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Griffiths OR, Landon J, Morris RK, James PE, Adams RA. CoVaccine HT™ adjuvant is superior to Freund's in eliciting ovine polyclonal antibodies against human tumor necrosis factor-alpha. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 129:189-213. [PMID: 35305719 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive immunotherapy using polyclonal antibodies plays an important role in preventing and treating antigenic and pathogenic diseases. Polyclonal antibodies are used for therapeutic, diagnostic and investigational purposes, with adjuvants employed to enhance the immune response against proteins that are poorly antigenic or self-antigens. This study aimed to optimize current immunization methods by evaluating the novel adjuvant CoVaccine HT™ against the established Freund's at producing ovine polyclonal antibodies against pro-inflammatory cytokine human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). METHODS Castrated male Aberfield cross sheep were immunized with TNF-α in CoVaccine HT™ or Freund's adjuvant. The binding titer of antibodies for TNF-α and neutralization titer were determined in vitro, as well as the strength of antibody binding by a simple small scale affinity chromatography elution experiment. Animal welfare was monitored through inspection of immunization site reactions at regular time points and graded according to reaction size. The second part of the study looked at re-immunization using Freund's adjuvant alone every 4- or 8-weeks. RESULTS Freund's generated significantly higher antibody binding titers than CoVaccine HT™ but were less effective at neutralizing TNF-alpha which is a better indicator of functional potency. CoVaccine HT™ also caused fewer immunization site reactions, while no statistical difference was observed in the binding strength of antibodies. Re-immunization every 4- and 8-weeks showed no statistical difference. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that CoVaccine HT™ is superior to Freund's adjuvant for the production of antibodies to TNF-α, and supports the use of this alternative adjuvant for clinical and experimental use. The outcomes gained through this study are applicable to passive and active immunotherapy for the generation of polyclonal antibodies in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen R Griffiths
- Micropharm Ltd, Carmarthenshire, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - John Landon
- Micropharm Ltd, Carmarthenshire, United Kingdom
| | - R Keith Morris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Philip E James
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Adams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Mender MM, Bolton F, Berry C, Young M. Antivenom: An immunotherapy for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 129:435-477. [PMID: 35305724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming (SBE) leads to significant morbidity and mortality, resulting in over 90,000 deaths and approximately 400,000 amputations annually. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) alone, SBE accounts for over 30,000 deaths per annum. Since 2017, SBE has been classified as a priority Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The major species responsible for mortality from SBE within SSA are from the Bitis, Dendroaspis, Echis and Naja genera. Pharmacologically active toxins such as metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, 3-finger toxins, kunitz-type toxins, and phospholipase A2s are the primary snake venom components. These toxins induce cytotoxicity, coagulopathy, hemorrhage, and neurotoxicity in envenomed victims. Antivenom is currently the only available venom-specific treatment for SBE and contains purified equine or ovine polyclonal antibodies, collected from donor animals repeatedly immunized with low doses of adjuvanted venom. The resulting plasma or serum contains a high titre of specific antibodies, which can then be collected and stored until required. The purified antibodies are either whole IgG, monovalent fragment antibody (Fab) or divalent fragment antibody F(ab')2. Despite pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences, all three are effective in the treatment of SBE. No antivenom is without adverse reactions but, the level of their impact and severity varies from benign early adverse reactions to the rarely occurring fatal anaphylactic shock. However, the major side effects are largely reversible with immediate administration of adrenaline and corticosteroids. There are 16 different antivenoms marketed within SSA, but the efficacy and safety profiles are only published for less than 50% of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mender M Mender
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Research and Development, MicroPharm Ltd, Newcastle Emlyn, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona Bolton
- Department of Research and Development, MicroPharm Ltd, Newcastle Emlyn, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Berry
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Young
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Mukherjee AK, Mackessy SP. Prevention and improvement of clinical management of snakebite in Southern Asian countries: A proposed road map. Toxicon 2021; 200:140-152. [PMID: 34280412 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Southern Asian countries, snakebite takes a substantial toll in terms of human life, inflicts acute morbidity and long term disability both physical and psychological, and therefore represents a neglected socio-economic problem and severe health issue that requires immediate medical attention. The 'Big Four' venomous snakes, viz. Daboia russelii, Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus and Echis carinatus, are prominent, medically important species and are the most dangerous snakes of this region; therefore, the commercial polyvalent antivenom (PAV) contains antibodies against the venoms of these snakes. However, envenomations by species other than the 'Big Four' snakes are grossly neglected, and PAV is only partially effective in neutralizing the venom of these snakes. Many issues confounding effective treatment of snakebite are discussed in this review, and these hurdles preventing successful treatment of snakebite must be addressed. However, in South Asian countries, the pre-hospital treatment and appropriate first aid are equally important to mitigate the problem of snakebite and therefore, these issues are also highlighted here. Further, this review suggests a roadmap and guidelines for the prevention of snakebite and improvement of hospital management of snakebite in these Southern Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 78028, Assam, India; School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639-0017, USA.
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639-0017, USA
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Li R, Yu H, Li A, Yu C, Li P. Preparation and Neutralization Efficacy of Novel Jellyfish Antivenoms against Cyanea nozakii Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020165. [PMID: 33670073 PMCID: PMC7926751 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stings are a common issue globally, particularly in coastal areas in the summer. Victims can suffer pain, itching, swelling, shock, and even death. Usually, hot water, vinegar, or alumen is used to treat the normal symptoms of a jellyfish sting. However, a specific antivenom may be an effective treatment to deal with severe jellyfish stings. Cyanea nozakii often reach a diameter of 60 cm and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of stings per year in coastal Chinese waters. However, there has been no specific C. nozakii antivenom until now, and so the development of this antivenom is very important. Herein, we collected C. nozakii antisera from tentacle extract venom immunized rabbits and purified the immunoglobulin (IgG) fraction antivenom (AntiCnTXs). Subsequently, two complete procedures to produce a refined F(ab')2 type of antivenom (F(ab')2-AntiCnTXs) and Fab type of antivenom (Fab-AntiCnTXs) by multiple optimizations and purification were established. The neutralization efficacy of these three types of antivenoms was compared and analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the results showed that all types of antibodies displayed some neutralization effect on the lethality of C. nozakii venom toxins, with the neutralization efficacy as follows: F(ab')2-AntiCnTXs ≥ AntiCnTXs > Fab-AntiCnTXs. This study describes the preparation of novel C. nozakii jellyfish antivenom preparations towards the goal of developing a new, effective treatment for jellyfish stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
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Kurtović T, Brgles M, Balija ML, Steinberger S, Sviben D, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Streamlined downstream process for efficient and sustainable (Fab') 2 antivenom preparation. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200025. [PMID: 32760431 PMCID: PMC7384442 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antivenoms are the only validated treatment against snakebite envenoming. Numerous drawbacks pertaining to their availability, safety and efficacy are becoming increasingly evident due to low sustainability of current productions. Technological innovation of procedures generating therapeutics of higher purity and better physicochemical characteristics at acceptable cost is necessary. The objective was to develop at laboratory scale a compact, feasible and economically viable platform for preparation of equine F(ab')2 antivenom against Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom and to support it with efficiency data, to enable estimation of the process cost-effectiveness. METHODS The principle of simultaneous caprylic acid precipitation and pepsin digestion has been implemented into plasma downstream processing. Balance between incomplete IgG breakdown, F(ab')2 over-digestion and loss of the active drug's protective efficacy was achieved by adjusting pepsin to a 1:30 substrate ratio (w/w) and setting pH at 3.2. Precipitation and digestion co-performance required 2 h-long incubation at 21 °C. Final polishing was accomplished by a combination of diafiltration and flow-through chromatography. In vivo neutralization potency of the F(ab')2 product against the venom's lethal toxicity was determined. RESULTS Only three consecutive steps, performed under finely tuned conditions, were sufficient for preservation of the highest process recovery with the overall yield of 74%, comparing favorably to others. At the same time, regulatory requirements were met. Final product was aggregate- and pepsin-free. Its composition profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry as a quality control check. Impurities, present in minor traces, were identified mostly as IgG/IgM fragments, contributing to active drug. Specific activity of the F(ab')2 preparation with respect to the plasma was increased 3.9-fold. CONCLUSION A highly streamlined mode for production of equine F(ab')2 antivenom was engineered. In addition to preservation of the highest process yield and fulfillment of the regulatory demands, performance simplicity and rapidity in the laboratory setting were demonstrated. Suitability for large-scale manufacturing appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Brgles
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephanie Steinberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies
and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dora Sviben
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Beata Halassy
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Girish KS, Katkar GD, Harrison RA, Kemparaju K. Research into the Causes of Venom-Induced Mortality and Morbidity Identifies New Therapeutic Opportunities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1043-1048. [PMID: 30675839 PMCID: PMC6493937 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite primarily affects rural subsistent farming populations in underdeveloped and developing nations. The annual number of deaths (100,000) and physical disabilities (400,000) of snakebite victims is a societal tragedy that poses a significant added socioeconomic burden to the society. Antivenom therapy is the treatment of choice for snakebite but, as testified by the continuing high rates of mortality and morbidity, too many rural tropical snakebite victims fail to access effective treatment. Here, we advocate for more basic research to better understand the pathogenesis of systemic and local envenoming and describe how research outcomes can identify novel snakebite therapeutic strategies with the potential to be more accessible and affordable to victims than current treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesturu S Girish
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, India.,Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Robert A Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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7
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Kurtović T, Lang Balija M, Brgles M, Sviben D, Tunjić M, Cajner H, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G, Halassy B. Refinement strategy for antivenom preparation of high yield and quality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007431. [PMID: 31206512 PMCID: PMC6597126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms from hyperimmune animal plasma are the only specific pharmaceuticals against snakebites. The improvement of downstream processing strategies is of great interest, not only in terms of purity profile, but also from yield-to-cost perspective and rational use of plasma of animal origin. We report on development of an efficient refinement strategy for F(ab')2-based antivenom preparation. Process design was driven by the imperative to keep the active principle constantly in solution as a precautionary measure to preserve stability of its conformation (precipitation of active principle or its adsorption to chromatographic stationary phase has been completely avoided). IgG was extracted from hyperimmune horse plasma by 2% (V/V) caprylic acid, depleted from traces of precipitating agent and digested by pepsin. Balance between incomplete IgG fraction breakdown, F(ab')2 over-digestion and loss of the active principle's protective efficacy was achieved by adjusting pepsin to substrate ratio at the value of 4:300 (w/w), setting pH to 3.2 and incubation period to 1.5 h. Final polishing was accomplished by a combination of diafiltration and flow-through chromatography. Developed manufacturing strategy gave 100% pure and aggregate-free F(ab')2 preparation, as shown by size-exclusion HPLC and confirmed by MS/MS. The overall yield of 75% or higher compares favorably to others so far reported. This optimised procedure looks also promising for large-scale production of therapeutic antivenoms, since high yield of the active drug and fulfillment of the regulatory demand considering purity was achieved. The recovery of the active substance was precisely determined in each purification step enabling accurate estimation of the process cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Brgles
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sviben
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Tunjić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Cajner
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Beata Halassy
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
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The Immunogenicity of the C Fragment of Tetanus Neurotoxin in Production of Tetanus Antitoxin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6057348. [PMID: 30687751 PMCID: PMC6330821 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6057348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The demand of tetanus antitoxin (TAT) as tetanus treatment in developing and underdeveloped countries is still great since it is relatively easy to achieve and affordable. However, there are still issues in the preparation of highly effective TAT with tetanus toxoid (TT) as the immunogen. The tetanus toxin native C-fragment (TeNT-Hc) retains many properties and it is a very promising candidate for the development of tetanus human vaccine. In this study, we tested the immunogenicity of TeNT-Hc in the preparation of tetanus antibodies, by TeNT-Hc alone or in different combinations with TT. The antibody titers and components in horse serum or plasma in different groups were analyzed and compared with those immunized by the conventional TT and it showed comparability with the results of traditional methods. The plasma efficacy and in vivo tetanus toxin neutralization were also tested. After two stages of immunizations, the average potency in plasma of all groups reached more than 1,000 IU / mL except that in group 4. In group 5, the first two basic immunizations with TT and the subsequent immunizations with TeNT-Hc, it showed slightly higher antibody titers and potency. This study demonstrated that TeNT-Hc is a safe, effective, and yet easy-to-produce low-cost immunogen and suitable for TT replacement in tetanus antitoxin production.
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Halassy B, Kurtović T, Lang Balija M, Brgles M, Tunjić M, Sviben D. Concept of sample-specific correction of immunoassay results for precise and accurate IgG quantification in horse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:276-282. [PMID: 30408624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hyperimmune horse plasma (HHP), prepared through active immunisation of horses with an antigen of interest, is the most common starting material for antitoxin (animal antibody-based therapeutics) production. Precise IgG quantification in plasma is a prerequisite for accurate estimation of the purification process efficiency. Although immunoglobulins from HHP have been purified for over a century, there is still no in vitro method for precise and accurate determination of IgG content in HHP. For this reason, the purification process efficiency has been assessed by antibody activity measurements, mostly performed in vivo. Here we describe the development of a precise and accurate in vitro immunoassay for IgG quantification in HHP. We showed and highlighted that any difference in composition of IgG population between the standard and the sample, with respect to both IgG subclass distribution and antigen-specific IgG content, leads to inaccurate IgG quantification. We demonstrated that caprylic acid precipitation as the method for IgG isolation from horse plasma renders the composition of IgG population unchanged. This very efficient, fast, simple and inexpensive method was used to prepare internal, sample-specific reference IgG for each plasma sample, which was tested simultaneously to a respective plasma sample. Deviation of IgG quantity determined by ELISA for each sample-specific reference from its nominal value was used for correction of the results of respective plasma sample, which led to accurate and precise IgG quantification as shown by method validation. The here presented novel concept of sample-specific correction of immunoassay results could be widely applicable and easily introduced in different immunoassays for more accurate and precise plasma IgG quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Halassy
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tihana Kurtović
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Lang Balija
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Brgles
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Tunjić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sviben
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Weng YJ, Husebekk A, Skogen B, Kjaer M, Lin LT, Burnouf T. Anti-Human Platelet Antigen-1a Immunoglobulin G Preparation Intended to Prevent Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162973. [PMID: 27627660 PMCID: PMC5023090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a severe disease that is caused by maternal alloantibodies generated during pregnancy or at delivery as a result of incompatibility between maternal and fetal human platelet antigens (HPAs) inherited from the father. Antibody-mediated immune suppression using anti-HPA-1a immunoglobulins is thought to be able to prevent FNAIT caused by HPA-1a. A fractionation process to prepare anti-HPA-1a immunoglobulin (Ig) G (IgG) from human plasma was therefore developed. Anti-HPA-1a plasma was obtained from volunteer mothers who underwent alloimmunization against HPA-1a during a previous pregnancy. Plasma was cryoprecipitated and the supernatant treated with caprylic acid and solvent/detergent (S/D), purified by chromatography, nanofiltered, concentrated, and sterile-filtered. The anti-HPA-1a immunoglobulin fraction was characterized for purity and safety. PAK12 and quantitative monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) assays were used to detect anti-HPA-1a IgG. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) removal during nanofiltration was assessed by spiking experiments, using cell culture-derived reporter HCV and luciferase analysis. The caprylic acid treatment precipitated non-Ig proteins yielding a 90% pure Ig supernatant. S-HyperCel chromatography of the S/D-treated supernatant followed by HyperCel STAR AX provided high IgG recovery (>80%) and purity (>99.5%), and efficient IgA and IgM removal. Concentrations of complement factors C3 and C4 were < 0.5 and < 0.4 mg/dL, respectively. The final IgG could be nanofiltered on Planova 20N under conditions removing more than 3 log HCV infectivity to baseline mock infection level, and concentrated to ca. 30 g/L. Proteolytic activity and thrombin generation were low in the final fraction. The Pak12 and MAIPA assays showed good recovery of anti-HPA-1a throughout the process. Clinical-grade HPA-1a IgG can be prepared using a process compliant with current quality requirements opening perspectives for the prevention of FNAIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jan Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anne Husebekk
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Björn Skogen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mette Kjaer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Finnmark Hospital Trust, Hammerfest, Norway
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Tseng CL, Chen ZY, Renn TY, Hsiao SH, Burnouf T. Solvent/Detergent Virally Inactivated Serum Eye Drops Restore Healthy Ocular Epithelium in a Rabbit Model of Dry-Eye Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153573. [PMID: 27100624 PMCID: PMC4839776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of autologous serum eye drops (SEDs) is a recognized means to treat severe dry-eye syndrome (DES). Due to the inconvenience and difficulty of preparing SEDs from some patients, producing SEDs from allogeneic blood donations is gaining popularity. A major safety concern associated with allogeneic blood is virus transmission. We therefore herein evaluated the possibility of applying a solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment to inactivate viruses and studied the impacts of such treatment of SEDs to resolve DES in a rabbit model. Sera prepared from the blood of five rabbits were pooled and divided into two sub-pools. One was untreated (SEDs), while the other was virally-inactivated with 1% Tri-n-butyl phosphate/1% Triton X-45 at 31°C for 1 h (S/D-SEDs). DES was induced in rabbits using 0.1% benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Rabbits were divided into five groups of two rabbits each. One group was untreated (control), three were treated twice daily for 3 weeks using PBS, SEDs, or S/D-SEDs, and the last received an additional 0.1% BAC (as the negative control). The DES condition was determined by measuring aqueous tear secretion (Schirmer’s test), corneal fluorescein staining, a corneal histologic examination, TUNEL stain apoptosis, and corneal inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-6) expressions. We first confirmed that SEDs and S/D-SEDs had similar protein profiles and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β contents. Animal experiments showed that tear secretion did not significantly differ between the SED and S/D-SED groups but was significantly higher than in the PBS group. Eye fluorescein staining revealed dramatic improvements in epithelial defects in groups treated with SEDs or S/D-SEDs, and hematoxylin/eosin staining revealed microscopic epithelial layers similar to those of the untreated controls. Inflammatory markers and TUNEL studies showed that healthy epithelium had been restored in groups treated with SEDs or S/D-SEDs. In conclusion, this preclinical study supports the possibility of using S/D virally inactivated SEDs to treat DES and restore a normal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Renn
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hung Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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