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Phelps C, Huey DD, Niewiesk S. Production of Humanized Mice through Stem Cell Transfer. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e800. [PMID: 37310206 PMCID: PMC11163283 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of "humanized" mice has become a prominent tool for translational animal studies of human diseases. Immunodeficient mice can be humanized by injections of human umbilical cord stem cells. The engraftment of these cells and their development into human lymphocytes has been made possible by the development of novel severely immunodeficient mouse strains. Proven protocols for the generation and analysis of humanized mice in the NSG mouse background are presented here. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Human umbilical stem cell engraftment of neonatal immunodeficient mice Basic Protocol 2: Human umbilical stem cell engraftment of 4-week-old immunodeficient mice Support Protocol 1: Preparation of human umbilical stem cells Support Protocol 2: Submandibular blood collection from humanized mice and analysis of peripheral blood via flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Phelps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Devra D Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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2
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Miyamura N, Suzuki K, Friedman RA, Floratos A, Kunisada Y, Masuda K, Lowy AM, Tsuji M, Sugahara KN. A pancreatic cancer mouse model with human immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.24.542127. [PMID: 37292766 PMCID: PMC10245824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that promotes resistance to immunotherapy. A preclinical model system that facilitates studies of the TIME and its impact on the responsiveness of human PDAC to immunotherapies remains an unmet need. We report a novel mouse model, which develops metastatic human PDAC that becomes infiltrated by human immune cells recapitulating the TIME of human PDAC. The model may serve as a versatile platform to study the nature of human PDAC TIME and its response to various treatments.
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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4
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Simwela NV, Waters AP. Current status of experimental models for the study of malaria. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-22. [PMID: 35357277 PMCID: PMC9378029 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection by malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in tropical regions of the world. Despite the availability of malaria control tools such as integrated vector management and effective therapeutics, these measures have been continuously undermined by the emergence of vector resistance to insecticides or parasite resistance to frontline antimalarial drugs. Whilst the recent pilot implementation of the RTS,S malaria vaccine is indeed a remarkable feat, highly effective vaccines against malaria remain elusive. The barriers to effective vaccines result from the complexity of both the malaria parasite lifecycle and the parasite as an organism itself with consequent major gaps in our understanding of their biology. Historically and due to the practical and ethical difficulties of working with human malaria infections, research into malaria parasite biology has been extensively facilitated by animal models. Animals have been used to study disease pathogenesis, host immune responses and their (dys)regulation and further disease processes such as transmission. Moreover, animal models remain at the forefront of pre-clinical evaluations of antimalarial drugs (drug efficacy, mode of action, mode of resistance) and vaccines. In this review, we discuss commonly used animal models of malaria, the parasite species used and their advantages and limitations which hinder their extrapolation to actual human disease. We also place into this context the most recent developments such as organoid technologies and humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson V. Simwela
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
As medical and pharmacological technology advances, new and complex modalities of disease treatment that are more personalized and targeted are being developed. Often these modalities must be validated in the presence of critical components of the human biological system. Given the incongruencies between murine and human biology, as well as the human-tropism of certain drugs and pathogens, the selection of animal models that accurately recapitulate the intricacies of the human biological system becomes more salient for disease modeling and preclinical testing. Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human tissues (so-called humanized mice), which allow for the study of physiologically relevant disease mechanisms, have thus become an integral aspect of biomedical research. This review discusses the recent advancements and applications of humanized mouse models on human immune system and liver humanization in modeling human diseases, as well as how they can facilitate translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Ye
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
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6
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Moita D, Nunes-Cabaço H, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M. A guide to investigating immune responses elicited by whole-sporozoite pre-erythrocytic vaccines against malaria. FEBS J 2021; 289:3335-3359. [PMID: 33993649 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, considerable efforts have been made toward the development of efficient vaccines against malaria. Whole-sporozoite (Wsp) vaccines, which induce efficient immune responses against the pre-erythrocytic (PE) stages (sporozoites and liver forms) of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, are among the most promising immunization strategies tested until present. Several Wsp PE vaccination approaches are currently under evaluation in the clinic, including radiation- or genetically-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites, live parasites combined with chemoprophylaxis, or genetically modified rodent Plasmodium parasites. In addition to the assessment of their protective efficacy, clinical trials of Wsp PE vaccine candidates inevitably involve the thorough investigation of the immune responses elicited by vaccination, as well as the identification of correlates of protection. Here, we review the main methodologies employed to dissect the humoral and cellular immune responses observed in the context of Wsp PE vaccine clinical trials and discuss future strategies to further deepen the knowledge generated by these studies, providing a toolbox for the in-depth analysis of vaccine-induced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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A chimeric HLA-A2:β2M:Ig fusion protein for the study of virus-specific CD8 + T-cells. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112997. [PMID: 33600818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The response mediated by CD8+ T-cells in the context of infection and vaccination has been thoroughly investigated and represents one of the most important branches that allow for the development of immunity against intracellular pathogens and, thus, the establishment of robust antiviral responses. However, there is a lack of methods to assess antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. OBJECTIVE Search for the ideal assays to assess the function of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. METHODS In the present study a chimeric HLA-A2:β2M:Ig fusion protein was produced, purified, and evaluated in functional CD8+ T-cell response studies using samples from Influenza A patients and humanized mice upon adenoviral vaccination. RESULTS The HLA-A2:β2M:Ig molecule, bound to immunodominant viral peptides by passive transfer, was able to induce robust antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses mediated by IFN-γ. The in vitro IFN-γ release assay using the chimeric HLA-A2:β2M:Ig fusion protein detected bona fide human CD8+ T-cells, demonstrating superior production of IFN-γ by human CD8+ T-cells induced by Influenza A immunodominant GILGFVFTL peptide. Removal of antigen-presenting cells and CD8+ T-cell enrichment improved significantly the IFN-γ production. The chimeric HLA-A2:β2M:Ig fusion protein also triggered HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T-cell response in a humanized mouse model upon vaccination with adenovirus encoding HLA-A2-restricted HIV p24 antigen. The results strongly suggest the use of tailor-made assays for detecting HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T-cell Responses in the Humanized Mouse Model. CONCLUSION The chimeric HLA-A2:β2M:Ig fusion protein-based assays provided a sensitive tool that may be paramount to measure virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response in a range of viral infections of clinical relevance.
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Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Funakoshi R, Huang J, Pereira FV, Iketani S, Tsuji M. Functional Human CD141+ Dendritic Cells in Human Immune System Mice. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:201-213. [PMID: 31647546 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the purpose of studying functional human dendritic cells (DCs) in a humanized mouse model that mimics the human immune system (HIS), a model referred to as HIS mice was established. METHODS Human immune system mice were made by engrafting NOD/SCID/IL2Rgammanull (NSG) mice with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) following the transduction of genes encoding human cytokines and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1 by adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors. RESULTS Our results indicate that human DC subsets, such as CD141+CD11c+ and CD1c+CD11c+ myeloid DCs, distribute throughout several organs in HIS mice including blood, bone marrow, spleen, and draining lymph nodes. The CD141+CD11c+ and CD1c+CD11c+ human DCs isolated from HIS mice immunized with adenoviruses expressing malaria/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epitopes were able to induce the proliferation of malaria/HIV epitopes-specific human CD8+ T cells in vitro. Upregulation of CD1c was also observed in human CD141+ DCs 1 day after immunization with the adenovirus-based vaccines. CONCLUSIONS Establishment of such a humanized mouse model that mounts functional human DCs enables preclinical assessment of the immunogenicity of human vaccines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana G A Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ryota Funakoshi
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Felipe Valença Pereira
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Humanized Mice as an Effective Evaluation System for Peptide Vaccines and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246337. [PMID: 31888191 PMCID: PMC6940818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccination was developed for the prevention and therapy of acute and chronic infectious diseases and cancer. However, vaccine development is challenging, because the patient immune system requires the appropriate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognition with the peptide. Moreover, antigens sometimes induce a low response, even if the peptide is presented by antigen-presenting cells and T cells recognize it. This is because the patient immunity is dampened or restricted by environmental factors. Even if the immune system responds appropriately, newly-developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are used to increase the immune response against cancer, make the immune environment more complex. The ICIs may activate T cells, although the ratio of responsive patients is not high. However, the vaccine may induce some immune adverse effects in the presence of ICIs. Therefore, a system is needed to predict such risks. Humanized mouse systems possessing human immune cells have been developed to examine human immunity in vivo. One of the systems which uses transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may become a new diagnosis strategy. Various humanized mouse systems are being developed and will become good tools for the prediction of antibody response and immune adverse effects.
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10
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Goh YS, McGuire D, Rénia L. Vaccination With Sporozoites: Models and Correlates of Protection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1227. [PMID: 31231377 PMCID: PMC6560154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts, the century-old goal of eradicating malaria still remains. Multiple control interventions need to be in place simultaneously to achieve this goal. In addition to effective control measures, drug therapies and insecticides, vaccines are critical to reduce mortality and morbidity. Hence, there are numerous studies investigating various malaria vaccine candidates. Most of the malaria vaccine candidates are subunit vaccines. However, they have shown limited efficacy in Phase II and III studies. To date, only whole parasite formulations have been shown to induce sterile immunity in human. In this article, we review and discuss the recent developments in vaccination with sporozoites and the mechanisms of protection involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel McGuire
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Masse-Ranson G, Dusséaux M, Fiquet O, Darche S, Boussand M, Li Y, Lopez-Lastra S, Legrand N, Corcuff E, Toubert A, Centlivre M, Bruel T, Spits H, Schwartz O, Lévy Y, Strick-Marchand H, Di Santo JP. Accelerated thymopoiesis and improved T-cell responses in HLA-A2/-DR2 transgenic BRGS-based human immune system mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:954-965. [PMID: 30888052 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mouse models provide a robust in vivo platform to study human immunity. Nevertheless, the signals that guide human lymphocyte differentiation in HIS mice remain poorly understood. Here, we have developed a novel Balb/c Rag2-/- Il2rg-/- SirpaNOD (BRGS) HIS mouse model expressing human HLA-A2 and -DR2 transgenes (BRGSA2DR2). When comparing BRGS and BRGSA2DR2 HIS mice engrafted with human CD34+ stem cells, a more rapid emergence of T cells in the circulation of hosts bearing human HLA was shown, which may reflect a more efficient human T-cell development in the mouse thymus. Development of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was accelerated in BRGSA2DR2 HIS mice and generated more balanced B and T-cell compartments in peripheral lymphoid organs. Both B- and T-cell function appeared enhanced in the presence of human HLA transgenes with higher levels of class switched Ig, increased percentages of polyfunctional T cells and clear evidence for antigen-specific T-cell responses following immunization. Taken together, the presence of human HLA class I and II molecules can improve multiple aspects of human B- and T-cell homeostasis and function in the BRGS-based HIS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillemette Masse-Ranson
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Mathilde Dusséaux
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Darche
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maud Boussand
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yan Li
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Lopez-Lastra
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Toubert
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Timothée Bruel
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris.,CNRS-URA 3015, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Schwartz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris.,CNRS-URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Inserm U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, France
| | | | - James P Di Santo
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France.,Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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12
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Wunderlich M, Chou FS, Sexton C, Presicce P, Chougnet CA, Aliberti J, Mulloy JC. Improved multilineage human hematopoietic reconstitution and function in NSGS mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209034. [PMID: 30540841 PMCID: PMC6291127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of NOD/SCID (NS) mice has yielded numerous sub-strains with specific traits useful for the study of human hematopoietic xenografts, each with unique characteristics. Here, we have compared the engraftment and output of umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells in four immune-deficient strains: NS, NS with additional IL2RG knockout (NSG), NS with transgenic expression of human myeloid promoting cytokines SCF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 (NSS), and NS with both IL2RG knockout and transgenic cytokine expression (NSGS). Overall engraftment of human hematopoietic cells was highest in the IL2RG knockout strains (NSG and NSGS), while myeloid cell output was notably enhanced in the two strains with transgenic cytokine expression (NSS and NSGS). In further comparisons of NSG and NSGS mice, several additional differences were noted. NSGS mice were found to have a more rapid reconstitution of T cells, improved B cell differentiation, increased levels of NK cells, reduced platelets, and reduced maintenance of primitive CD34+ cells in the bone marrow. NSGS were superior hosts for secondary engraftment and both strains were equally suitable for experiments of graft versus host disease. Increased levels of human cytokines as well as human IgG and IgM were detected in the serum of humanized NSGS mice. Furthermore, immunization of humanized NSGS mice provided evidence of a functional response to repeated antigen exposure, implying a more complete hematopoietic graft was generated in these mice. These results highlight the important role that myeloid cells and myeloid-supportive cytokines play in the formation of a more functional xenograft immune system in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MW); (JM)
| | - Fu-Sheng Chou
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina Sexton
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julio Aliberti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James C. Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MW); (JM)
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13
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Minkah NK, Schafer C, Kappe SHI. Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Human Malaria Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:807. [PMID: 29725334 PMCID: PMC5917005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasite infection continues to inflict extensive morbidity and mortality in resource-poor countries. The insufficiently understood parasite biology, continuously evolving drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine necessitate intensive research on human malaria parasites that can inform the development of new intervention tools. Humanized mouse models have been greatly improved over the last decade and enable the direct study of human malaria parasites in vivo in the laboratory. Nevertheless, no small animal model developed so far is capable of maintaining the complete life cycle of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans. The ultimate goal is to develop humanized mouse systems in which a Plasmodium infection closely reproduces all stages of a parasite infection in humans, including pre-erythrocytic infection, blood stage infection and its associated pathology, transmission as well as the human immune response to infection. Here, we discuss current humanized mouse models and the future directions that should be taken to develop next-generation models for human malaria parasite research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana K Minkah
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carola Schafer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Evering TH, Tsuji M. Human Immune System Mice for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 29670623 PMCID: PMC5893637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cell populations or tissues, also known as human immune system (HIS) mice, have emerged as an important and versatile tool for the in vivo study of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis, treatment, and persistence in various biological compartments. Recent work in HIS mice has demonstrated their ability to recapitulate critical aspects of human immune responses to HIV-1 infection, and such studies have informed our knowledge of HIV-1 persistence and latency in the context of combination antiretroviral therapy. The central nervous system (CNS) is a unique, immunologically privileged compartment susceptible to HIV-1 infection, replication, and immune-mediated damage. The unique, neural, and glia-rich cellular composition of this compartment, as well as the important role of infiltrating cells of the myeloid lineage in HIV-1 seeding and replication makes its study of paramount importance, particularly in the context of HIV-1 cure research. Current work on the replication and persistence of HIV-1 in the CNS, as well as cells of the myeloid lineage thought to be important in HIV-1 infection of this compartment, has been aided by the expanded use of these HIS mouse models. In this review, we describe the major HIS mouse models currently in use for the study of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis, recent insights from the field, limitations of the available models, and promising advances in HIS mouse model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Evering
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, An Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, An Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Abstract
The development of humanized mice has become a prominent tool for translational animal studies of human diseases. Here we show how immune deficient mice can be "humanized" by injections of human umbilical cord stem cells. The engraftment of these cells and development into human lymphocytes has been possible because of the development of novel severely immune deficient mouse strains. Here we present proven protocols for the generation and analysis of humanized mice on the NSG mouse background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devra D Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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16
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Waltari E, Jia M, Jiang CS, Lu H, Huang J, Fernandez C, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE, Markowitz M, Tsuji M, Wu X. 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends and Illumina MiSeq Reveals B Cell Receptor Features in Healthy Adults, Adults With Chronic HIV-1 Infection, Cord Blood, and Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:628. [PMID: 29632541 PMCID: PMC5879793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, Illumina MiSeq, and basic flow cytometry, we systematically analyzed the expressed B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in 14 healthy adult PBMCs, 5 HIV-1+ adult PBMCs, 5 cord blood samples, and 3 HIS-CD4/B mice, examining the full-length variable region of μ, γ, α, κ, and λ chains for V-gene usage, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and CDR3 length. Adding to the known repertoire of healthy adults, Illumina MiSeq consistently detected small fractions of reads with high mutation frequencies including hypermutated μ reads, and reads with long CDR3s. Additionally, the less studied IgA repertoire displayed similar characteristics to that of IgG. Compared to healthy adults, the five HIV-1 chronically infected adults displayed elevated mutation frequencies for all μ, γ, α, κ, and λ chains examined and slightly longer CDR3 lengths for γ, α, and λ. To evaluate the reconstituted human BCR sequences in a humanized mouse model, we analyzed cord blood and HIS-CD4/B mice, which all lacked the typical SHM seen in the adult reference. Furthermore, MiSeq revealed identical unmutated IgM sequences derived from separate cell aliquots, thus for the first time demonstrating rare clonal members of unmutated IgM B cells by sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Waltari
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caroline S Jiang
- Hospital Biostatistics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cristina Fernandez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Durost PA, Aryee KE, Manzoor F, Tisch RM, Mueller C, Jurczyk A, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Gene Therapy with an Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Expressing Human Interleukin-2 Alters Immune System Homeostasis in Humanized Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:352-365. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Durost
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Fatima Manzoor
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Roland M. Tisch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics and Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Agata Jurczyk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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18
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Nogueira RT, Sahi V, Huang J, Tsuji M. Human IgG repertoire of malaria antigen-immunized human immune system (HIS) mice. Immunol Lett 2017; 188:46-52. [PMID: 28610800 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models present an important tool for preclinical evaluation of new vaccines and therapeutics. Here we show the human variable repertoire of antibody sequences cloned from a previously described human immune system (HIS) mouse model that possesses functional human CD4+ T cells and B cells, namely HIS-CD4/B mice. We sequenced variable IgG genes from single memory B-cell and plasma-cell sorted from splenocytes or whole blood lymphocytes of HIS-CD4/B mice that were vaccinated with a human plasmodial antigen, a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (rPfCSP). We demonstrate that rPfCSP immunization triggers a diverse B-cell IgG repertoire composed of various human VH family genes and distinct V(D)J recombinations that constitute diverse CDR3 sequences similar to humans, although low hypermutated sequences were generated. These results demonstrate the substantial genetic diversity of responding human B cells of HIS-CD4/B mice and their capacity to mount human IgG class-switched antibody response upon vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tayar Nogueira
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Vincent Sahi
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Steel RW, Kappe SH, Sack BK. An expanding toolkit for preclinical pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine development: bridging traditional mouse malaria models and human trials. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1563-1579. [PMID: 27855488 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant public health burden with 214 million new infections and over 400,000 deaths in 2015. Elucidating relevant Plasmodium parasite biology can lead to the identification of novel ways to control and ultimately eliminate the parasite within geographic areas. Particularly, the development of an effective vaccine that targets the clinically silent pre-erythrocytic stages of infection would significantly augment existing malaria elimination tools by preventing both the onset of blood-stage infection/disease as well as spread of the parasite through mosquito transmission. In this Perspective, we discuss the role of small animal models in pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine development, highlighting how human liver-chimeric and human immune system mice are emerging as valuable components of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wj Steel
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan Hi Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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20
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Human CD8+ T cells mediate protective immunity induced by a human malaria vaccine in human immune system mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:4501-4506. [PMID: 27502569 PMCID: PMC5009892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that CD8+ T cells mediate protective anti-malaria immunity in a mouse model. However, whether human CD8+ T cells play a role in protection against malaria remains unknown. We recently established human immune system (HIS) mice harboring functional human CD8+ T cells (HIS-CD8 mice) by transduction with HLA-A∗0201 and certain human cytokines using recombinant adeno-associated virus-based gene transfer technologies. These HIS-CD8 mice mount a potent, antigen-specific HLA-A∗0201-restricted human CD8+ T-cell response upon immunization with a recombinant adenovirus expressing a human malaria antigen, the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), termed AdPfCSP. In the present study, we challenged AdPfCSP-immunized HIS-CD8 mice with transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing full-length PfCSP and found that AdPfCSP-immunized (but not naïve) mice were protected against subsequent malaria challenge. The level of the HLA-A∗0201-restricted, PfCSP-specific human CD8+ T-cell response was closely correlated with the level of malaria protection. Furthermore, depletion of human CD8+ T cells from AdPfCSP-immunized HIS-CD8 mice almost completely abolished the anti-malaria immune response. Taken together, our data show that human CD8+ T cells mediate protective anti-malaria immunity in vivo.
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Capsid-CPSF6 Interaction Is Dispensable for HIV-1 Replication in Primary Cells but Is Selected during Virus Passage In Vivo. J Virol 2016; 90:6918-6935. [PMID: 27307565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00019-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 (CPSF6), a host factor that interacts with the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein, is implicated in diverse functions during the early part of the HIV-1 life cycle, including uncoating, nuclear entry, and integration targeting. Preservation of CA binding to CPSF6 in vivo suggests that this interaction is fine-tuned for efficient HIV-1 replication in physiologically relevant settings. Nevertheless, this possibility has not been formally examined. To assess the requirement for optimal CPSF6-CA binding during infection of primary cells and in vivo, we utilized a novel CA mutation, A77V, that significantly reduced CA binding to CPSF6. The A77V mutation rendered HIV-1 largely independent from TNPO3, NUP358, and NUP153 for infection and altered the integration site preference of HIV-1 without any discernible effects during the late steps of the virus life cycle. Surprisingly, the A77V mutant virus maintained the ability to replicate in monocyte-derived macrophages, primary CD4(+) T cells, and humanized mice at a level comparable to that for the wild-type (WT) virus. Nonetheless, revertant viruses that restored the WT CA sequence and hence CA binding to CPSF6 emerged in three out of four A77V-infected animals. These results suggest that the optimal interaction of CA with CPSF6, though not absolutely essential for HIV-1 replication in physiologically relevant settings, confers a significant fitness advantage to the virus and thus is strictly conserved among naturally circulating HIV-1 strains. IMPORTANCE CPSF6 interacts with the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein and has been implicated in nuclear entry and integration targeting. Preservation of CPSF6-CA binding across various HIV-1 strains suggested that the optimal interaction between CA and CPSF6 is critical during HIV-1 replication in vivo Here, we identified a novel HIV-1 capsid mutant that reduces binding to CPSF6, is largely independent from the known cofactors for nuclear entry, and alters integration site preference. Despite these changes, virus carrying this mutation replicated in humanized mice at levels indistinguishable from those of the wild-type virus. However, in the majority of the animals, the mutant virus reverted back to the wild-type sequence, hence restoring the wild-type level of CA-CPSF6 interactions. These results suggest that optimal binding of CA to CPSF6 is not absolutely essential for HIV-1 replication in vivo but provides a fitness advantage that leads to the widespread usage of CPSF6 by HIV-1 in vivo.
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Sharma A, Wu W, Sung B, Huang J, Tsao T, Li X, Gomi R, Tsuji M, Worgall S. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Pulmonary Infection in Humanized Mice Induces Human Anti-RSV Immune Responses and Pathology. J Virol 2016; 90:5068-5074. [PMID: 26962219 PMCID: PMC4859698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00259-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease, which causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in infants and the elderly. Models of human RSV pulmonary disease are needed to better understand RSV pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of RSV vaccines. We assessed the RSV-specific human innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses in humanized mice (mice with a human immune system [HIS mice]) with functional human CD4(+) T and B cells. These mice were generated by introduction of HLA class II genes, various human cytokines, and human B cell activation factor into immunodeficient NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice by the use of an adeno-associated virus vector, followed by engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells. During the first 3 days of infection, HIS mice lost more weight and cleared RSV faster than NSG mice. Human chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression was detected in the RSV-infected HIS mice. The pathological features induced by RSV infection in HIS mice included peribronchiolar inflammation, neutrophil predominance in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, and enhanced airway mucus production. Human anti-RSV IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum and human anti-RSV mucosal IgA was detected in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid for up to 6 weeks. RSV infection induced an RSV-specific human gamma interferon response in HIS mouse splenocytes. These results indicate that human immune cells can induce features of RSV lung disease, including mucus hyperplasia, in murine lungs and that HIS mice can be used to elicit human anti-RSV humoral and cellular immunity. IMPORTANCE Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common and can cause severe lung disease in infants and the elderly. The lack of a suitable animal model with disease features similar to those in humans has hampered efforts to predict the efficacy of novel anti-RSV therapies and vaccines for use in humans. A murine model consisting of mice with a human immune system (HIS mice) could be useful for assessment of RSV disease and anti-RSV responses specific to humans. This study investigates an HIS mouse model to imitate human RSV disease and immune responses. We found that RSV lung infection in HIS mice results in an RSV-specific pathology that mimics RSV disease in humans and induces human anti-RSV immune responses. This model could be useful for better understanding of human RSV disease and for the development of RSV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenzhu Wu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Biin Sung
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany Tsao
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiangming Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rika Gomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Worgall
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Hentzschel F, Herrmann AK, Mueller AK, Grimm D. Plasmodium meets AAV-the (un)likely marriage of parasitology and virology, and how to make the match. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2027-45. [PMID: 27117587 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of screening technologies in malaria research has substantially expanded our knowledge on cellular factors hijacked by the Plasmodium parasite in the infected host, including those that participate in the clinically silent liver stage. This rapid gain in our understanding of the hepatic interaction partners now requires a means to validate and further disentangle parasite-host networks in physiologically relevant liver model systems. Here, we outline seminal work that contributed to our present knowledge on the intrahepatic Plasmodium host factors, followed by a discussion of surrogate models of mammalian livers or hepatocytes. We finally describe how Adeno-associated viruses could be engineered and used as hepatotropic tools to dissect Plasmodium-host interactions, and to deliberately control these networks for antimalaria vaccination or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hentzschel
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Herrmann
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
There have been significant decreases in malaria mortality and morbidity in the last 10-15 years, and the most advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine, RTS,S, received a positive opinion from European regulators in July 2015. However, no blood-stage vaccine has reached a phase III trial. The first part of this review summarizes the pros and cons of various assays and models that have been and will be used to predict the efficacy of blood-stage vaccines. In the second part, blood-stage vaccine candidates that showed some efficacy in human clinical trials or controlled human malaria infection models are discussed. Then, candidates under clinical investigation are described in the third part, and other novel candidates and strategies are reviewed in the last part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- a Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Rockville , MD , USA
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