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Baman JR, Medhekar AN, Jain SK, Knight BP, Harrison LH, Smith B, Saba S. Management of systemic fungal infections in the presence of a cardiac implantable electronic device: A systematic review. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2020; 44:159-166. [PMID: 33052591 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence to inform the management of systemic fungal infections in the setting of a cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), such as a permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, is scant and limited to case reports and series. The available literature suggests high morbidity and mortality. To better characterize the shared experience of these cases and their outcomes, we performed a systematic review. We investigated all published reports of systemic fungal infections-fungemia and fungal vegetative disease-in the context of CIED, drawing from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, inclusive of patients who received treatment between January 2000 and May 2020. Exclusion criteria included presence of ventricular assist device and concurrent bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, bacterial vegetative infection, or viremia. Among 6261 screened articles, 48 cases from 41 individual studies were identified. Candida and Aspergillus species were the most commonly isolated fungi. There was significant heterogeneity in antifungal medication selection and duration. CIED extraction-either transvenous or surgical-was associated with increased survival to hospital discharge (92%) and clinical recovery at latest follow-up (81%), compared to cases where CIED extraction was deferred (56% and 40%, respectively). Importantly, there were no prospective data, and the data were limited to individual case reports and one small case series. In summary, CIED extraction is associated with improved fungal clearance and patient survival. Reported antifungal regimens are heterogeneous and nonuniform. Prospective studies are needed to verify these results and define optimal antifungal regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson R Baman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ankit N Medhekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandeep K Jain
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley P Knight
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lee H Harrison
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brandon Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samir Saba
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2
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Tan SYL, Chung SJ, Tan TE, Teo L, Tan BH, Tan YE. An unusual case of Scedosporium apiospermum fungaemia in an immunocompetent patient with a left ventricular assist device and an implantable cardiac device. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000148. [PMID: 33195980 PMCID: PMC7656191 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-related infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with fungal infections being particularly difficult to manage. We report a case of an immunocompetent 39-year-old male with an LVAD and an implantable cardiac device (ICD) who developed fatal Scedosporium apiospermum fungaemia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of LVAD-related S. apiospermum fungaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Yan Ling Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Shimin Jasmine Chung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Teing Ee Tan
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Louis Teo
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Ban Hock Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Yen Ee Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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3
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Seidel D, Meißner A, Lackner M, Piepenbrock E, Salmanton-García J, Stecher M, Mellinghoff S, Hamprecht A, Durán Graeff L, Köhler P, Cheng MP, Denis J, Chedotal I, Chander J, Pakstis DL, Los-Arcos I, Slavin M, Montagna MT, Caggiano G, Mares M, Trauth J, Aurbach U, Vehreschild MJGT, Vehreschild JJ, Duarte RF, Herbrecht R, Wisplinghoff H, Cornely OA. Prognostic factors in 264 adults with invasive Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans infection reported in the literature and FungiScope®. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:1-21. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1514366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila Seidel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arne Meißner
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ellen Piepenbrock
- Department of Immunology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Partner site Bonn - Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - Sibylle Mellinghoff
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Hamprecht
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luisa Durán Graeff
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Köhler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Partner site Bonn - Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew P. Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Denis
- Hôpitaux Universitaires, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Chedotal
- Oncology and Hematology Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg and INSERM U1113, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jagdish Chander
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Ibai Los-Arcos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Slavin
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, The National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caggiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mihai Mares
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University, Iași, Romania
| | - Janina Trauth
- Medical Clinic II – Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Giessen/Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ute Aurbach
- Laboratory Dr. Wisplinghoff, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Partner site Bonn - Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology CIO Köln/Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Janne Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Partner site Bonn - Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology CIO Köln/Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rafael F. Duarte
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raoul Herbrecht
- Oncology and Hematology Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg and INSERM U1113, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hilmar Wisplinghoff
- Department of Immunology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory Dr. Wisplinghoff, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Clinical Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Partner site Bonn - Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology CIO Köln/Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MIDS, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL. Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538735 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Scedosporium and Lomentospora are considered as emerging opportunists, affecting immunosuppressed and otherwise debilitated patients, although classically they are known from causing trauma-associated infections in healthy individuals. Clinical manifestations range from local infection to pulmonary colonization and severe invasive disease, in which mortality rates may be over 80%. These unacceptably high rates are due to the clinical status of patients, diagnostic difficulties, and to intrinsic antifungal resistance of these fungi. In consequence, several consortia have been founded to increase research efforts on these orphan fungi. The current review presents recent findings and summarizes the most relevant points, including the Scedosporium/Lomentospora taxonomy, environmental distribution, epidemiology, pathology, virulence factors, immunology, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aize Pellon
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephane Ranque
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HM / CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Vandeputte
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Yohann Le Govic
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Sandrine Giraud
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Sharon Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Peman
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Berlin/Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Tintelnot
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javier Capilla
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jose Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Markus Nagl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando L Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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5
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Clement ME, Maziarz EK, Schroder JN, Patel CB, Perfect JR. Scedosporium apiosermum infection of the "Native" valve: Fungal endocarditis in an orthotopic heart transplant recipient. Med Mycol Case Rep 2015; 9:34-6. [PMID: 26288748 PMCID: PMC4534754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scedosporium apiospermum is an increasingly appreciated pathogen in immunosuppressed patients. We present a case of S. apiospermum endocarditis in a 70-year-old male who had undergone orthotopic heart transplant. Echocardiogram demonstrated a 1.4 cm tricuspid valve vegetation. He underwent valve replacement, complicated by fatal massive post-operative haemorrhage. Valve cultures grew S. apiospermum. To our knowledge, our case is the first reported instance of endocarditis caused by S. apiospermum in a recipient of a cardiac transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Clement
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Eileen K Maziarz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jacob N Schroder
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chetan B Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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6
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7
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Thermomyces lanuginosus infective endocarditis: Case report and a review of endocarditis due to uncommon moulds. Med Mycol Case Rep 2013; 2:152-5. [PMID: 24432243 PMCID: PMC3885936 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of Thermomyces lanuginosus endocarditis, the first reported in a living patient, and review the literature to delineate the clinical characteristics, investigations and management of endocarditis due to such rare but emerging mould pathogens.
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8
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Scedosporium apiospermum endopthalmitis treated early with intravitreous voriconazole results in recovery of vision. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2012; 2:157-60. [PMID: 22370908 PMCID: PMC3438303 DOI: 10.1007/s12348-012-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study is to report a case of endogenous endopthalmitis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum with a favorable outcome and review previously reported cases, their treatment regimens and outcomes. Methods An 83-year-old man with diabetes mellitus, no other immunocompromising risk factors, and a history of S. apiospermum endopthalmitis in the left eye developed endopthalmitis in the right eye. Within 72 h of presentation, he was treated with a pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal voriconozole. Results Vitreous cultures confirmed S. apiospermum. The patient responded to treatment, with a favorable outcome and full recovery of vision. Conclusions Recognition of S. apiospermum endopthalmitis and appropriate early intervention with pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal voriconozole can lead to a favorable outcome with restoration of visual acuity.
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Lackner M, De Man FH, Eygendaal D, Wintermans RGF, Kluytmans JA, Klaassen CH, Meis JF. Severe prosthetic joint infection in an immunocompetent male patient due to a therapy refractory Pseudallescheria apiosperma. Mycoses 2012; 54 Suppl 3:22-7. [PMID: 21995659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are rarely due to fungal agents and if so they are mainly caused by Candida strains. This case represents a PJI caused by a multi-drug resistant Pseudallescheria apiosperma, with poor in vivo response to itraconazole and voriconazole. This case differs also by the way of infection, since the joint infection did not follow a penetrating trauma. In the majority of cases, Scedosporium extremity infections remain local in immunocompetent individuals. We report a persistent joint infection with multiple therapeutic failures, and subsequent amputation of the left leg. Detailed clinical data, patient history, treatment regime and outcome of a very long-lasting (>4 years) P. apiosperma prosthetic knee infection in an immunocompetent, 61-year-old male patient are presented with this case. The patient was finally cured by the combination of multiple and extensive surgical interventions and prolonged antifungal combination therapy with voriconazole and terbinafine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lackner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Emerging infectious endocarditis due to Scedosporium prolificans: a model of therapeutic complexity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:1321-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saffra NA, Desai RU, Seidman CJ, Chapnick EK. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis after cardiac surgery. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41 Online:e1-3. [PMID: 21053864 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20101025-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors present a single-patient interventional case report of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE) in a patient with an implanted prosthetic device. A 74-year-old man underwent a double coronary artery bypass graft with a bioprosthetic pericardial valve and transvenous dual chamber pacemaker. Four months later, he presented with EFE. Despite aggressive local and systemic antifungal therapy, the patient died of septic shock due to a fungally infected pacemaker. Successful management of post-cardiac surgery EFE requires aggressive local and systemic antifungal therapy, but without surgical removal of implanted thoracic hardware these modalities alone may be insufficient for a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Saffra
- Division of Ophthalmology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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12
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Bienvenu AL, Rigollet L, Martins-Carvalho C, E.Truy, Picot S. Un cas d’otite externe compliquée d’une ostéolyse due à Scedosporium apiospermum. J Mycol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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