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Su D, Chen J, Cosino E, dela Cruz-Chuh J, Davis H, Del Rosario G, Figueroa I, Goon L, He J, Kamath AV, Kaur S, Kozak KR, Lau J, Lee D, Lee MV, Leipold D, Liu L, Liu P, Lu GL, Nelson C, Ng C, Pillow TH, Polakis P, Polson AG, Rowntree RK, Saad O, Safina B, Stagg NJ, Tercel M, Vandlen R, Vollmar BS, Wai J, Wang T, Wei B, Xu K, Xue J, Xu Z, Yan G, Yao H, Yu SF, Zhang D, Zhong F, Dragovich PS. Antibody–Drug Conjugates Derived from Cytotoxic seco-CBI-Dimer Payloads Are Highly Efficacious in Xenograft Models and Form Protein Adducts In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1356-1370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Helen Davis
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Isabel Figueroa
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanne Goon
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita V. Kamath
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donna Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - M. Violet Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guo-Liang Lu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chris Nelson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ola Saad
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian Safina
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicola J. Stagg
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Breanna S. Vollmar
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Juanjuan Xue
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gang Yan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Lo YW, Sheu MT, Chiang WH, Chiu YL, Tu CM, Wang WY, Wu MH, Wang YC, Lu M, Ho HO. In situ chemically crosslinked injectable hydrogels for the subcutaneous delivery of trastuzumab to treat breast cancer. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:280-290. [PMID: 30616077 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, novel approaches for the delivery of therapeutic antibodies have attracted much attention, especially sustained release formulations. However, sustained release formulations capable of carrying a high antibody load remain a challenge for practical use. In this study, a novel injectable hydrogel composed of maleimide-modified γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA-MA) and thiol end-functionalized 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (4-arm PEG-SH) was developed for the subcutaneous delivery of trastuzumab. γ-PGA-MA and 4-arm PEG-SH formed a hydrogel through thiol-maleimide reactions, which had shear-thinning properties and reversible rheological behaviors. Moreover, a high content of trastuzumab (>100 mg/mL) could be loaded into this hydrogel, and trastuzumab demonstrated a sustained release over several weeks through electrostatic attraction. In addition, trastuzumab released from the hydrogel had adequate stability in terms of its structural integrity, binding bioactivity, and antiproliferative effect on BT-474 cells. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that trastuzumab-loaded hydrogel (Her-hydrogel-10, composed of 1.5% γ-PGA-MA, 1.5% 4-arm PEG-SH, and 10 mg/mL trastuzumab) and trastuzumab/Zn-loaded hydrogel (Her/Zn-hydrogel-10, composed of 1.5% γ-PGA-MA, 1.5% 4-arm PEG-SH, 5 mM ZnCl2, and 10 mg/mL trastuzumab) could lower the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) than the trastuzumab solution. Furthermore, Her/Zn-hydrogel-10 was better able to release trastuzumab in a controlled manner, which was ascribed to electrostatic attraction and formation of trastuzumab/Zn nanocomplexes. In a BT-474 xenograft tumor model, Her-hydrogel-10 had a similar tumor growth-inhibitory effect as that of the trastuzumab solution. By contrast, Her/Zn-hydrogel-10 exhibited a superior tumor growth-inhibitory capability due to the functionality of Zn. This study demonstrated that this hydrogel has potential as a carrier for the local and systemic delivery of proteins and antibodies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, novel sustained-release formulations of therapeutic antibodies have attracted much attention. However, these formulations should be able to carry a high antibody load owing to the required high dose, and these formulations remain a challenge for practical use. In this study, a novel injectable chemically cross-linked hydrogel was developed for the subcutaneous delivery of trastuzumab. This novel hydrogel possessed ideal characteristics of loading high content of trastuzumab (>100 mg/mL), sustained release of trastuzumab over several weeks, and maintaining adequate stability of trastuzumab. In vivo studies demonstrated that a trastuzumab-loaded hydrogel possessed the ability of controlled release of trastuzumab and maintained antitumor efficacy same as that of trastuzumab. These results implied that a γ-PGA-MA and 4-arm PEG-SH-based hydrogel has great potential in serving as a carrier for the local or systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins or antibodies.
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3
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Sestak K, Dufour JP, Liu DX, Rout N, Alvarez X, Blanchard J, Faldas A, Laine DJ, Clarke AW, Doyle AG. Beneficial Effects of Human Anti-Interleukin-15 Antibody in Gluten-Sensitive Rhesus Macaques with Celiac Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1603. [PMID: 30050538 PMCID: PMC6050360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of interleukin-15 (IL-15) is linked with immunopathology of several autoimmune disorders including celiac disease. Here, we utilized an anti-human IL-15 antibody 04H04 (anti-IL-15) to reverse immunopathogenesis of celiac disease. Anti-IL-15 was administered to six gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques with celiac disease characteristics including gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), and the following celiac-related metrics were evaluated: morphology (villous height/crypt depth ratio) of small intestine, counts of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, plasma levels of anti-gliadin and anti-intestinal tissue transglutaminase IgG antibodies, as well as peripheral effector memory (CD3+CD28-CD95+) T cells. Anti-IL-15 treatment reversed the clinically relevant disease endpoints, intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, and villous height/crypt depth ratios within jejunal biopsies to normal levels (P < 0.001). Additionally, intestinal CD8+ and CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production was reduced (P < 0.05). Extra-intestinally, anti-IL-15 treatment reduced peripheral NK cell counts (P < 0.001), but otherwise, non-NK peripheral lymphocytes including effector memory T cells and serum blood chemistry were unaffected. Overall, providing the beneficial disease-modulatory and immunomodulatory effects observed, anti-IL-15 treatment might be considered as a novel therapy to normalize intestinal lymphocyte function in celiac disease patients with GSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sestak
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- PreCliniTria LLC, Mandeville, LA, United States
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - David X. Liu
- Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Anne Faldas
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Laine
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam W. Clarke
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony G. Doyle
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Tesar D, Luoma J, Wyatt EA, Shi C, Shatz W, Hass PE, Mathieu M, Yi L, Corn JE, Maass KF, Wang K, Dion MZ, Andersen N, Loyet KM, van Lookeren Campagne M, Rajagopal K, Dickmann L, Scheer JM, Kelley RF. Protein engineering to increase the potential of a therapeutic antibody Fab for long-acting delivery to the eye. MAbs 2017; 9:1297-1305. [PMID: 28854082 PMCID: PMC5680807 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1372078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, ocular antibody therapies for the treatment of retinal diseases rely on injection of the drug into the vitreous chamber of the eye. Given the burden for patients undergoing this procedure, less frequent dosing through the use of long-acting delivery (LAD) technologies is highly desirable. These technologies usually require a highly concentrated formulation and the antibody must be stable against extended exposure to physiological conditions. Here we have increased the potential of a therapeutic antibody antigen-binding fragment (Fab) for LAD by using protein engineering to enhance the chemical and physical stability of the molecule. Structure-guided amino acid substitutions in a negatively charged complementarity determining region (CDR-L1) of an anti-factor D (AFD) Fab resulted in increased chemical stability and solubility. A variant of AFD (AFD.v8), which combines light chain substitutions (VL-D28S:D30E:D31S) with a substitution (VH-D61E) to stabilize a heavy chain isomerization site, retained complement factor D binding and inhibition potency and has properties suitable for LAD. This variant was amenable to high protein concentration (>250 mg/mL), low ionic strength formulation suitable for intravitreal injection. AFD.v8 had acceptable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties upon intravitreal injection in rabbits, and improved stability under both formulation and physiological conditions. Simulations of expected human PK behavior indicated greater exposure with a 25-mg dose enabled by the increased solubility of AFD.v8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Tesar
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Jacob Luoma
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Emily A Wyatt
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Catherine Shi
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Whitney Shatz
- b Departments of Protein Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Philip E Hass
- b Departments of Protein Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Mary Mathieu
- c Departments of Antibody Engineering , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Li Yi
- d Departments of Pharmaceutical Development , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Jacob E Corn
- e Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Katie F Maass
- f Departments of Clinical Pharmacology , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Kathryn Wang
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | | | - Nisana Andersen
- g Departments of Protein Analytical Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- h Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , South San Francisco , CA
| | | | | | - Leslie Dickmann
- f Departments of Clinical Pharmacology , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Justin M Scheer
- b Departments of Protein Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
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5
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Leabman MK, Meng YG, Kelley RF, DeForge LE, Cowan KJ, Iyer S. Effects of altered FcγR binding on antibody pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys. MAbs 2015; 5:896-903. [PMID: 24492343 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), like FcγRIIIA, play a critical role in mediating antibody effector functions and thereby contribute significantly to the biologic and therapeutic activity of antibodies. Over the past decade, considerable work has been directed towards production of antibodies with altered binding affinity to FcγRs and evaluation of how the alterations modulate their therapeutic activity. This has been achieved by altering glycosylation status at N297 or by engineering modifications in the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region. While the effects of these modifications on biologic activity and efficacy have been examined, few studies have been conducted to understand their effect on antibody pharmacokinetics (PK). We present here a retrospective analysis in which we characterize the PK of three antibody variants with decreased FcγR binding affinity caused by amino acid substitutions in the Fc region (N297A, N297G, and L234A/L235A) and three antibody variants with increased FcγRIIIA binding affinity caused by afucosylation at N297, and compare their PK to corresponding wild type antibody PK in cynomolgus monkeys. For all antibodies, PK was examined at a dose that was known to be in the linear range. Since production of the N297A and N297G variants in Chinese hamster ovary cells results in aglycosylated antibodies that do not bind to FcγRs, we also examined the effect of expression of an aglycosylated antibody, without sequence change(s), in E. coli. All the variants demonstrated similar PK compared with that of the wild type antibodies, suggesting that, for the six antibodies presented here, altered FcγR binding affinity does not affect PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya K Leabman
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics; Genentech, Inc; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Y Gloria Meng
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech, Inc; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Robert F Kelley
- Department of Antibody Engineering; Genentech, Inc; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Laura E DeForge
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech, Inc; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kyra J Cowan
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech, Inc; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Suhasini Iyer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics; Genentech, Inc; San Francisco, CA USA
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6
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How the bioanalytical scientist plays a key role in interdisciplinary project teams in the development of biotherapeutics – a reflection of the European Bioanalysis Forum. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1339-48. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioanalytical scientist plays a key role in the project team for the drug development of biotherapeutics from the discovery to the marketing phase. Information from the project team members is required for assay development and sample analysis during the discovery, preclinical and clinical phases of the project and input is needed from the bioanalytical scientist to help data interpretation. The European Bioanalysis Forum target team 20 discussed many of the gaps in information and communication between the bioanalytical scientist and project team members as a base for providing a perspective on the bioanalytical scientist's role and interactions within the project team.
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7
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Dahlberg AM, Kaminskas LM, Smith A, Nicolazzo JA, Porter CJH, Bulitta JB, McIntosh MP. The Lymphatic System Plays a Major Role in the Intravenous and Subcutaneous Pharmacokinetics of Trastuzumab in Rats. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:496-504. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400464s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Dahlberg
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
| | - Lisa M. Kaminskas
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
| | - Alanna Smith
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
| | - Joseph A. Nicolazzo
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
| | - Jürgen B. Bulitta
- Centre
for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
| | - Michelle P. McIntosh
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052
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8
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Abstract
Bioanalytical laboratories develop and validate ligand-binding assays (LBA) used to quantify the concentration of analytes of interest in various buffers and relevant biological matrices. The building blocks of LBA are reagents that recognize molecular and structural motifs on ligands, which are combined in various LBA formats to minimize biological matrix interferences and specifically detect and quantify the analyte of interest. The use of these LBA-requiring critical reagents, can span decades as programs mature to commercialization. Since critical reagents are generated mostly from biological systems, attention to their life cycle management, quality, characterization and sustainability are vital to the success of bioanalytical laboratories. Integrating de novo reagent generation, reagent biophysical characterization, LBA development, validation, and use, with reagent resupply processes leverages interdisciplinary activities and ensures smooth operations of a bioanalytical laboratory.
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9
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Wang X, Quarmby V, Ng C, Chuntharapai A, Shek T, Eigenbrot C, Kelley RF, Shia S, McCutcheon KM, Lowe J, Leddy C, Coachman K, Cain G, Chu F, Hotzel I, Maia M, Wakshull E, Yang J. Generation and characterization of a unique reagent that recognizes a panel of recombinant human monoclonal antibody therapeutics in the presence of endogenous human IgG. MAbs 2013; 5:540-54. [PMID: 23774668 PMCID: PMC3906308 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays are essential to the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) during drug development. These methods require reagents with a high degree of specificity because low concentrations of therapeutic antibody need to be detected in samples containing high concentrations of endogenous human immunoglobulins. Current assay reagent generation practices are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Moreover, these practices are molecule-specific and so only support one assay for one program at a time. Here, we describe a strategy to generate a unique assay reagent, 10C4, that preferentially recognizes a panel of recombinant human mAbs over endogenous human immunoglobulins. This "panel-specific" feature enables the reagent to be used in PK and IHC assays for multiple structurally-related therapeutic mAbs. Characterization revealed that the 10C4 epitope is conformational, extensive and mainly composed of non-CDR residues. Most key contact residues were conserved among structurally-related therapeutic mAbs, but the combination of these residues exists at low prevalence in endogenous human immunoglobulins. Interestingly, an indirect contact residue on the heavy chain of the therapeutic appears to play a critical role in determining whether or not it can bind to 10C4, but has no affect on target binding. This may allow us to improve the binding of therapeutic mAbs to 10C4 for assay development in the future. Here, for the first time, we present a strategy to develop a panel-specific reagent that can expedite the development of multiple clinical assays for structurally-related therapeutic mAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/chemistry
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Wang
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Valerie Quarmby
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Carl Ng
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Theresa Shek
- Antibody Engineering; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Antibody Engineering; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Steven Shia
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - John Lowe
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Cecilia Leddy
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kyle Coachman
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Gary Cain
- Safety Assessment; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Felix Chu
- Pathology; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Isidro Hotzel
- Antibody Engineering; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mauricio Maia
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Eric Wakshull
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jihong Yang
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
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10
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Implementation of a universal analytical method in early-stage development of human antibody therapeutics: application to pharmacokinetic assessment for candidate selection. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:2357-65. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Effective bioanalytical support for pharmacokinetic assessment of therapeutics in early development remains challenging. Concurrent evaluation of multiple candidates per program is typical, requiring efficient characterization in various preclinical species; an ambitious effort often complicated by assay reagent unavailability and limited sample volume. Accordingly, a universal anti-human Fc assay for human monoclonal antibody and derived therapeutics was developed using a microfluidics platform to address these bioanalytical challenges. Results: The universal assay with standardized format was qualified for quantitation of human IgG Fc-containing biotherapeutics in matrices from commonly used preclinical species. Results from this assay compared well with those from traditional colorimetric immunoassays. Furthermore, result comparison between the universal and target-specific assays provided additional information on the effect of antidrug antibodies and in vivo drug catabolism. Conclusion: This assay has wide applicability as a default bioanalytical approach in therapeutic candidate selection and preliminary pharmacokinetics evaluation during early-stage therapeutic development.
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11
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Stubenrauch K, Wessels U, Essig U, Kowalewsky F, Vogel R, Heinrich J. Characterization of murine anti-human Fab antibodies for use in an immunoassay for generic quantification of human Fab fragments in non-human serum samples including cynomolgus monkey samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 72:208-15. [PMID: 23017233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Generic immunoassay formats in animal serum have been described for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of human full-length antibodies, but not of human antigen binding fragment (Fab) proteins. Here we characterize two murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) raised against human immunoglobulin G (IgG) which bind to unique epitopes in the Fab region of human IgG. mAb M-1.7.10 is directed against the constant domain of the kappa light chain and mAb M-1.19.31 binds to the constant domain 1 (CH1) of the heavy chain. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that mAb M-1.7.10 does not cross-react with sera from mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, marmoset, rhesus macaque, baboon and cynomolgus monkey, but binds to human and chimpanzee serum (dissociation constant K(D) of 6.8 × 10(-12) and 3.1 × 10(-11)M, respectively). mAb M-1.19.31 shows a higher K(D) for human and chimpanzee IgG (2.0 × 10(-9)M and 5.8 × 10(-10)M, respectively), but also does not bind to serum of the other species. Therefore, mAb M-1.7.10 was used as capture and mAb M-1.19.31 as detection reagent in a generic enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the human anti-IGF-1R Fab in mouse serum. The generic human Fab assay showed a limit of detection of 31.5 ng/mL anti-IGF-1R Fab. Intra- and inter-assay precision was less than 12% and the accuracy range for all controls was within ±20% of the target concentration. The generic human Fab ELISA was applied to determine serum levels of human anti-IGF-1R Fab after intravenous (iv) administration of 10mg/kg to mice. The resulting concentration-time profile was nearly identical to that obtained by analysis with a validated specific ELISA for anti-IGF-1R Fab. The mean relative concentration of anti-IGF-1R Fab analyzed by the generic assay was 82-118% of that of the specific assay. This equivalence was confirmed in a cynomolgus monkey study with the full length human mAb anti-TROP-2 IgG. Both specific ELISAs used mAb M-1.7.10 as detection reagent and their targets for capturing. In conclusion, the two murine anti-human Fabs are versatile tools as capture and detection reagents for human antibodies in generic and specific PK ELISA formats for animal studies. Their use in specific ELISAs as detection reagents allows the usage of Fc-fusion proteins as capture reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Stubenrauch
- Department of Bioanalytics, R&D Protein Analytics, Biologics Research, Pharma Research and Early Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
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Discovery biotherapeutics bioanalysis: challenges and possible solutions. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1003-7. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling is an integral part of the preclinical and clinical development of protein drugs. Bioanalytical data from appropriately selected and well-characterized PK and PD biomarker assays can be incorporated into mechanistic PK-PD models and allow a quantitative relationship between protein drug exposure, target modulation, and biochemical, physiological and pathophysiological effects to be established. The selection of PD biomarkers that assess target engagement and modulation in the extracellular milieu and downstream cellular effects can provide proof-of-mechanism and define the magnitude and duration of target modulation following drug administration. The PK-PD data can provide an important link between magnitude of target modulation and clinical efficacy and safety outcomes, and guide the selection of doses and dosing schedules for clinical trials. In this article, approaches to the selection and development of fit-for-purpose, PK and PD assays for protein drugs are reviewed, and the applications of the assay results in PK-PD models are discussed.
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14
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Application and interpretation of free and total drug measurements in the development of biologics. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1287-95. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-binding assays are used to determine concentration levels of biopharmaceuticals in biological matrices. The whole molecule does not serve as a basis for quantification, but subregions are captured and detected by specific binding critical reagents that have been produced for the sole purpose of bioanalysis. An assay can be designed to measure the free or the total analyte. Depending on the format of the assay, different observations and interpretations could be deemed. In the case studies presented in this article, the same serum samples were subjected to analysis in parallel by two different assay formats. In three out of the four cases presented, the results and the data interpretation were remarkably different. Therefore, it is essential for the bioanalyst to communicate to other stake-holders, such as toxicologists and pharmacokineticists, what the assay detects and measures for plausible data interpretation and implication.
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Application of miniaturized immunoassays to discovery pharmacokinetic bioanalysis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 63:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Quality assessment of bioanalytical quantification of monoclonal antibody drugs. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:383-96. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics are developed to bind to a specific target to affect the target’s biological effect. Reliable measurements of monoclonal antibodies in biological fluids using ligand-binding assays are vital for understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships for efficacy/safety evaluations and dose-regimen selection. The method should be properly characterized and demonstrate adequate assay performance to generate credible data for the right decision making at each specific stage, with considerations on the constraints of timeline, reagent availability and assay caveats. Quality assessment of the assay performance should be based on whether the method is ‘fit-for-use’ to meet the objectives of the study. The basic industrial requirements and recent trends in method and data quality of ligand-binding assays for drug exposure studies at various development stages are discussed.
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Doucet J, Avrameas A. A novel method for quantitative measurement of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody in the presence of its target protein using enzymatic digestion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:565-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Doucet J, Canadi J, Kalis C, Valentin MA, Marrony S, Deckert-Salva F, Legay F, Avrameas A. Reduction of matrix interferences by the combination of chaotropic salt and DMSO in a broadly applicable target-based ELISA for pharmacokinetic studies of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:924-31. [PMID: 19608373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Use of a synergistic effect of DMSO together with a chaotropic salt (NaSCN or MgCl2) allowed to drastically reduce matrix interferences in an ELISA for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Optimum combinations were found to be 0.4 M NaSCN together with 10.0% DMSO, and 1.0 M MgCl2 with 15.0% DMSO. At this optimum combination, quality controls spiked with mAb at 50.0 ng/ml in eighteen individual human sera and plasmas were quantified with an overall accuracy of 102.0%. All of these QCs fulfilled the acceptance criteria of 80.0-120.0% accuracy and precision below 20.0%. The assay was also successfully applied to the quantification of two other mAbs in human serum. Furthermore, the use of the assay was extended to pre-clinical species (cynomolgus monkey and rat serum). Here, the performed validation experiments confirmed the utility of the assay and demonstrated that the assay allowed quantification of mAb from 50.0 ng/ml to 100.0 microg/ml in cynomolgus monkey serum. The method has then been applied to a pharmacokinetic study in cynomolgus monkeys. In summary, this work demonstrates the efficacy of the combination of a chaotropic salt with DMSO to minimize matrix interferences in an ELISA. The robustness thus obtained allowed the successful establishment of a cost effective, target-based ELISA format for use in pharmacokinetic studies, that is easily applicable for the quantification of mAbs in various matrices such as human, cynomolgus monkey or rat serum and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Doucet
- Department of Marker Localization and Assays, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
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Loyet KM, Deng R, Liang WC, Wu Y, Lowman HB, DeForge LE. Technology comparisons for anti-therapeutic antibody and neutralizing antibody assays in the context of an anti-TNF pharmacokinetic study. J Immunol Methods 2009; 345:17-28. [PMID: 19345224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A single-dose cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic study was performed comparing two monoclonal anti-TNF antibodies (mAbs), GNExTNFvF and Humira. Normal pharmacokinetic profiles were observed over the first week of the study, followed by a rapid drop in serum mAb levels after day 8. In order to determine whether an anti-therapeutic antibody (ATA) response led to the abnormal clearance of antibody in this study, ATA assays were developed using two electrochemiluminescent technologies, BioVeris and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD). Characterization of the assays demonstrated that the two platforms gave similar sensitivities and tolerance to the presence of therapeutic antibody. Analysis of the cynomolgus monkey serum samples revealed that all animals developed significant ATA titers with log titer values of 2-4, with the BioVeris and MSD technologies giving very similar results. Immunodepletion studies confirmed the CDR-specificity of the ATA response for the GNExTNFvF-dosed cynos, although the Humira-dosed cynos showed both CDR-specific and human IgG1 framework-specific ATAs. To further characterize the ATA response, neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays were developed using two different approaches, flow cytometry and MSD. Flow cytometry and MSD cell-binding assays used Jurkat cells transfected with noncleavable TNF (huTNF(NC)). Neutralizing activity was assessed by the ability of ATA-positive serum samples to block the binding of biotinylated anti-TNF to huTNF(NC) Jurkat cells, showing that all but one animal developed neutralizing antibodies. Although both technologies displayed similar trends, the MSD approach showed greater differentiation between samples and could detect a broader range of neutralizing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Assay & Automation Technology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Stubenrauch K, Wessels U, Lenz H. Evaluation of an immunoassay for human-specific quantitation of therapeutic antibodies in serum samples from non-human primates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1003-8. [PMID: 19250787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic characterization of therapeutic antibodies plays an important role during preclinical and clinical development. However, accurate pharmacokinetic evaluation of therapeutic antibodies in serum samples from non-human primates is often complicated by insufficient specificity of the assays to measure drug levels. The present paper describes the use of a murine monoclonal antibody in an immunoassay format to specifically and quantitatively measure human therapeutic antibodies in serum from non-human primates. This murine antibody is directed against a unique epitope on the constant region CH2 domain of all isotypes of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The antibody, designated anti-human Fcgamma-pan: R10Z8E9, does not cross-react with serum from mouse, rat, and the non-human primates marmoset, rhesus macaque, cynomolgus monkey and baboon when using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or surface plasmon resonance technology (Biacore) format for measurement of the therapeutic antibody. Use of the antibody anti-human Fcgamma-pan: R10Z8E9 as capturing and detection reagent allowed human-specific quantitation of total therapeutic antibody anti-IGF-1R in spiked cynomolgus monkey serum via a Sandwich ELISA format. In contrast, a commercially available polyclonal antibody (PAB) directed to the Fcgamma fragment of human IgG only specifically measured the therapeutic antibody in buffer samples, but not in serum from cynomolgus monkeys. This generic human IgG assay was already applied in several pharmacokinetic studies in cynomolgus monkeys to determine serum levels of different therapeutic antibodies, including the anti-IGF-1R. Validation of the assay for a humanized IgG1 therapeutic antibody against a membrane protein revealed a lower limit of quantitation of 8 ng/mL in undiluted serum. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision was characterized by a coefficient of variation of less than 10% and accuracy was within 15%. Dilutional linearity was evidenced by a recovery of 98.7-114% of expected concentrations. In conclusion, the monoclonal antibody anti-human Fcgamma-pan: R10Z8E9 provides a standard means for human-specific quantitation of therapeutic antibodies with high sensitivity in serum samples from non-human primates in a generic human IgG assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Stubenrauch
- Pharma Research Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany.
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