a versatile culture platform for growing nerve cells, and for recovery from peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkuo Chen
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiming Jiang
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xueliu Chen
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dao Zhang
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fangcheng Shen
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongyan Xia
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yonggang Min
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kang Xie
- Dongyuan Synergy Innovation Institute for Modern Industries of GDUT, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Jang CH, Kim W, Kim G. Effects of fibrous collagen/CDHA/hUCS biocomposites on bone tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:479-489. [PMID: 33571590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collagen- and bioceramic-based composites have been widely used in hard tissue engineering because they are analogous to the organic/inorganic constituents of native bones. However, biocomposites based on collagen and bioceramics show low mechanical stiffness and limited osteogenic activities. To elevate the low biophysical and biological activities, we have introduced a new biocomposite structure. Herein, we propose a biocomposite mimicking not only the physical structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure but also the biochemical components of native bone tissues. Several components including fibrillated collagen, calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) obtained from α-tricalcium phosphate hydrolysis, and human umbilical cord serum (hUCS) were used to generate a unique structure of the biocomposite. The 3D-printed composites were topographically similar to the nanofibrous ECM and exhibited a mechanically stable structure. We also evaluated the in vitro biocompatibilities of the biocomposite using human adipose stem cells and found that the collagen/hUCS/CDHA scaffold accelerated the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells and in vivo osteogenesis in a mastoid obliterated rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.
| | - WonJin Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Ghilan A, Chiriac AP, Nita LE, Rusu AG, Neamtu I, Chiriac VM. Trends in 3D Printing Processes for Biomedical Field: Opportunities and Challenges. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2020; 28:1345-1367. [PMID: 32435165 PMCID: PMC7224028 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ghilan
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Aurica P. Chiriac
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Loredana E. Nita
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Alina G. Rusu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Iordana Neamtu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Vlad Mihai Chiriac
- “Gh. Asachi” Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Bd. Carol I, 11A, Iasi, 700506 Romania
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Wang C, Huang W, Zhou Y, He L, He Z, Chen Z, He X, Tian S, Liao J, Lu B, Wei Y, Wang M. 3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:82-91. [PMID: 31956737 PMCID: PMC6962643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is promising in realizing successful treatments of human body tissue loss that current methods cannot treat well or achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In scaffold-based bone tissue engineering, a high performance scaffold underpins the success of a bone tissue engineering strategy and a major direction in the field is to produce bone tissue engineering scaffolds with desirable shape, structural, physical, chemical and biological features for enhanced biological performance and for regenerating complex bone tissues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing can produce customized scaffolds that are highly desirable for bone tissue engineering. The enormous interest in 3D printing and 3D printed objects by the science, engineering and medical communities has led to various developments of the 3D printing technology and wide investigations of 3D printed products in many industries, including biomedical engineering, over the past decade. It is now possible to create novel bone tissue engineering scaffolds with customized shape, architecture, favorable macro-micro structure, wettability, mechanical strength and cellular responses. This article provides a concise review of recent advances in the R & D of 3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. It also presents our philosophy and research in the designing and fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffolds through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and health engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Libing He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhi He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ziling Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jiaming Liao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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