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Schreiber S, Dressler LS, Loffredo-Verde E, Asen T, Färber S, Wang W, Groll T, Chakraborty A, Kolbe F, Kreer C, Kosinska AD, Simon S, Urban S, Klein F, Riddell SR, Protzer U. CARs derived from broadly neutralizing, human monoclonal antibodies identified by single B cell sorting target hepatitis B virus-positive cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340619. [PMID: 38711498 PMCID: PMC11072186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
To design new CARs targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV), we isolated human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the HBV envelope proteins from single B cells of a patient with a resolved infection. HBV-specific memory B cells were isolated by incubating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with biotinylated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), followed by single-cell flow cytometry-based sorting of live, CD19+ IgG+ HBsAg+ cells. Amplification and sequencing of immunoglobulin genes from single memory B cells identified variable heavy and light chain sequences. Corresponding immunoglobulin chains were cloned into IgG1 expression vectors and expressed in mammalian cells. Two antibodies named 4D06 and 4D08 were found to be highly specific for HBsAg, recognized a conformational and a linear epitope, respectively, and showed broad reactivity and neutralization capacity against all major HBV genotypes. 4D06 and 4D08 variable chain fragments were cloned into a 2nd generation CAR format with CD28 and CD3zeta intracellular signaling domains. The new CAR constructs displayed a high functional avidity when expressed on primary human T cells. CAR-grafted T cells proved to be polyfunctional regarding cytokine secretion and killed HBV-positive target cells. Interestingly, background activation of the 4D08-CAR recognizing a linear instead of a conformational epitope was consistently low. In a preclinical model of chronic HBV infection, murine T cells grafted with the 4D06 and the 4D08 CAR showed on target activity indicated by a transient increase in serum transaminases, and a lower number of HBV-positive hepatocytes in the mice treated. This study demonstrates an efficient and fast approach to identifying pathogen-specific monoclonal human antibodies from small donor cell numbers for the subsequent generation of new CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schreiber
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa S. Dressler
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Loffredo-Verde
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Asen
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Färber
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Groll
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fenna Kolbe
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvain Simon
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanley R. Riddell
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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2
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Effective high-throughput isolation of fully human antibodies targeting infectious pathogens. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3639-3671. [PMID: 34035500 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As exemplified by the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, there is a strong demand for rapid high-throughput isolation pipelines to identify potent neutralizing antibodies for prevention and therapy of infectious diseases. However, despite substantial progress and extensive efforts, the identification and production of antigen-specific antibodies remains labor- and cost-intensive. We have advanced existing concepts to develop a highly efficient high-throughput protocol with proven application for the isolation of potent antigen-specific antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus, human cytomegalovirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola virus. It is based on computationally optimized multiplex primer sets (openPrimeR), which guarantee high coverage of even highly mutated immunoglobulin gene segments as well as on optimized antibody cloning and production strategies. Here, we provide the detailed protocol, which covers all critical steps from sample collection to antibody production within 12-14 d.
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Polyclonal and convergent antibody response to Ebola virus vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV. Nat Med 2019; 25:1589-1600. [PMID: 31591605 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV) is the most advanced Ebola virus vaccine candidate and is currently being used to combat the outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Here we examine the humoral immune response in a subset of human volunteers enrolled in a phase 1 rVSV-ZEBOV vaccination trial by performing comprehensive single B cell and electron microscopy structure analyses. Four studied vaccinees show polyclonal, yet reproducible and convergent B cell responses with shared sequence characteristics. EBOV-targeting antibodies cross-react with other Ebolavirus species, and detailed epitope mapping revealed overlapping target epitopes with antibodies isolated from EVD survivors. Moreover, in all vaccinees, we detected highly potent EBOV-neutralizing antibodies with activities comparable or superior to the monoclonal antibodies currently used in clinical trials. These include antibodies combining the IGHV3-15/IGLV1-40 immunoglobulin gene segments that were identified in all investigated individuals. Our findings will help to evaluate and direct current and future vaccination strategies and offer opportunities for novel EVD therapies.
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1694. [PMID: 31396218 PMCID: PMC6667631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. Since the experimental delineation of a distinct B cell lineage in 1965, various methods have been developed to understand antigen-specific B cell responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, infection, and vaccination. In this review, we summarize the established techniques and discuss new and emerging technologies for probing the B cell response in vitro and in vivo by taking advantage of the specificity of B cell receptor (BCR)-associated and secreted antibodies. These include ELISPOT, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy to identify and/or isolate primary antigen-specific B cells. We also present our approach to identify rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic enrichment followed by flow cytometry. Once these cells are isolated, in vitro proliferation assays and adoptive transfer experiments in mice can be used to further characterize antigen-specific B cell activation, function, and fate. Transgenic mouse models of B cells targeting model antigens and of B cell signaling have also significantly advanced our understanding of antigen-specific B cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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Carrillo J, Clotet B, Blanco J. Antibodies and Antibody Derivatives: New Partners in HIV Eradication Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2429. [PMID: 30405624 PMCID: PMC6205993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Promptly after primoinfection, HIV generates a pool of infected cells carrying transcriptionally silent integrated proviral DNA, the HIV-1 reservoir. These cells are not cleared by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), and persist lifelong in treated HIV-infected individuals. Defining clinical strategies to eradicate the HIV reservoir and cure HIV-infected individuals is a major research field that requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms of seeding, maintenance and destruction of latently infected cells. Although CTL responses have been classically associated with the control of HIV replication, and hence with the size of HIV reservoir, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have emerged as new players in HIV cure strategies. Several reasons support this potential role: (i) over the last years a number of bNAbs with high potency and ability to cope with the extreme variability of HIV have been identified; (ii) antibodies not only block HIV replication but mediate effector functions that may contribute to the removal of infected cells and to boost immune responses against HIV; (iii) a series of new technologies have allowed for the in vitro design of improved antibodies with increased antiviral and effector functions. Recent studies in non-human primate models and in HIV-infected individuals have shown that treatment with recombinant bNAbs isolated from HIV-infected individuals is safe and may have a beneficial effect both on the seeding of the HIV reservoir and on the inhibition of HIV replication. These promising data and the development of antibody technology have paved the way for treating HIV infection with engineered monoclonal antibodies with high potency of neutralization, wide coverage of HIV diversity, extended plasma half-life in vivo and improved effector functions. The exciting effects of these newly designed antibodies in vivo, either alone or in combination with other cure strategies (latency reversing agents or therapeutic vaccines), open a new hope in HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in AIDS and Related Illnesses, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CEES), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in AIDS and Related Illnesses, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CEES), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
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Monreal-Escalante E, Navarro-Tovar G, León-Gallo A, Juárez-Montiel M, Becerra-Flora A, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Rosales-Mendoza S. The corn smut-made cholera oral vaccine is thermostable and induces long-lasting immunity in mouse. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Habte HH, Banerjee S, Shi H, Qin Y, Cho MW. Immunogenic properties of a trimeric gp41-based immunogen containing an exposed membrane-proximal external region. Virology 2015; 486:187-97. [PMID: 26454663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 is an attractive target for vaccine development. Thus, better understanding of its immunogenic properties in various structural contexts is important. We previously described the crystal structure of a trimeric protein complex named gp41-HR1-54Q, which consists of the heptad repeat regions 1 and 2 and the MPER. The protein was efficiently recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe its immunogenic properties in rabbits. The protein was highly immunogenic, especially the C-terminal end of the MPER containing 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes ((671)NWFDITNWLWYIK(683)). Although antibodies exhibited strong competition activity against 4E10 and 10E8, neutralizing activity was not detected. Detailed mapping analyses indicated that amino acid residues critical for recognition resided on faces of the alpha helix that are either opposite of or perpendicular to the epitopes recognized by 4E10 and 10E8. These results provide critical information for designing the next generation of MPER-based immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtom H Habte
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Heliang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Yali Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Michael W Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
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Recombinant HIV envelope trimer selects for quaternary-dependent antibodies targeting the trimer apex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17624-9. [PMID: 25422458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415789111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting the trimer apex of HIV envelope are favored candidates for vaccine design and immunotherapy because of their great neutralization breadth and potency. However, methods of isolating bnAbs against this site have been limited by the quaternary nature of the epitope region. Here we report the use of a recombinant HIV envelope trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, as an affinity reagent to isolate quaternary-dependent bnAbs from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a chronically infected donor. The newly isolated bnAbs, named "PGDM1400-1412," show a wide range of neutralization breadth and potency. One of these variants, PGDM1400, is exceptionally broad and potent with cross-clade neutralization coverage of 83% at a median IC50 of 0.003 µg/mL. Overall, our results highlight the utility of BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140 as a tool for the isolation of quaternary-dependent antibodies and reveal a mosaic of antibody responses against the trimer apex within a clonal family.
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Haynes BF, Moody MA, Alam M, Bonsignori M, Verkoczy L, Ferrari G, Gao F, Tomaras GD, Liao HX, Kelsoe G. Progress in HIV-1 vaccine development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:3-10; quiz 11. [PMID: 25117798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The past 2 years have seen a number of basic and translational science advances in the quest for development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. These advances include discovery of new envelope targets of potentially protective antibodies, demonstration that CD8(+) T cells can control HIV-1 infection, development of immunogens to overcome HIV-1 T-cell epitope diversity, identification of correlates of transmission risk in an HIV-1 efficacy trial, and mapping of the coevolution of HIV-1 founder envelope mutants in infected subjects with broad neutralizing antibodies, thereby defining broad neutralizing antibody developmental pathways. Despite these advances, a promising HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial published in 2013 did not prevent infection, and the HIV-1 vaccine field is still years away from deployment of an effective vaccine. This review summarizes what some of the scientific advances have been, what roadblocks still remain, and what the most promising approaches are for progress in design of successful HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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