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Du X, Huang R, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Cheng J, Tian P, Wang Y, Zhai Z, Chen L, Kong X, Liu Y, Su P. Rhodopseudomonas palustris Quorum Sensing Molecule pC-HSL Induces Systemic Resistance to TMV Infection via Upregulation of NbSIPK/ NbWIPK Expressions in Nicotiana benthamiana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:500-508. [PMID: 32876530 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0177-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
G-negative bacteria produce myriad N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) that can function as quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules. AHLs are also known to regulate various plant biological activities. p-Coumaroyl-homoserine lactone (pC-HSL) is the only QS molecule produced by a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The role of pC-HSL in the interaction between R. palustris and plant has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of pC-HSL on plant immunity and found that this QS molecule can induce a systemic resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results show that pC-HSL treatment can prolong the activation of two mitogen-associated protein kinase genes (i.e., NbSIPK and NbWIPK) and increase the expression of transcription factor WRKY8 as well as immune response marker genes NbPR1 and NbPR10, leading to an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the TMV-infected plants. Our results also show that pC-HSL treatment can increase activities of two ROS-scavenging enzymes, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Knockdown of NbSIPK or NbWIPK expression in N. benthamiana plants through virus-induced gene silencing nullified or attenuated pC-HSL-induced systemic resistance, indicating that the functioning of pC-HSL relies on the activity of those two kinases. Meanwhile, pC-HSL-pretreated plants also showed a strong induction of kinase activities of NbSIPK and NbWIPK after TMV inoculation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pC-HSL treatment increases plant resistance to TMV infection, which is helpful to uncover the outcome of interaction between R. palustris and its host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Du
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Renyan Huang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ju'e Cheng
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Peijie Tian
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yanqi Wang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhongying Zhai
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiaoting Kong
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Pin Su
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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Huth TK, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. ERK1/2, MEK1/2 and p38 downstream signalling molecules impaired in CD56 dim CD16+ and CD56 bright CD16 dim/- natural killer cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:97. [PMID: 27098723 PMCID: PMC4839077 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural Killer (NK) cell effector functions are dependent on phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway to produce an effective immune response for the clearance of target cells infected with viruses, bacteria or malignantly transformed cells. Intracellular signals activating NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxic activity are propagated through protein phosphorylation of MAPKs including MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity is consistently reported in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) patients and intracellular signalling by MAPK in NK cells remains to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate MAPK downstream signalling molecules in NK cell phenotypes from CFS/ME patients. Methods Flow cytometric protocols were used to measure phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway in CD56brightCD16dim/− and CD56dimCD16+ NK cells following stimulation with K562 tumour cells or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate plus ionomycin. NK cell cytotoxic activity, degranulation, lytic proteins and cytokine production were also measured as markers for CD56brightCD16dim/− and CD56dimCD16+ NK cell function using flow cytometric protocols. Results CFS/ME patients (n = 14) had a significant decrease in ERK1/2 in CD56dimCD16+ NK cells compared to the non-fatigued controls (n = 11) after incubation with K562 cells. CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients had a significant increase in MEK1/2 and p38 following incubation with K562 cells. Conclusions This is the first study to report significant differences in MAPK intracellular signalling molecules in CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients. The current results highlight the importance of intracellular signalling through the MAPK pathway for synergistic effector function of CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells to ensure efficient clearance of target cells. In CFS/ME patients, dysfunctional MAPK signalling may contribute to reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0859-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teilah Kathryn Huth
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Donald Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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Flow Cytometry, a Versatile Tool for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Primary Immunodeficiencies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:254-71. [PMID: 26912782 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00001-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects of the immune system are referred to as primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). These immunodeficiencies are clinically and immunologically heterogeneous and, therefore, pose a challenge not only for the clinician but also for the diagnostic immunologist. There are several methodological tools available for evaluation and monitoring of patients with PIDs, and of these tools, flow cytometry has gained prominence, both for phenotyping and functional assays. Flow cytometry allows real-time analysis of cellular composition, cell signaling, and other relevant immunological pathways, providing an accessible tool for rapid diagnostic and prognostic assessment. This minireview provides an overview of the use of flow cytometry in disease-specific diagnosis of PIDs, in addition to other broader applications, which include immune phenotyping and cellular functional measurements.
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Flow cytometric detection of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and intracellular cytokine expression in peripheral blood subpopulations from patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:671431. [PMID: 24741615 PMCID: PMC3987974 DOI: 10.1155/2014/671431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling cascade is optimally achieved by methanol permeabilization protocols. Such protocols suffer from the difficulties to accurately detect intracellular cytokines and surface epitopes of infrequent cell subpopulations, which are removed by methanol. To overcome these limitations, we have modified methanol-based phosphoflow protocols using several commercially available antibody clones suitable for surface antigens, intracellular cytokines, and p38 MAPK. These included markers of B cells (CD19, CD20, and CD22), T cells (CD3, CD4, and CD8), NK (CD56 and CD7), and dendritic cells (CD11c). We have also tested surface markers of costimulatory molecules, such as CD27. We have successfully determined simultaneous expression of IFN- γ , as well as IL-10, and phosphorylated p38 in cell subsets. The optimized phosphoflow protocol has also been successfully applied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified cell subpopulations from patients with various autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, our refined phosphoflow cytometric approach allows simultaneous detection of p38 MAPK activity and intracellular cytokine expression and could be used as an important tool to study signaling cascades in autoimmunity.
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Abstract
In recent years, techniques that combine the use of phospho-specific antibodies and multiparameter flow cytometry have been developed for the detection of protein phosphorylation at the single cell level. Flow cytometry is uniquely suited for this type of analysis, as it can measure functional and phenotypic markers in the context of complex cell populations. Phosphorylation can be assessed simultaneously in multiple cell subsets, and due to the small sample sizes required, and the rapid analyses of large numbers of cells in this approach, rare cell analysis is possible without the ex vivo expansion of cells.In this chapter, we detail flow cytometric protocols for the detection of intracellular phospho-proteins in samples derived from whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations. These protocols define steps for cell activation, fixation, permeabilization, and staining by phospho-specific and phenotyping antibodies. We discuss technical difficulties inherent to this technique and suggest solutions to commonly encountered problems. Additionally, we show examples of phospho-protein detection in lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells, and monocytes activated with various stimuli, including mitogens, cytokines, and superantigens. Finally, we highlight a potential clinical trial application for this flow cytometric assay as a platform for pharmacodynamic monitoring of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Suni
- BD Biosciences Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA, USA
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Jalkanen SE, Vakkila J, Kreutzman A, Nieminen JK, Porkka K, Mustjoki S. Poor cytokine-induced phosphorylation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients at diagnosis is effectively reversed by tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:102-113.e1. [PMID: 20869423 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein results in aberrant signaling pathways and increased cell proliferation. Acquired immune tolerance to leukemic antigens further enables tumor cell expansion. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy interferes with the immunoregulatory system by targeting off-target kinases both in malignant and nonmalignant cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the immune cell function by phosphoprotein profiling in CML patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from diagnostic phase and TKI-treated patients were analyzed by multicolor phosphoprotein flow cytometry enabling measurements at the single-cell level. Both unstimulated baseline activation status and cytokine-induced responses were evaluated. RESULTS In diagnostic-phase and imatinib-treated patients, the baseline phosphoprotein activation status was similar to healthy controls. In dasatinib-treated patients, basal phosphoprotein levels were slightly decreased; in particular, the signal transduction and activator of transcription protein 3 pathway was affected in both myeloid and lymphoid cells. The activation responses to various cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in particular were significantly suppressed in untreated CML patients. During imatinib and dasatinib therapy, the aberrantly suppressed phosphorylation responses were normalized. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine responses are hampered in untreated CML patients, which may have an effect on various immunological processes in vivo. Interestingly, during TKI treatment, phosphorylation responses were normal, suggesting that TKI treatment does not alter the reactivity of healthy immune effector cells. However, dasatinib treatment was associated with diminished basal activation of the immunosuppressive signal transduction and activator of transcription protein 3 signaling pathway, which could have clinical significance in reversing the lymphocyte anergy against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari E Jalkanen
- Hematology Research Unit, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Wu S, Jin L, Vence L, Radvanyi LG. Development and application of 'phosphoflow' as a tool for immunomonitoring. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:631-43. [PMID: 20518718 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has revolutionized our ability to monitor immune responses by allowing us to simultaneously track a variety of cell surface and intracellular markers in discrete cell subsets in a highly sensitive and reproducible manner. This is especially critical in this new era of vaccinology trying to tackle the growing problems of chronic viral infections and cancer that not only evade host immune responses, but can negatively manipulate vaccine-induced immune responses. Thus, understanding how lymphocyte signaling is altered under normal and pathological conditions has become more critical. Over the last decade, a new flow cytometry technology called 'phosphoflow' (also sometimes called 'phosflow'), is rapidly developing for tracking multiple intracellular signaling molecules in the immune system at a single-cell level. Antibodies and reagents for tracking both tyrosine-phosphorylated and serine/threonine-phosphorylated signaling intermediaries in key immune signaling pathways have been developed, and phosphoflow is now starting to be applied to a wide variety of both preclinical and clinical studies on lymphocyte responses, as well as the functioning of cancer cells and virally infected cells. Here, we review the development of phosphoflow technology, its modern applications in the field of immunomonitoring and its current limitations. We then provide a perspective on the future of phosphoflow and a vision of how it can be applied to emerging critical questions in human vaccinology and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Schubert R, Geiger H, Zielen S, Baer PC. Simultaneous detection of ERK-, p38-, and JNK-MAPK phosphorylation in human adipose-derived stem cells using the Cytometric Bead Array technology. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is combined with highly specific fluorophore-conjugated antibodies that will only bind to the activated forms of molecules. The advances in flow cytometry enable to perform quantitative multiplexed analysis of single cells within heterogeneous populations stained with specific antibodies for phenotyping in conjunction with antibodies to phosphorylated, i.e., activated molecules within signaling pathways. By reactivating signaling pathways in vitro it is possible to collect data on the responsive state of complex cell populations such as immune cells. In this protocol, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are stimulated with cytokines for the indicated time in a 37 degrees C/CO(2) incubator, fixed immediately with paraformaldehyde to freeze signaling, permeabilized with methanol, and then stained simultaneously with an antibody cocktail to signaling molecules within the JAK-STAT pathway and phenotypic markers for T-cells and B-cells. The protocol shows a basic four-color method which can be expanded to potentially study any signaling pathway in a defined cell subset.
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Kondadasula SV, Varker KA, Lesinski GB, Benson DM, Lehman A, Olencki T, Monk JP, Kendra K, Carson WE. Activation of extracellular signaling regulated kinase in natural killer cells and monocytes following IL-2 stimulation in vitro and in patients undergoing IL-2 immunotherapy: analysis via dual parameter flow-cytometric assay. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1137-49. [PMID: 18193422 PMCID: PMC11029974 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) activates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) within immune cells. To examine the profile of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) in IL-2 stimulated immune cells of normal donors and patients receiving IL-2 therapy, we developed a dual parameter flow-cytometric assay. An analysis of PBMCs stimulated with IL-2 indicated that IL-2 exposure induced p-ERK in CD56bright NK cells and CD14+ monocytes, but not in CD3+ T cells or CD21+ B cells. CD3+ T cells that were induced to express functional high-affinity IL-2R did not exhibit enhanced p-ERK following IL-2 treatment. Measurement of p-ERK within PBMCs from cancer patients 1 h following their first dose of IL-2 revealed a complete absence of circulating NK cells, consistent with earlier observations. However, the total number of circulating CD14+ monocytes increased in these samples and 97% of these cells exhibited ERK activation. p-ERK was not observed in T cells post-IL-2 therapy. Analysis of PBMCs obtained 3 weeks post-IL-2 therapy revealed high-p-ERK levels in CD56bright NK cells in a subset of patients, while levels of p-ERK returned to baseline in monocytes. These studies reveal an effective method to detect ERK activation in immune cells and demonstrate that IL-2 activates ERK in a subset of NK cells and monocytes but not T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Vidya Kondadasula
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kimberly A. Varker
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Don M. Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Amy Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Thomas Olencki
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Paul Monk
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kari Kendra
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - William E. Carson
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Vakkila J, Nieminen U, Siitonen S, Turunen U, Halme L, Nuutinen H, Mustonen H, Puolakkainen P, Färkkilä M, Repo H. A novel modification of a flow cytometric assay of phosphorylated STAT1 in whole blood monocytes for immunomonitoring of patients on IFN alpha regimen. Scand J Immunol 2007; 67:95-102. [PMID: 18028288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We explored whether episodes stimulating leucocytes in vivo could be tracked from whole blood samples by monitoring activation of STAT1 by flow cytometry. The method was tested in hepatitis C patients (n = 9) that were on interferon (IFN)alpha regimen. CD14+ monocytes responded strongly to IFNalpha/gamma being sensitive indicators for recent immune activation. At 45 min after s.c. IFNalpha 91% of monocytes were phosphorylated STAT1+. The frequency of responding cells decreased to a base level within 6 h. Monocytes, however, had a long-term deficient phosphorylated STAT1 response to IFNalphain vitro that in patients on standard IFNalpha regimen lasted for 48 h. In patients on pegylated IFNalpha the phosphorylated STAT1 response was completely absent. We conclude that whole blood analysis of STAT1 activation by flow cytometry is applicable to monitor immune cells in patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vakkila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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