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Liang YF, Yang JY, Shen YD, Xu ZL, Wang H. A breakthrough of immunoassay format for hapten: recent insights into noncompetitive immunoassays to detect small molecules. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38356229 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2315473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Immunoassay based on the antibodies specific for targets has advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity and low cost, therefore it has received more attention in recent years, especially for the rapid detection of small molecule chemicals present in foods, diagnostics and environments. However, limited by low molecular weight and only one antigenic determinant existed, immunoassays for these small molecule chemicals, namely hapten substances, were commonly performed in a competitive immunoassay format, whose sensitivities were obviously lower than the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay generally adaptable for the protein targets. In order to break through the bottleneck of detection format, researchers have designed and established several novel noncompetitive immunoassays for the haptens in the past few years. In this review, we focused on the four representative types of noncompetitive immunoassay formats and described their characteristics and applications in rapid detection of small molecules. Meanwhile, a systematic discussion on the current technologies challenges and the possible solutions were also summarized. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the current state-of-the-art in noncompetitive immunoassay for small molecules, and inspire the development of novel designs for small molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Sun W, Zhang Y, Ju Z. Mimotopes for Mycotoxins Diagnosis Based on Random Peptides or Recombinant Antibodies from Phage Library. Molecules 2021; 26:7652. [PMID: 34946736 PMCID: PMC8707711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the small size secondary metabolites of fungi, have posed a threat to the safety of medicine, food and public health. Therefore, it is essential to create sensitive and effective determination of mycotoxins. Based on the special affinity between antibody and antigen, immunoassay has been proved to be a powerful technology for the detection of small analytes. However, the tedious preparation and instability of conventional antibodies restrict its application on easy and fast mycotoxins detection. By virtue of simplicity, ease of use, and lower cost, phage display library provides novel choices for antibodies or hapten conjugates, and lead random peptide or recombinant antibody to becoming the promising and environmental friendly immune-reagents in the next generation of immunoassays. This review briefly describes the latest developments on mycotoxins detection using M13 phage display, mainly focusing on the recent applications of phage display technology employed in mycotoxins detection, including the introduction of phage and phage display, the types of phage displayed peptide/recombinant antibody library, random peptides/recombinant antibodies-based immunoassays, as well as simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (W.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (W.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhigang Ju
- Pharmacy School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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3
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Application of phage-display developed antibody and antigen substitutes in immunoassays for small molecule contaminants analysis: A mini-review. Food Chem 2020; 339:128084. [PMID: 33152875 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxic small molecule contaminants (SMCs) residues in food threaten human health. Immunoassays are popular and simple techniques for SMCs analysis. However, immunoassays based on polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and chemosynthetic antigens have some defects, such as complicated preparation of antibodies, risk of toxic haptens using for antigen chemosynthesis and so on. Phage-display technique has been proven to be an attractive alternative approach to producing antibody and antigen substitutes of SMCs, and opened up new realms for developing immunoassays of SMCs. These substitutes contain five types, including anti-idiotypic recombinant antibody (AIdA), anti-immune complex peptide (AIcP), anti-immune complex recombinant antibody (AIcA) and anti-SMC recombinant antibody (anti-SMC RAb). In this review, the principle of immunoassays based on the five types of substitutes, as well as their application and advantages are summarized and discussed.
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Cong Y, Dong H, Wei X, Zhang L, Bai J, Wu J, Huang JX, Gao Z, Ueda H, Dong J. A novel murine antibody and an open sandwich immunoassay for the detection of clenbuterol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109473. [PMID: 31398783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clenbuterol (CLEN) is a sympathomimetic amine used as a decongestant and bronchodilator while treating breathing disorders. It is also used in food-producing animals as it improves the rate of red meat production. However, it is prohibited in many countries nowadays due to human health and safety concerns. Unfortunately, the illegal use of CLEN is still rampant. Thus, monitoring it in food and livestock is important. Here, we report a novel murine antibody and an open sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (OS-ELISA) to detect CLEN based on antigen-antibody reactions. The genes of antibody variable regions in mice immunized with CLEN conjugated with bovine serum albumin were cloned into a phagemid (pDong1/Fab) to construct a phage-display antibody library, from which a novel antibody, A12, was selected. Then, an OS-ELISA was developed to detect CLEN using separated variable regions of the A12 antibody. The limit of detection of the assay was found to be 8 ng/mL, which was useful for monitoring CLEN usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cong
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Hang Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Liqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jingkun Bai
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jingliang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan; World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jinhua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China; World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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5
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Wang X, Cohen L, Wang J, Walt DR. Competitive Immunoassays for the Detection of Small Molecules Using Single Molecule Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:18132-18139. [PMID: 30495929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule detection is important for many applications including clinical diagnostics, drug discovery, and measurements of environmental samples and agricultural products. Current techniques for small-molecule detection suffer from various limitations including low analytical sensitivity and complex sample processing. Furthermore, as a result of their small size, small molecules are difficult to detect using an antibody pair in a traditional sandwich assay format. To overcome these limitations, we developed an ultrasensitive competitive immunoassay for small-molecule detection using Single Molecule Arrays (Simoa). We show that the competitive Simoa assay is approximately 50-fold more sensitive than the conventional ELISA. We performed theoretical calculations to determine the factors that influence the sensitivity of competitive Simoa assays and used them to achieve maximal sensitivity. We also demonstrate detection of small molecules in complex biological samples. We show that the competitive Simoa assay is a simple, fast, and highly sensitive approach for ultrasensitive detection of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Limor Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211816 , China
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Su Y, Li W, Huang Z, Wang R, Luo W, Liu Q, Tong J, Xiao L. Sensitive and high throughput quantification of abscisic acid based on quantitative real time immuno-PCR. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:104. [PMID: 30534191 PMCID: PMC6260876 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscisic acid (ABA) functions as a stress phytohormone in many growth and developmental processes in plants. The ultra-sensitive determination of ABA would help to better understand its vital roles and action mechanisms. RESULTS We report a new sensitive and high throughput quantitative real time immuno-PCR (qIPCR) method based on biotin-avidin linkage system for ABA determination in plants. ABA monoclonal antibody (McAb) coated on the inner surface of PCR well pretreated with glutaraldehyde. The pre-prepared probe complex, including biotinylated McAb, biotinylated DNA and streptavidin linker, was convenient for high throughput operations. Finally, probe DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. The detectable ranges were from 10 to 40 ng/L with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.5 fg. ABA contents in plant sample were simultaneously analyzed using LC-MS/MS to validate the qIPCR method. The results showed that qIPCR method has good specificity and repeatability with a recovery rate of 96.9%. CONCLUSION The qIPCR method is highly sensitive for ABA quantification for actual plant samples with an advantage of using crude extracts instead of intensively purified samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Science, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Weigui Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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7
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Li Y, Zhang G, Mao X, Yang S, De Ruyck K, Wu Y. High sensitivity immunoassays for small molecule compounds detection – Novel noncompetitive immunoassay designs. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Ryazantsev DY, Voronina DV, Zavriev SK. Immuno-PCR: achievements and perspectives. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1754-1770. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916130113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Han van der Kolk JH. Beyond classical endocrinology. Vet Q 2016; 36:55. [PMID: 27150554 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1178970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J H Han van der Kolk
- a Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope , Bern , Switzerland
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10
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Khan AH, Sadroddiny E. Application of immuno-PCR for the detection of early stage cancer. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Chang L, Li J, Wang L. Immuno-PCR: An ultrasensitive immunoassay for biomolecular detection. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Anti-idiotypic VHH phage display-mediated immuno-PCR for ultrasensitive determination of mycotoxin zearalenone in cereals. Talanta 2016; 147:410-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Sensitive ligand-based protein quantification using immuno-PCR: A critical review of single-probe and proximity ligation assays. Biotechniques 2015; 56:217-28. [PMID: 24919231 DOI: 10.2144/000114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of reverse-transcribed mRNA has revolutionized gene expression analyses. qPCR analysis is based on the prevalent assumption that mRNA transcript numbers provide an adequate measure of specific biomarker expression. However, taking the complexity of protein turnover into account, there is a need to correlate qPCR-derived transcriptional patterns with protein translational patterns so as to not leave behind important pathobiological details. One emerging approach in protein analysis is PCR-coupled protein quantification, often denoted as immuno-PCR (iPCR), which targets soluble proteins. Here we review recent trends and applications in iPCR assays that may bridge the gap between classical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and mass spectrometry methodologies in terms of sensitivity and multiplexing.
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14
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Liu X, Xu Y, Xiong YH, Tu Z, Li YP, He ZY, Qiu YL, Fu JH, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. VHH phage-based competitive real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction for ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A in cereal. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7471-7. [PMID: 24992514 PMCID: PMC4306448 DOI: 10.1021/ac501202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phage display-mediated immuno-polymerase chain reaction (PD-IPCR) is an ultrasensitive detection technology that combines the advantages of immuno-PCR and phage display. The phage particle, which displayed antibody fragments including single-chain fragment variable (scFv), variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (VHH), and antigen-binding fragment (Fab) on the surface can be directly used in IPCR, supplying both the detection antibody and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template. In this work, we used ochratoxin A (OTA) as a model system to study the capacity of PD-IPCR in the detection of toxic small molecular weight compounds, especially mycotoxins. An alpaca-derived VHH library was constructed and subjected to four cycles of panning. In total, 16 clones with four unique sequences were selected by competitive binding with OTA. The clone VHH-28 resulted in the lowest 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.31 ng/mL in the phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and was selected to develop the VHH phage-based real-time immuno-PCR (RT-IPCR). The detection limit of the VHH phage-based RT-IPCR was 3.7 pg/L, with a linear range of 0.01-1000 pg/mL. This method was compared with conventional ELISA, and validation results indicated the reliability of VHH phage-based RT-IPCR in the detection of OTA in cereal samples. This study provides a new idea for the ultrasensitive detection of mycotoxins and other toxic small molecular weight compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and ‡Sino-Germany Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
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15
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Dong J, Sakurai A, Nomura N, Park EY, Shibasaki F, Ueda H. Isolation of recombinant phage antibodies targeting the hemagglutinin cleavage site of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61158. [PMID: 23577205 PMCID: PMC3618430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, which have emerged in poultry and other wildlife worldwide, contain a characteristic multi-basic cleavage site (CS) in the hemagglutinin protein (HA). Because this arginine-rich CS is unique among influenza virus subtypes, antibodies against this site have the potential to specifically diagnose pathogenic H5N1. By immunizing mice with the CS peptide and screening a phage display library, we isolated four antibody Fab fragment clones that specifically bind the antigen peptide and several HPAI H5N1 HA proteins in different clades. The soluble Fab fragments expressed in Escherichia coli bound the CS peptide and the H5N1 HA protein with nanomolar affinity. In an immunofluorescence assay, these Fab fragments stained cells infected with HPAI H5N1 but not those infected with a less virulent strain. Lastly, all the Fab clones could detect the CS peptide and H5N1 HA protein by open sandwich ELISA. Thus, these recombinant Fab fragments will be useful novel reagents for the rapid and specific detection of HPAI H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Dong
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Sakurai
- Molecular Medicine Project, Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Namiko Nomura
- Molecular Medicine Project, Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Futoshi Shibasaki
- Molecular Medicine Project, Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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HASAN S, DONG J, HARA Y, MORIZANE Y, SHIBASAKI F, UEDA H. Protein-based Open Sandwich Immuno-PCR for Sensitive Detection of Small Biomarkers. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:871-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif HASAN
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jinhua DONG
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yuko HARA
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yoshihito MORIZANE
- Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Futoshi SHIBASAKI
- Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Hiroshi UEDA
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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