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Wilson RC, Riezk A, Arkell P, Ming D, Armiger R, Latham V, Gilchrist MJ, Märtson AG, Hope WW, Holmes AH, Rawson TM. Towards pharmacokinetic boosting of phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin-V) using probenecid for the treatment of bacterial infections. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16762. [PMID: 39034340 PMCID: PMC11271292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the face of increasing antimicrobial tolerance and resistance there is a global obligation to optimise oral antimicrobial dosing strategies including narrow spectrum penicillins, such as penicillin-V. We conducted a randomised, crossover study in healthy volunteers to characterise the influence of probenecid on penicillin-V pharmacokinetics and estimate the pharmacodynamics against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Twenty participants took six doses of penicillin-V (250 mg, 500 mg or 750 mg four times daily) with and without probenecid. Total and free concentrations of penicillin-V and probenecid were measured at two timepoints. A pharmacokinetic model was developed, and the probability of target attainment (PTA) calculated. The mean difference (95% CI) between penicillin-V alone and in combination with probenecid for serum total and free penicillin-V concentrations was significantly different at both timepoints (total: 45 min 4.32 (3.20-5.32) mg/L p < 0.001, 180 min 2.2 (1.58-3.25) mg/L p < 0.001; free: 45 min 1.15 (0.88-1.42) mg/L p < 0.001, 180 min 0.5 (0.35-0.76) mg/L p < 0.001). There was no difference between the timepoints in probenecid concentrations. PTA analysis shows probenecid allows a fourfold increase in MIC cover. Addition of probenecid was safe and well tolerated. The data support further research into improved dosing structures for complex outpatient therapy and might also be used to address penicillin supply shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Wilson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
- David Price Evans Infectious Diseases and Global Health Group, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Alaa Riezk
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul Arkell
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Damien Ming
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ryan Armiger
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Victoria Latham
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Mark J Gilchrist
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Anne-Grete Märtson
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - William W Hope
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Alison H Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
- David Price Evans Infectious Diseases and Global Health Group, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Timothy M Rawson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London, W12 0NN, UK
- David Price Evans Infectious Diseases and Global Health Group, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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Reza N, Gerada A, Stott KE, Howard A, Sharland M, Hope W. Challenges for global antibiotic regimen planning and establishing antimicrobial resistance targets: implications for the WHO Essential Medicines List and AWaRe antibiotic book dosing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0013923. [PMID: 38436564 PMCID: PMC11324030 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00139-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe World Health Organisation's 2022 AWaRe Book provides guidance for the use of 39 antibiotics to treat 35 infections in primary healthcare and hospital facilities. We review the evidence underpinning suggested dosing regimens. Few (n = 18) population pharmacokinetic studies exist for key oral AWaRe antibiotics, largely conducted in homogenous and unrepresentative populations hindering robust estimates of drug exposures. Databases of minimum inhibitory concentration distributions are limited, especially for community pathogen-antibiotic combinations. Minimum inhibitory concentration data sources are not routinely reported and lack regional diversity and community representation. Of studies defining a pharmacodynamic target for ß-lactams (n = 80), 42 (52.5%) differed from traditionally accepted 30%-50% time above minimum inhibitory concentration targets. Heterogeneity in model systems and pharmacodynamic endpoints is common, and models generally use intravenous ß-lactams. One-size-fits-all pharmacodynamic targets are used for regimen planning despite complexity in drug-pathogen-disease combinations. We present solutions to enable the development of global evidence-based antibiotic dosing guidance that provides adequate treatment in the context of the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and, moreover, minimizes the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Reza
- Department of
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems,
Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool,
United Kingdom
- Liverpool University
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Gerada
- Department of
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems,
Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool,
United Kingdom
- Liverpool University
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine E. Stott
- Department of
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems,
Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool,
United Kingdom
- Liverpool University
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Howard
- Department of
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems,
Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool,
United Kingdom
- Liverpool University
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Sharland
- Centre for Neonatal
and Paediatric Infection, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St
George’s, University of London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - William Hope
- Department of
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems,
Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool,
United Kingdom
- Liverpool University
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Liverpool, United Kingdom
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3
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Eleftheriotis G, Marangos M, Lagadinou M, Bhagani S, Assimakopoulos SF. Oral Antibiotics for Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:3004. [PMID: 38138148 PMCID: PMC10745436 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia and endocarditis are two clinical syndromes that, for decades, were managed exclusively with parenteral antimicrobials, irrespective of a given patient's clinical condition, causative pathogen, or its antibiotic susceptibility profile. This clinical approach, however, was based on low-quality data and outdated expert opinions. When a patient's condition has improved, gastrointestinal absorption is not compromised, and an oral antibiotic regimen reaching adequate serum concentrations is available, a switch to oral antibacterials can be applied. Although available evidence has reduced the timing of the oral switch in bacteremia to three days/until clinical improvement, there are only scarce data regarding less than 10-day intravenous antibiotic therapy in endocarditis. Many standard or studied oral antimicrobial dosages are smaller than the approved doses for parenteral administration, which is a risk factor for treatment failure; in addition, the gastrointestinal barrier may affect drug bioavailability, especially when the causative pathogen has a minimum inhibitory concentration that is close to the susceptibility breakpoint. A considerable number of patients infected by such near-breakpoint strains may not be potential candidates for oral step-down therapy to non-highly bioavailable antibiotics like beta-lactams; different breakpoints should be determined for this setting. This review will focus on summarizing findings about pathogen-specific tailoring of oral step-down therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis, but will also present laboratory and clinical data about antibiotics such as beta-lactams, linezolid, and fosfomycin that should be studied more in order to elucidate their role and optimal dosage in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Eleftheriotis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.E.); (M.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.E.); (M.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Maria Lagadinou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.E.); (M.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Sanjay Bhagani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.E.); (M.M.); (M.L.)
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Kanan M, Atif S, Mohammed F, Balahmar Y, Adawi Y, AlSaleem R, Farhan A, Alghoribi M, Mohammed S, Alshanbari R, Fahad M, Kallab R, Mohammed R, Alassaf D, Hazza A. A Systematic Review on the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Cephalexin in Healthy and Diseased Populations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1402. [PMID: 37760698 PMCID: PMC10526061 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cephalexin is a first-generation β-lactam antibiotic used in adults and pediatrics to treat various streptococcal and staphylococcal infections. This review aims to summarize and evaluate all the pharmacokinetic (PK) data on cephalexin by screening out all pertinent studies in human beings following the per oral (PO) route. By employing different online search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Science Direct, 23 studies were retrieved, among which nine were in healthy subjects, five in diseased ones, and the remaining were drug-drug, drug-food, and bioequivalence-related. These studies were included only based on the presence of plasma concentration-time profiles or PK parameters, i.e., maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2) area under the curve from time 0-infinity (AUC0-∞), and clearance (CL/F). A dose-proportional increase in AUC0-∞ and Cmax can be portrayed in different studies conducted in the healthy population. In comparison to cefaclor, Cmax was recorded to be 0.5 folds higher for cephalexin in the case of renal impairment. An increase in AUC0-∞ was seen in cephalexin on administration with probenecid, i.e., 117 µg.h/mL vs. 68.1 µg.h/mL. Moreover, drug-drug interactions with omeprazole, ranitidine, zinc sulfate, and drug-food interactions for cephalexin and other cephalosporins have also been depicted in different studies with significant changes in all PK parameters. This current review has reported all accessible studies containing PK variables in healthy and diseased populations (renal, dental, and osteoarticular infections, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) that may be favorable for health practitioners in optimizing doses among the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Atif
- Al Iman General Hospital, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yara Balahmar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasir Adawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 85534, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Revan AlSaleem
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Ahmed Farhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manayer Alghoribi
- Al-Nahda General Hospital, Private Healthcare, Taif 26575, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saud Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Raghad Alshanbari
- Department of Pharmacy, Erfan and Bagedo General Hospital, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malak Fahad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Northern Borders University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rana Kallab
- Department of Pharmacy, Aldawaa Pharmacy, Arar 73551, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reem Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Dimah Alassaf
- College of Medicine, Princess Noura University, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashwag Hazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Altaawin Medical Clinics, Alkharj 16443, Saudi Arabia;
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5
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Chin PKL, Than M, Chambers S. One giant leap for cephalexin dosing, one small step for antimicrobial stewardship. CAN J EMERG MED 2023; 25:7-8. [PMID: 36617614 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-022-00442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ken Leong Chin
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Private Bag 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Waitaha Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Martin Than
- Emergency Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Chambers
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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6
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Wilson RC, Arkell P, Riezk A, Gilchrist M, Wheeler G, Hope W, Holmes AH, Rawson TM. Addition of probenecid to oral β-lactam antibiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2364-2372. [PMID: 35726853 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the literature comparing the pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes from adding probenecid to oral β-lactams. METHODS Medline and EMBASE were searched from inception to December 2021 for all English language studies comparing the addition of probenecid (intervention) with an oral β-lactam [flucloxacillin, penicillin V, amoxicillin (± clavulanate), cefalexin, cefuroxime axetil] alone (comparator). ROBINS-I and ROB-2 tools were used. Data on antibiotic therapy, infection diagnosis, primary and secondary outcomes relating to pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes, plus adverse events were extracted and reported descriptively. For a subset of studies comparing treatment failure between probenecid and control groups, meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Overall, 18/295 (6%) screened abstracts were included. Populations, methodology and outcome data were heterogeneous. Common populations included healthy volunteers (9/18; 50%) and those with gonococcal infection (6/18; 33%). Most studies were crossover trials (11/18; 61%) or parallel-arm randomized trials (4/18; 22%). Where pharmacokinetic analyses were performed, addition of probenecid to oral β-lactams increased total AUC (7/7; 100%), Cmax (5/8; 63%) and serum t½ (6/8; 75%). Probenecid improved PTA (2/2; 100%). Meta-analysis of 3105 (2258 intervention, 847 control) patients treated for gonococcal disease demonstrated a relative risk of treatment failure in the random-effects model of 0.33 (95% CI 0.20-0.55; I2 = 7%), favouring probenecid. CONCLUSIONS Probenecid-boosted β-lactam therapy is associated with improved outcomes in gonococcal disease. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that probenecid-boosted oral β-lactam therapy may have a broader application, but appropriately powered mechanistic and efficacy studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Wilson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London W12 0NN, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Paul Arkell
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London W12 0NN, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Alaa Riezk
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark Gilchrist
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London W12 0NN, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Graham Wheeler
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK
| | - William Hope
- Centre for Excellence in Infectious Diseases Research (CEIDR), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Alison H Holmes
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London W12 0NN, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Timothy M Rawson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, London W12 0NN, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
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7
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Repurposing Probenecid to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030612. [PMID: 35337018 PMCID: PMC8955960 DOI: 10.3390/v14030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication and transmissibility are the principal causes of endemic and pandemic disease threats. There remains a need for broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The most common respiratory viruses are endemic agents such as coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and influenza viruses. Although vaccines are available for SARS-CoV-2 and some influenza viruses, there is a paucity of effective antiviral drugs, while for RSV there is no vaccine available, and therapeutic treatments are very limited. We have previously shown that probenecid is safe and effective in limiting influenza A virus replication and SARS-CoV-2 replication, along with strong evidence showing inhibition of RSV replication in vitro and in vivo. This review article will describe the antiviral activity profile of probenecid against these three viruses.
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García Perdomo CM, Ramírez Minota PA, Zúñiga-Benítez H, Peñuela GA. Cephalexin removal by persulfate activation using simulated sunlight and ferrous ions. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:52-62. [PMID: 35050865 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the main results related to the use of activated persulfate (PS) in the elimination of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalexin (CPX). Experiments were done using K2S2O8 and simulated sunlight. A face-centered central composite experimental design was used to analyze the effects of the solution pH and the PS concentration on the reaction, and to determine the optimized conditions that favor the CPX elimination. The results indicated that the removal of CPX is promoted by an acidic pH and under the higher evaluated PS dose (7.5 mg L-1). CPX total removal was achieved in 30 min. The analysis of the effect of the pollutant initial concentration indicated that a pseudo-first-order kinetics model can be used to describe the reaction. Likewise, the use of Fe2+ ions for PS activation (in the dark) was evaluated and established that a higher concentration of ions favors the pollutant removal. Control tests and under the presence of scavenger agents indicated that both HO• and SO4-• radicals would be present in the solution and promote the CPX elimination. The assessment of the solution dissolved organic carbon, nitrates and sulfates was also carried out, and indicated that a portion of the organic matter was mineralized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M García Perdomo
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia E-mail: ; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula A Ramírez Minota
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia E-mail: ; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Henry Zúñiga-Benítez
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia E-mail: ; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia E-mail:
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9
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Khosravi-Hamoleh A, Cheraghizade M. Enhanced and selective electrochemical sensing of cephalexin using zeolite/CPE. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical sensing of cephalexin was suggested using a modified electrode (zeolite/CPE). The designed electrode presents an enhanced, selective, stable, and reproducible sensing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Cheraghizade
- Advanced Surface Engineering and Nano Materials Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
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