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Thangaraj B, Monama W, Mohiuddin E, Millan Mdleleni M. Recent developments in (bio)ethanol conversion to fuels and chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 409:131230. [PMID: 39117246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Bioethanol is one of the most important bio-resources produced from biomass fermentation and is an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil-based fuels as it is regarded as renewable and clean. Bioethanol and its derivatives are used as feedstocks in petrochemical processes as well as fuel and fuel additives in motor vehicles to compensate for the depletion of fossil fuels. This review chronicles the recent developments in the catalytic conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether, ethylene, propylene, long-chain hydrocarbons, and other important products. Various heterogeneous catalysts, such as zeolites, metal oxides, heteropolyacids, mesoporous materials, and metal-organic frameworks, have been used in the ethanol conversion processes and are discussed extensively. The significance of various reaction parameters such as pressure, temperature, water content in the ethanol feed, and the effect of catalyst modification based on various kinds of literature are critically evaluated. Further, coke formation and coke product analysis using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques during the ethanol conversion are briefly discussed. The review concludes by providing insights into possible research paths pertaining to catalyst design aimed at enhancing the catalytic conversion of (bio)ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Thangaraj
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Winnie Monama
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Mohiuddin
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Masikana Millan Mdleleni
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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Influence of preparation method on the activity of molecular sieve KA catalysts modified with zinc and phosphorus oxides in the non-oxidative thermocatalytic conversion of ethanol to aromatic hydrocarbons. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Li M, Zhao L, Jin S, Li D, Huang J, Liu J. Process schemes of ethanol coupling to C4 olefins based on a genetic algorithm for back propagation neural network optimization. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12301. [PMID: 36578395 PMCID: PMC9791839 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
C4 olefin is an important feedstock for the chemical industry. Designing an effective and stable industrial process for preparing C4 olefin from renewable ethanol is crucial for further sustainable chemical production. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation system of an experimental scheme was constructed based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process/Entropy Weight Method-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (AHP/EWM-TOPSIS) and Chemical production indicators. Using this evaluation system, a Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was constructed after simulating C4 olefin production conditions using the Improved Mixed Congruential method. Subsequently, the production scheme with the highest evaluation score was determined when the temperature was not limited and when the temperature was lower than 350°C through a series of mathematical models. Overall, our mathematical models provide guidance for the commercial production of ethanol to butene and effectively reduce the risk of scaling up the chemical process to pilot or industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
- Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Shuo Jin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
- Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Danlu Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
- Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd., 117 North West Third Ring Road, Beijing 100840, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, PR China
- Corresponding author at: China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd., 117 North West Third Ring Road, Beijing 100840, PR China.
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Thermal transformation of copper incorporated hydrotalcite-derived oxides and their catalytic activity for ethanol dehydrogenation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was the development of water-resistant catalyst and catalytic processes for the conversion of hydrous ethanol to 1-butanol. Water, in hydrous ethanol, strongly inhibits conversion to 1-butanol on solid catalysts. In this study, the nonstoichiometric P-deficient hydroxyapatite containing carbonate anions (C-HAP), Ca10−x/2(PO4)6−x(CO3)x(OH)2, displayed good performance in the Guerbet condensation of hydrated ethanol to 1-butanol, after proper stabilization of reaction conditions. Hydrous ethanol (96 wt%) was converted on C-HAP formed as extrudates with silica binder at 400 °C and weight hour space velocity (WHSV) = 0.5–1.0 h−1 to yield 21–23% 1-butanol and 73–74% selectivity. It displayed stable operation for up to 170 h on streams conducted in bench and mini-pilot rigs with catalyst loadings of 2 and 50 cm3, respectively. The process simulation employed the recycling of ethanol without laboratory verification to reach 68% theoretical yield of 1-butanol. The techno-economic analysis demonstrated the feasibility of this process, showing that it may be profitable depending on the prices of hydrated ethanol and 1-butanol.
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