1
|
Talha N, El-Sherbeeny AM, Zoubi WA, Abukhadra MR. Synergetic studies on the thermochemical activation and polyaniline integration on the adsorption properties of natural coal for chlorpyrifos pesticide: steric and energetic studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21116. [PMID: 39256397 PMCID: PMC11387739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Three types of synthetic coal-derived adsorbents were characterized as potential enhanced structurers during the removal of chlorpyrifos pesticide. The raw coal (CA) was activated into porous graphitic carbon (AC), and both CA and AC were blended with polyaniline polymers (PANI/CA and PANI/AC) forming two advanced composites. The adsorption performances of the modified structures in comparison with CA were evaluated based on both the steric and energetic parameters of the applied advanced isotherm model (the monolayer model of one energy). The uptake performances reflected higher capacities for the PANI hybridized form (235.8 mg/g (PANI/CA) and 309.75 mg/g (PANI/AC) as compared to AC (156.9 mg/g) and raw coal (135.8 mg/g). This signifies the impact of activation step and PANI blending on the surface and textural properties of coal. The steric investigation determined the saturation of the coal surface with extra active sites after the activation step (Nm(AC) = 62.05 mg/g) and the PANI integration (Nm(PANI/CA) = 113.5 mg/g and Nm(PANI/AC) = 169.7 mg/g) as compared to raw coal (Nm(CA) = 39.6 mg/g). This illustrated the reported uptake efficiencies of the modified samples, which can be attributed to the enhancement in the surface area and the incorporation of additional chemical groups. The results also reflect that each site can be loaded with 3-4 molecules of chlorpyrifos, which are arranged vertically and adsorbed by multi-molecular mechanisms. The energetic studies (< 40 kJ/mol) suggested the physical uptake of pesticide molecules by dipole bonding and hydrogen bonding processes. The thermodynamic functions donate the exothermic properties of 47reactions that occur spontaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Talha
- Materials Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Sherbeeny
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail Al Zoubi
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mostafa R Abukhadra
- Materials Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef City, Egypt.
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef City, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Labadi IG, Shemy MH, Ghidan AY, Allam AA, Kálmán HM, Ajarem JS, Luo J, Wang C, Abukhadra MR. Insight into the effects of H2SO4 and HNO3 acidification processes on the properties of coal as an enhanced adsorbent for ciprofloxacin residuals: Steric and energetic studies. Front Chem 2023; 11:1130682. [PMID: 37051069 PMCID: PMC10083360 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A sub-bituminous natural coal sample (R.C) was treated with sulfuric acid (S.C) and nitric acid (N.C) as modified products and enhanced adsorbents for obtaining ciprofloxacin (CFX) antibiotic residuals from water. The characterization studied demonstrates enhancement in the surface area and the incorporation of new active oxygenated, sulfur-bearing, and nitrogen-bearing chemical groups into the structure of coal samples. This was reflected in the adsorption capacities that were enhanced from 164.08 mg/g (R.C) to 489.2 mg/g and 518.5 mg/g for N.C and S.C, respectively. The impact of the acid modification processes was evaluated based on the energetic and steric properties of their adsorption systems considering the parameters of the advanced monolayer equilibrium model with one energy site. The determined occupied active sites’ density of R.C (46.32–61.44 mg/g), N.C (168.7–364.9 mg/g), and S.C (159.2–249.9 mg/g) reflects an increase in the quantities of active centers after the acid treatment processes, especially with HNO3. The higher efficiencies of the active sites of S.C to adsorb more CFX molecules (n = 2.08–2.31) than N.C (n = 1.41–2.16) illustrate its higher adsorption capacity. The energetic investigation [adsorption (˂40 kJ/mol) and Gaussian (˂8 kJ/mol) energies] suggested adsorption of CFX by N.C and S.C mainly by physical processes such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole bonding, and π–π interactions. Moreover, the determined thermodynamic functions including entropy, internal energy, and free enthalpy reflect the spontaneous and endothermic uptake of CFX on the surfaces of N.C and S.C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim G. Al-Labadi
- Department of Environmental Analysis and Technologies, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Marwa H. Shemy
- Materials Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Alaa Y. Ghidan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Horváth M. Kálmán
- Department of Environmental Analysis and Technologies, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Jamaan S. Ajarem
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianmin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Materials Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mostafa R. Abukhadra,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hasanudin H, Asri WR, Putri FR, Riyanti F, Fanani Z, Rachmat A, Novia N, Agustina TE. Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.31.2.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This research, biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO), was conducted using a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst from molasses. The biodiesel product would be blended with diesel fuel with various volume variations to see its fuel properties. The catalyst was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and acidity analysis using the titration method. The effect of the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon was also evaluated. The process of esterification reaction was optimized using the response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-CCD). The study showed that the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 generated the highest acidity of 9.79 mmol/g with a prominent enhanced surface area and was further employed to optimize the esterification reaction. The optimum condition was obtained at a reaction temperature of 78.12°C, catalyst weight of 2.98 g, and reaction time of 118.27 with an FFA conversion of 74.101%. The optimum condition for the mixture of FAME and diesel fuel was achieved at the composition of the B20 blend, which met the FAME standard. The reusability study revealed that the catalyst had adequate stability at three consecutive runs, with a reduced performance was 18.60%. The reduction of FFA conversion was due to the leaching of the catalyst’s active site. This study disclosed that the FAME generated from the esterification of FFA on WCO-catalyzed montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon had a promising option as biodiesel blends for increasing the quality of commercial diesel.
Collapse
|
4
|
Paiva MF, de Freitas EF, Campos de França JO, da Silva Valadares D, Loureiro Dias SC, Alves Dias J. Structural and acidity analysis of heteropolyacids supported on faujasite zeolite and its effect in the esterification of oleic acid and n-butanol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
5
|
AlHammadi AA, Nasser R, Shaban MS, Othman SI, Khim JS, Ajarem JS, Allam AA, Abukhadra MR. Insight into the Effect of Sulfonation Techniques on the Adsorption Properties of -SO 3H Surface-Functionalized Coal as Adsorbent for Malachite Green Dye: Steric and Energetic Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36697-36711. [PMID: 36278107 PMCID: PMC9583338 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural coal (N.C) was sulfonated with sulfuric acid by normal stirring (MS.C) and sonication waves (SS.C) to obtain -SO3H functionalized coal as enhanced adsorbents of malachite green dye (MG). The sulfonated products exhibit enhanced surface area (MS.C (27.2 m2/g) and SS.C (45.8 m2/g)) as compared to N.C. SS.C achieved higher acid density (14.2 mmol/g) and sulfur content (13.2 wt. %) as compared to MS.C. The impact of the sulfonation processes on the adsorption of MG was assessed based on the monolayer isotherm model of one energy. The MG Q sat of N.C (121.3 mg/g), MS.C (226.3 mg/g), and SS.C (296.4 mg/g) validate the significant effect of the sulfonation processes by the sonication waves. This is in agreement with the active site densities that reflect the saturation of SS.C by more active sites (180.74 mg/g) than MS.C (120.38 mg/g) and N.C (70.84 mg/g). The MS.C and SS.C can adsorb three MG molecules as compared to two molecules per site of N.C. The Gaussian energy (<8 kJ/mol) and adsorption energy (<40 kJ/mol)) reflects the physisorption of MG involving van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipole bonding forces. The thermodynamic functions demonstrate the uptake of MG by exothermic, spontaneous, feasible reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. AlHammadi
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center
for Catalysis and Separation (CeCas), Khalifa
University of Science and Technology,
P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Nasser
- Matrail
Sciences and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Post Graduate Studies
for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City65211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Shaban
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley
University, Kharga, New Valley Governorate1064188, Egypt
| | - Sarah I. Othman
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School
of
Earth & Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jamaan S. Ajarem
- Zoology
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef65211, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef65211, Egypt
- Materials
Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City65211, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Embedding of SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids in mesoporous MIL-101(Cr) through polyoxometalate bridging: A robust heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Paiva MF, Diab GAA, Teixeira de Mendonça ESD, Dias SCL, Dias JA. Synthesis, characterization, and application of phosphotungstic acid supported on iron-based magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
8
|
Chen W, Wu Z, Wang Z, Chen C, Zhang Z. Preparation of a reusable and pore size controllable porous polymer monolith and its catalysis of biodiesel synthesis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12363-12370. [PMID: 35480381 PMCID: PMC9036607 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sulfonated porous polymer monolith (PPM-SO3H) has been prepared via the polymerisation of styrene (St) and divinyl benzene (DVB) with organic microspheres as pore-forming agents, followed by sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid. It was characterized by acid-base titration in order to determine its acid density, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The PPM-SO3H showed an acid density of 1.89 mmol g-1 and pore cavities with an average diameter of 870 nm. The catalytic activity of PPM-SO3H in practical biodiesel synthesis from waste fatty acids was investigated and the main reaction parameters were optimized through orthogonal experiment. The best reaction conditions obtained for the optimization of methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time were 1 : 1, 20%, 80 °C and 8 h, respectively. PPM-SO3H showed excellent catalytic activity. In biodiesel synthesis, the esterification rate of PPM-SO3H is 96.9%, which is much higher than that of commercial poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (esterification rate 29.0%). The PPM-SO3H can be reused several times without significant loss of catalytic activity; the esterification rate was still 90.8% after 6 cycles. The pore size of this porous polymer monolith can be controlled. The dimension and shape of this porous polymer monolith were also adjustable by choosing a suitable polymerisation container.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066600 China
| | - Zhaoji Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066600 China
| | - Zhengge Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066600 China
| | - Changjiu Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066600 China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066600 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hassan W, Ahmed EA, Moneim MA, Shaban MS, El-Sherbeeny AM, Siddiqui N, Shim JJ, Abukhadra MR. Sulfonation of Natural Carbonaceous Bentonite as a Low-Cost Acidic Catalyst for Effective Transesterification of Used Sunflower Oil into Diesel; Statistical Modeling and Kinetic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31260-31271. [PMID: 34841170 PMCID: PMC8613855 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bentonite sample enriched in organic matters (oil shale) was functionalized with -SO3H sulfonated carbonaceous bentonite (S-CB) by sulfonation process as a low-cost and effective acidic catalyst for the transesterification spent sunflower oil (SFO). The sulfonation effect was followed by several analytic techniques including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The catalytic performance of the sulfonated product was evaluated based on a statistical design which was built according to the response surface methodology and the central composite rotatable design. Using the S-CB acidic catalyst in the transesterification of spent SFO resulted in an actual biodiesel yield of 96% at studied conditions of 85 min at reaction interval, 50 °C as temperature,15:1 as methanol/oil ratio, and 3.5 wt % as S-CB loading. Moreover, the optimization function suggested enhancement to obtained yield up to 97.9% by selecting the values of temperature at 62 °C, the time at 98.5 min, the methanol/SFO ratio at 14.4:1, and S-CB loading at 3.4 wt %. The technical evaluation of the SFO biodiesel reflected the suitability of the product to be used as biofuels according to international standards. The kinetic behavior of the SFO transesterification reaction over S-CB is of pseudo-first order properties and of low activation energy. Finally, the synthetic S-CB as a solid acidic catalyst is of significant reusability and was reused five times with remarkable biodiesel yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa
A. Hassan
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ezzat A. Ahmed
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Moneim
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Shaban
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley
University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny
- Industrial
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid Siddiqui
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology Department,
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan D, Zhang K, Wang L, Jin L, Guo X, Zhang G. Gasification investigations of coal and biomass blends for high purity H2 production with carbon capture potential. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Cao M, Peng L, Xie Q, Xing K, Lu M, Ji J. Sulfonated Sargassum horneri carbon as solid acid catalyst to produce biodiesel via esterification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 324:124614. [PMID: 33434876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A solid acid catalyst prepared by sulfonated Sargassum horneri carbon was utilized for the esterification reaction of oleic acid and methanol. The formed amorphous carbon layers during carbonization and the access of sulfonic acid groups during sulfonation can catalyze the esterification reaction for biodiesel preparation efficiently. The catalyst was characterized by various methods to investigate its physical and chemical properties. With carbonization at 300 °C for 2 h followed by sulfonation at 90 °C for 5 h, the catalyst reached acid density of 1.40 mmol/g. The catalyst dosage, methanol/oleic acid (molar ratio), reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized to 10 wt%, 15:1, 70 °C, and 3 h, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the conversion of oleic acid reached 96.4%. Additionally, the catalyst was regenerated after four cycles, with the conversion of oleic acid still reaching 95.4%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Libo Peng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Qinglong Xie
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Kainan Xing
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Meizhen Lu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Jianbing Ji
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gallego-Villada LA, Alarcón EA, Palermo V, Vázquez PG, Romanelli GP. Kinetics for the biodiesel production from lauric acid over Keggin heteropolyacid loaded in silica framework. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Quah RV, Tan YH, Mubarak NM, Kansedo J, Khalid M, Abdullah EC, Abdullah MO. Magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell for biodiesel production via sulfonation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:626-636. [PMID: 33011540 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to its environment-friendly and replenishable characteristics, biodiesel has the potential to substitute fossil fuels as an alternative source of energy. Although biodiesel has many benefits to offer, manufacturing biodiesel on an industrial scale is uneconomical as a high cost of feedstock is required. A novel sulfonated and magnetic catalyst synthesised from a palm kernel shell (PMB-SO3H) was first introduced in this study for methyl ester or biodiesel production to reduce capital costs. The wasted palm kernel shell (PKS) biochar impregnated with ferrite Fe3O4 was synthesised with concentrated sulphuric acid through the sulfonation process. The SEM, EDX, FTIR, VSM and TGA characterization of the catalysts were presented. Then, the optimisation of biodiesel synthesis was catalysed by PMB-SO3H via the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It was found that the maximum biodiesel yield of 90.2% was achieved under these optimum operating conditions: 65 °C, 102 min, methanol to oil ratio of 13:1 and the catalyst loading of 3.66 wt%. Overall, PMB-SO3H demonstrated acceptable catalysing capability on its first cycle, which subsequently showed a reduction of the reusability performance after 4 cycles. An important practical implication is that PMB-SO3H can be established as a promising heterogeneous catalyst by incorporating an iron layer which can substantially improve the catalyst separation performance in biodiesel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray Vern Quah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jibrail Kansedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Omar Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Membrane dehydration-enhanced esterification for biodiesel production from a potential feedstock of Firmiana platanifolia L.f. seed oil. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|