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Shen R, Achenbach J, Shen Y, Palaia J, Rahkola JT, Nick HJ, Smythies LE, McConnell M, Fowler MG, Smith PD, Janoff EN. Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Events Are Differentially Impacted by Breast Milk and Its Components from HIV-1-Infected Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145150. [PMID: 26680219 PMCID: PMC4683070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a vehicle of infection and source of protection in post-natal mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission (MTCT). Understanding the mechanism by which breast milk limits vertical transmission will provide critical insight into the design of preventive and therapeutic approaches to interrupt HIV-1 mucosal transmission. However, characterization of the inhibitory activity of breast milk in human intestinal mucosa, the portal of entry in postnatal MTCT, has been constrained by the limited availability of primary mucosal target cells and tissues to recapitulate mucosal transmission ex vivo. Here, we characterized the impact of skimmed breast milk, breast milk antibodies (Igs) and non-Ig components from HIV-1-infected Ugandan women on the major events of HIV-1 mucosal transmission using primary human intestinal cells and tissues. HIV-1-specific IgG antibodies and non-Ig components in breast milk inhibited the uptake of Ugandan HIV-1 isolates by primary human intestinal epithelial cells, viral replication in and transport of HIV-1- bearing dendritic cells through the human intestinal mucosa. Breast milk HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA, as well as innate factors, blocked the uptake and transport of HIV-1 through intestinal mucosa. Thus, breast milk components have distinct and complementary effects in reducing HIV-1 uptake, transport through and replication in the intestinal mucosa and, therefore, likely contribute to preventing postnatal HIV-1 transmission. Our data suggests that a successful preventive or therapeutic approach would require multiple immune factors acting at multiple steps in the HIV-1 mucosal transmission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ENJ); (RS)
| | - Jenna Achenbach
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama United States of America
| | - Jana Palaia
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy T. Rahkola
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Heidi J. Nick
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lesley E. Smythies
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mary G. Fowler
- The Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ENJ); (RS)
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