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White JR, Ahmed S, Amstrup J, Bennington P, Cheng ZJ, Day P, Haenssen KK, Kozminsky-Atias A, Martinez E, Ong EH, Qahwash I, Stokes ES, Wang J. An industry perspective approach and control strategy for implementation of ready-to-use cells in bioassays: survey outcome and recommendations. Biotechniques 2024; 76:135-144. [PMID: 38334496 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The BioPhorum Development Group is an industry collaboration enabling the sharing of common practices for the development of biopharmaceuticals. Bioassays are an important part of an analytical control system. Utilization of ready-to-use cells can increase operational flexibility and improve efficiency by providing frozen cell banks uniform stock while removing challenges associated with maintaining cultured cells. The BioPhorum Development Group-Bioassay workstream conducted an intercompany benchmarking survey and group discussions around the use of ready-to-use cells for bioassays. The results of the collaboration provide alignment on nomenclature, production, qualification and implementation of ready-to-use cells to support the assay life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R White
- Analytical Development, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Sammina Ahmed
- Global Biologics Technical Development (Analytical Development), Lonza Biologics plc, 228 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4DX, UK
| | - Jan Amstrup
- Chemistry, Manufacturing & Controls Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Maloev, 2760, Denmark
| | - Petra Bennington
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Zhijie Jey Cheng
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Peter Day
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Keneshia K Haenssen
- Antibody Pharmaceutical Development, Arcus Biosciences, Inc., 3928 Point Eden Way, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | | | - Eva Martinez
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, 1420, Belgium
| | - Esther Hq Ong
- Nonclinical Pharmacology, Fresenius Kabi SwissBioSim GmbH, Terre Bonne Business Park, Route de Crassier 23-A3, Eysins, CH1262, Switzerland
| | - Isam Qahwash
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Elaine Se Stokes
- BioPhorum Operations Group, BioPhorum, The Gridiron Building, 1 Pancras Square, London, N1C 4AG, UK
| | - Jenny Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 4010 Ocean Ranch Blvd, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA
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Burns JS. The Evolving Landscape of Potency Assays. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:165-189. [PMID: 37258790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a "goldilocks" aspect to potency assays. On the one hand, a comprehensive evaluation of the cell product with detailed quantitative measurement of the critical quality attribute/s of the desired biological activity is required. On the other hand, the potency assay benefits from simplification and lean approaches that avoid unnecessary complication and enhance robustness, to provide a reproducible and scalable product. There is a need to balance insightful knowledge of complex biological healing processes with straightforward manufacture of an advanced therapeutic medicinal product (ATMP) that can be administered in a trustworthy cost-effective manner. While earlier chapters within this book have highlighted numerous challenges facing the potency assay conundrum, this chapter offers a forward-looking perspective regarding the many recent advances concerning acellular products, cryopreservation, induced MSC, cell priming, nanotechnology, 3D culture, regulatory guidelines and evolving institutional roles, that are likely to facilitate potency assay development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Burns
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Matthies K, Crouse-Zeineddini J. Target cell line characterization reveals changes in expression of a key antigen that impacts T cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay performance. J Immunol Methods 2022; 509:113326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Development of reporter gene assays to determine the bioactivity of biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Thomas-Fowlkes B, Cifelli S, Souza S, Visconti R, Struck A, Weinglass A, Wildey MJ. Cell-Based In Vitro Assay Automation: Balancing Technology and Data Reproducibility/Predictability. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:276-285. [PMID: 32003291 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320902095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are modulated by many marketed drugs, and as such, they continue to be key targets for drug discovery and development. Many GPCR targets at Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) are profiled using homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) inositol monophosphate (IP-1) cell-based functional assays using adherent cells in 384-well microplates. Due to discrepancies observed across several in vitro assays supporting lead optimization structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts, different assay paradigms were evaluated for removing growth medium from the assay plates prior to compound addition and determination of IP-1 accumulation. Remarkably, employing the noncontact centrifugation BlueWasher method leads to left-shifted potencies across multiple structural classes and rescues "false negatives" relative to the traditional manual evacuation method. Further, assay performance is improved, with the minimum significant ratio of challenging chemotypes dropping from ~5-6 to <3. While the impact of BlueWasher on a broad range of our GPCR targets remains to be determined, for highly protein-bound small molecules, it provides a path toward improving assay reproducibility across scientists and sites as well as reducing replicates in SAR assay support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brande Thomas-Fowlkes
- Screening, Target and Compound Profiling, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.,Global Clinical Trials Operations, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Cifelli
- Screening, Target and Compound Profiling, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah Souza
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.,Evotec AG, Princeton Junction, NJ, USA
| | - Richard Visconti
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.,Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Alice Struck
- Screening, Target and Compound Profiling, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Adam Weinglass
- Screening, Target and Compound Profiling, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mary Jo Wildey
- Screening, Target and Compound Profiling, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Chung S, Nguyen V, Lin YL, Kamen L, Song A. Thaw-and-use target cells pre-labeled with calcein AM for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 2017; 447:37-46. [PMID: 28434980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays are routinely performed to support the research and development of therapeutic antibodies. In ADCC assays, target cells bound by the antibodies are lysed by activated effector cells following interactions between the Fc region of the bound antibody and Fcγ receptors on effector cells. Target cell lysis is typically measured by quantification of released endogenous enzymes, e.g., lactate dehydrogenase, or measurement of released exogenous labels, e.g., 51Cr, europium or calcein. ADCC assays based on the detection of exogenous labels released from lysed target cells generally show higher sensitivity and require shorter incubation times. However, target cells are usually labeled immediately prior to assay, which inadvertently introduces additional assay variations due to differences in target cell conditions and labeling/handling processes. In this report, we describe the use of thaw-and-use pre-labeled target cells for ADCC assays. Thaw-and-use target cells in our experiments were pre-labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein AM, cryopreserved in single-use aliquots and used directly in assays after thawing. Upon thaw, the pre-labeled cells displayed viability and label retention comparable to freshly labeled cells, responded to ADCC mediated by both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and engineered natural killer cells, performed stably for at least 3 years and provided favorable precision and accuracy to ADCC assays. Implementation of thaw-and-use pre-labeled target cells in ADCC assays can help to alleviate both cell culture and dye labeling derived variability, increase the flexibility of assay scheduling and improve assay consistency and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States.
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Yuwen Linda Lin
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Lynn Kamen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - An Song
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
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Cheng ZJ, Garvin D, Paguio A, Moravec R, Engel L, Fan F, Surowy T. Development of a robust reporter-based ADCC assay with frozen, thaw-and-use cells to measure Fc effector function of therapeutic antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang Z, Guan N, Li T, Mais DE, Wang M. Quality control of cell-based high-throughput drug screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Chen Q, Yim PD, Yuan N, Johnson J, Cook JM, Smith S, Ionescu-Zanetti C, Wang ZJ, Arnold LA, Emala CW. Comparison of cell expression formats for the characterization of GABA(A) channels using a microfluidic patch clamp system. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 10:325-35. [PMID: 22574655 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensemble recording and microfluidic perfusion are recently introduced techniques aimed at removing the laborious nature and low recording success rates of manual patch clamp. Here, we present assay characteristics for these features integrated into one automated electrophysiology platform as applied to the study of GABA(A) channels. A variety of cell types and methods of GABA(A) channel expression were successfully studied (defined as I(GABA)>500 pA), including stably transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells expressing α(1)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A) channels, frozen ready-to-assay (RTA) HEK cells expressing α(1)β(3)γ(2) or α(3)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A) channels, transiently transfected HEK293T cells expressing α(1)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A) channels, and immortalized cultures of human airway smooth muscle cells endogenously expressing GABA(A) channels. Current measurements were successfully studied in multiple cell types with multiple modes of channel expression in response to several classic GABA(A) channel agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators. We obtained success rates above 95% for transiently or stably transfected HEK cells and frozen RTA HEK cells expressing GABA(A) channels. Tissue-derived immortalized cultures of airway smooth muscle cells exhibited a slightly lower recording success rate of 75% using automated patch, which was much higher than the 5% success rate using manual patch clamp technique by the same research group. Responses to agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators compared well to previously reported manual patch results. The data demonstrate that both the biophysics and pharmacologic characterization of GABA(A) channels in a wide variety of cell formats can be performed using this automated patch clamp system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Fluxion Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
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