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Singh D, Sharma D, Sharma PK, Jhalani A, Sharma DK. Characterization of homogenous acid catalyzed biodiesel production from palm oil: experimental investigation and numerical simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34481-34502. [PMID: 36515877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a biological renewable source produced from the conversion of triglycerides to alkyl esters. Palm oil is one of the most used lipid feedstocks for biodiesel production. It becomes necessary to optimize the transesterification reaction parameters to reduce the cost and enhance the quality of biodiesel. This study focuses on the use of homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm fatty acids to methyl esters in a batch-scale reactor. A novel examination of transesterification reaction input parameters using the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution optimization technique and the effect of these parameters on yield, viscosity, and density of palm biodiesel using 3D surface graphs is investigated in this research. The present optimization approach is implemented to find out the optimum ranking of biodiesel production. From the experimental and numerical simulation, optimum results were observed at the catalyst concentration of 6% (w/w), reaction temperature of 70 °C, the reaction time of 120 min, and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 at which yield of 95.35%, viscosity of 5.0 cSt, and density of 880 kg/m3 of palm biodiesel were obtained. The different physicochemical properties of produced palm methyl esters are obtained within standards set by international authorities. Selected optimized process parameters can be used for commercial-scale biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Singh
- Department of Basic Science and Engineering, College of Technology and Agriculture Engineering, Agriculture University Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342304, India.
| | - Dilip Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Jhalani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Numerical simulation of a heterogeneous catalytic batch reactor to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Chen W, Wu Z, Peng R, Wu W, Li X, Cao D, Zhang Z, Niu K. Low-cost diatomite supported binary transition metal sulfates: an efficient reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6002-6009. [PMID: 36816082 PMCID: PMC9936845 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07947j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a simple method of impregnation and then calcination, diatomite supported binary transition metal sulfates (Fe and Zr, designated as Fe2(SO4)3&Zr(SO4)2@diatomite) were prepared and used as a catalyst in the preparation of renewable biofuels. The synthesised Fe2(SO4)3&Zr(SO4)2@diatomite catalyst (Fe2(SO4)3 : Zr(SO4)2 : diatomite = 1 : 2 : 6, mass ratio) was thoroughly characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, microbeam X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results demonstrated that the sulfate was successfully loaded onto the diatomite with a uniform distribution. The N2 adsorption/desorption analysis indicated that the catalyst's specific surface area was 1.54 m2 g-1. The catalyst exhibited outstanding performance in the preparation of renewable biofuel (biodiesel) from waste fatty acids and the optimal parameters were methanol-to-oil 1.25 : 1, reaction temperature 70 °C, catalyst concentration 10 wt%, reaction time 4 h. The conversion was found to reach 98.90% under optimal parameters, which is better than that of Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O, Zr(SO4)2·4H2O, Fe2(SO4)3@diatomite and Zr(SO4)2@diatomite. Moreover, the catalyst can be recycled by simple filtration and reused for three cycles after regeneration without noticeable reduction in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Zhaoji Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Ruoxue Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Xiaonan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Dan Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600 .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Kui Niu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600 .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products Qinhuangdao China 066600
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Exploiting the Complementary Potential of Rice Bran Oil as a Low-Cost Raw Material for Bioenergy Production. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the most consumed cereals in the world. From rice processing, rice bran is obtained, and only a part of this by-product is effectively used. Rice bran oil can be obtained and used as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production, although few studies exist to support its exploitation. In addition, pretreatment is required to reduce its acidity and allow for its integration in the conventional industrial process. This work evaluated two pretreatment processes aiming to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content of rice bran oil by employing an acid-catalyzed process and a biocatalyzed process. The results allowed us to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of both pretreatments. For that purpose, acid (45, 55 and 65 °C, using H2SO4 concentrations of 2 wt.% or 4 wt.% and a methanol:oil molar ratio of 9:1) and enzymatic FFA conversion (35 °C using a 6:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 5 wt.% of Thermomyces lanuginosus) were evaluated using rice bran oil with an acid value around 47 mg KOH.g−1, and the reaction kinetics were assessed. Acid esterification enabled a 92% acidity reduction (65 °C, 4 wt.% of catalyst) after 8 h, with the final product presenting an acid value of 3.7 mg KOH.g−1 and a biodiesel purity of 42 wt.%. The enzymatic process allowed an acidity reduction of 82%, resulting in a product with an acid value of 7.0 mg KOH.g−1; however, after 24 h, the biodiesel purity was 87 wt.% (almost a two-fold increase compared to that obtained in the homogeneous process), revealing the conversion of both free fatty acids and glycerides. The study of the reaction kinetics of the homogeneous (acid) esterification showed that, for temperatures > 45 °C, the constant rate increased with temperature. A higher constant rate was obtained for the temperature of 55 °C using 4 wt.% of catalyst (k′ = 0.13 min−1). For the heterogeneous (enzymatic) esterification, the constant rate obtained was lower (k′ = 0.028 min−1), as expected. The study revealed the technical viability of the esterification pretreatment of rice bran oil and the important parameters concerning the performance of the pretreatment solutions. Finally, the enzymatic process should be further explored, aiming to develop more ecofriendly processes (water and energy savings) to produce biodiesel from oils with a high acidity (low-cost raw materials).
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Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV. Application of Tubular Reactor Technologies for the Acceleration of Biodiesel Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080347. [PMID: 36004872 PMCID: PMC9405005 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to arrest the continued environmental contamination and degradation associated with the consumption of fossil-based fuels has continued to serve as an impetus for the increased utilization of renewable fuels. The demand for biodiesel has continued to escalate in the past few decades due to urbanization, industrialization, and stringent government policies in favor of renewable fuels for diverse applications. One of the strategies for ensuring the intensification, commercialization, and increased utilization of biodiesel is the adaptation of reactor technologies, especially tubular reactors. The current study reviewed the deployment of different types and configurations of tubular reactors for the acceleration of biodiesel production. The feedstocks, catalysts, conversion techniques, and modes of biodiesel conversion by reactor technologies are highlighted. The peculiarities, applications, merits, drawbacks, and instances of biodiesel synthesis through a packed bed, fluidized bed, trickle bed, oscillatory flow, and micro-channel tubular reactor technologies are discussed to facilitate a better comprehension of the mechanisms behind the technology. Indeed, the deployment of the transesterification technique in tubular reactor technologies will ensure the ecofriendly, low-cost, and large-scale production of biodiesel, a high product yield, and will generate high-quality biodiesel. The outcome of this study will enrich scholarship and stimulate a renewed interest in the application of tubular reactors for large-scale biodiesel production among biodiesel refiners and other stakeholders. Going forward, the use of innovative technologies such as robotics, machine learning, smart metering, artificial intelligent, and other modeling tools should be deployed to monitor reactor technologies for biodiesel production.
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Mohd Johari SA, Ayoub M, Inayat A, Ullah S, Uroos M, Naqvi SR, Farukkh S. Utilization of Dairy Scum Waste as a Feedstock for Biodiesel Production via Different Heating Sources for Catalytic Transesterification. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aminah Mohd Johari
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HiCoE, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) Institute of Sustainable Living (ISB) 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Chemical Engineering Department 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HiCoE, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) Institute of Sustainable Living (ISB) 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Chemical Engineering Department 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Abrar Inayat
- University of Sharjah Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering 27272 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Sami Ullah
- King Khalid University Department of Chemistry, College of Science POB: 9004 61413 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Maliha Uroos
- University of the Punjab Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids Institute of Chemistry 54000 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Salman Raza Naqvi
- National University of Science and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sarah Farukkh
- National University of Science and Technology School of Chemical & Materials Engineering Islamabad Pakistan
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Unruean P, Nomura K, Kitiyanan B. High Conversion of CaO-Catalyzed Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1051-1062. [PMID: 35691836 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) derived from vegetable oils and ethanol are promising bio-based chemicals for various applications such as biofuel, monomers for polyesters, and fine chemicals. However, the limited conversion and yield are obtained in the conventional methods due to low boiling point of ethanol that thus requires conducting the reaction at low temperature. This work demonstrates high yield of FAEEs from soybean, rice bran and palm oil with ethanol by performing the transesterification at high temperatures of 150-200°C by using CaO catalyst in a high pressure reactor. The results demonstrate the complete reaction for all vegetable oils with low ethanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 1 wt.% CaO catalyst. Higher reaction temperature results in faster reaction while keeping high conversion of ≥ 99.0%. The unsaturated components in FAEE products are consistent with their original fatty acid chain. Moreover, the high conversion can be achieved even in the reaction conducted with low ethanol to oil molar ratio of 4.5:1 and 0.5 wt.% CaO catalyst at 180 °C in the palm oil transesterification. The catalyst can be reused for at least 3 times with the conversion higher than 94.0%. In addition, the activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡), entropy of activation (ΔS‡) and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG‡) are also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palawat Unruean
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Boonyarach Kitiyanan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University.,Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University
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Demir V, Akgün M. New Catalysts for Biodiesel Production under Supercritical Conditions of Alcohols: A Comprehensive Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Velid Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler Istanbul 34220 Turkey
| | - Mesut Akgün
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler Istanbul 34220 Turkey
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Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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Suo H, Hao X, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Du S. A kinetic study of the ultrasonically assisted ethyl esterification of fatty acids using an immobilized lipase catalyst and deep eutectic solvent. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Suo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaohong Hao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Su Du
- School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
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Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Solventless esterification of glycerol with p-methoxycinnamic acid catalyzed by a novel sulfonic acid mesoporous solid: reaction kinetics. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nandhini R, Berslin D, Sivaprakash B, Rajamohan N, Vo DVN. Thermochemical conversion of municipal solid waste into energy and hydrogen: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1645-1669. [PMID: 35350388 PMCID: PMC8945873 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The rising global population is inducing a fast increase in the amount of municipal waste and, in turn, issues of rising cost and environmental pollution. Therefore, alternative treatments such as waste-to-energy should be developed in the context of the circular economy. Here, we review the conversion of municipal solid waste into energy using thermochemical methods such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis and torrefaction. Energy yield depends on operating conditions and feedstock composition. For instance, torrefaction of municipal waste at 200 °C generates a heating value of 33.01 MJ/kg, while the co-pyrolysis of cereals and peanut waste yields a heating value of 31.44 MJ/kg at 540 °C. Gasification at 800 °C shows higher carbon conversion for plastics, of 94.48%, than for waste wood and grass pellets, of 70-75%. Integrating two or more thermochemical treatments is actually gaining high momentum due to higher energy yield. We also review reforming catalysts to enhance dihydrogen production, such as nickel on support materials such as CaTiO3, SrTiO3, BaTiO3, Al2O3, TiO3, MgO, ZrO2. Techno-economic analysis, sensitivity analysis and life cycle assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Nandhini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002 India
| | - Don Berslin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002 India
| | - Baskaran Sivaprakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002 India
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, 311 Sohar, Oman
| | - Dai-Viet N. Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang Malaysia
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Immobilization of Eversa ® Transform via CLEA Technology Converts It in a Suitable Biocatalyst for Biolubricant Production Using Waste Cooking Oil. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010193. [PMID: 33401727 PMCID: PMC7794791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the previously optimized magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Eversa (Eversa-mCLEA) in the enzymatic synthesis of biolubricants by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with different alcohols has been evaluated. Eversa-mCLEA showed good activities using these alcohols, reaching a transesterification activity with isoamyl alcohol around 10-fold higher than with methanol. Yields of isoamyl fatty acid ester synthesis were similar using WCO or refined oil, confirming that this biocatalyst could be utilized to transform this residue into a valuable product. The effects of WCO/isoamyl alcohol molar ratio and enzyme load on the synthesis of biolubricant were also investigated. A maximum yield of around 90 wt.% was reached after 72 h of reaction using an enzyme load of 12 esterification units/g oil and a WCO/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 in a solvent-free system. At the same conditions, the liquid Eversa yielded a maximum ester yield of only 34%. This study demonstrated the great changes in the enzyme properties that can be derived from a proper immobilization system. Moreover, it also shows the potential of WCO as a feedstock for the production of isoamyl fatty acid esters, which are potential candidates as biolubricants.
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