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Matsui T, Sugiyama H, Nakai M, Nakabayashi Y. DNA Interaction and Cytotoxicity of Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Potential Anticancer Drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:282-6. [PMID: 26936054 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the anticancer activity of the cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)2(C^N)]Cl, we have studied the interaction of these complexes using calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and cytotoxicity assays with two tumor (L1210 and HeLa) and a non-tumor (BALB/3T3 clone A31) cell lines. It is suggested that the complexes act as intercalators and/or DNA minor groove binders. Moreover, the complexes display favorable cytotoxicity activities with L1210 and HeLa, which in all cases were significantly more favorable than cisplatin. In contrast, the complexes exhibit appreciably lower cytotoxicity toward BALB/3T3 clone A31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University
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Synthesis of a ruthenium(II) tryptophan-associated complex and biological evaluation against Ehrlich murine breast carcinoma. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-014-9882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mijatović A, Šmit B, Rilak A, Petrović B, Čanović D, Bugarčić ŽD. NMR kinetic studies of the interactions between [Ru(terpy)(bipy)(H2O)]2+ and some sulfur-donor ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Madeira PJA, Morais TS, Silva TJL, Florindo P, Garcia MH. Gas-phase behaviour of Ru(II) cyclopentadienyl-derived complexes with N-coordinated ligands by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: fragmentation pathways and energetics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1675-1686. [PMID: 22730088 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The gas-phase behaviour of six Ru(II) cyclopentadienyl-derived complexes with N-coordinated ligands, compounds with antitumor activities against several cancer lines, was studied. This was performed with the intent of establishing fragmentation pathways and to determine the Ru-L(N) and Ru-L(P) ligand bond dissociation energies. Such knowledge can be an important tool for the postulation of the mechanisms of action of these anticancer drugs. METHODS Two types of instruments equipped with electrospray ionisation were used (ion trap and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer). The dissociation energies were determined using energy-variable collision-induced dissociation measurements in the ion trap. The FTICR instrument was used to perform MS(n) experiments on one of the compounds and to obtain accurate mass measurements. Theoretical calculations were performed at the density functional theory (DFT) level using two different functionals (B3LYP and M06L) to estimate the dissociation energies of the complexes under study. RESULTS The influence of the L(N) on the bond dissociation energy (D) of RuCp compounds with different nitrogen ligands was studied. The lability order of L(N) was: imidazole<1-butylimidazole<5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole<1-benzylimidazole. Both the functionals used gave the following ligand lability order: imidazole<1-benzylimidazole<5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole<1-butylimidazole. It is clear that there is an inversion between 1-benzylimidazole and 1-butylimidazole for the experimental and theoretical lability orders. The M06L functional afforded values of D closer to the experimental values. The type of phosphane (L(P) ) influenced the dissociation energies, with values of D being higher for Ru-L(N) with 1-butylimidazole when the phosphane was 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane. The Ru-L(P) bond dissociation energy for triphenylphosphane was independent of the type of complex. CONCLUSIONS The D values of Ru-L(N) and Ru-L(P) were determined for all six compounds and compared with the values calculated by the DFT method. For the imidazole-derived ligands the energy trend was rationalized in terms of the increasing extension of the σ-donation/π-backdonation effect. The bond dissociation energy of Ru-PPh(3) was independent of the fragmentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J Amorim Madeira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Raja G, Butcher RJ, Jayabalakrishnan C. Studies on synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction and cytotoxicity of ruthenium(II) Schiff base complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 94:210-215. [PMID: 22522297 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of three hexa-coordinated ruthenium(II) Schiff base complexes of the type [RuCl(CO)(B)L] (B=PPh(3)/AsPh(3)/py and L=monobasic tridentate Schiff base ligand derived by the condensation of salicylaldehyde with 4-aminoantipyrine) are reported. IR, electronic, NMR and mass spectral data of the complexes are discussed. An octahedral geometry has been tentatively proposed for all the complexes. DNA binding properties of the ligand and its ruthenium(II) complexes have been investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy. Two of the complexes were tested for DNA cleavage property. Finally, in vitro study of the cytotoxicity of the ligand and the complex [RuCl(CO)(PPh(3))L] on HeLa were tested. The IC(50) value for the ligand and the complex were 52.3 and 31.6μm respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Raja
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641 020, Tamil Nadu, India
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Thermodynamic and structural study of phenanthroline derivative ruthenium complex/DNA interactions: Probing partial intercalation and binding properties. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 106:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Raja G, Butcher RJ, Jayabalakrishnan C. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and cleavage properties and anticancer studies of ruthenium(III) Schiff base complexes. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-011-9571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moreno V, Font-Bardia M, Calvet T, Lorenzo J, Avilés FX, Garcia MH, Morais TS, Valente A, Robalo MP. DNA interaction and cytotoxicity studies of new ruthenium(II) cyclopentadienyl derivative complexes containing heteroaromatic ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 105:241-9. [PMID: 21194624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four ruthenium(II) complexes with the formula [Ru(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(PP)L][CF(3)SO(3)], being (PP = two triphenylphosphine molecules), L = 1-benzylimidazole, ; (PP = two triphenylphosphine molecules), L = 2,2'bipyridine, ; (PP = two triphenylphosphine molecules), L = 4-Methylpyridine, ; (PP = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane), L = 4-Methylpyridine, , were prepared, in view to evaluate their potentialities as antitumor agents. The compounds were completely characterized by NMR spectroscopy and their crystal and molecular structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical studies were carried out giving for all the compounds quasi-reversible processes. The images obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggest interaction with pBR322 plasmid DNA. Measurements of the viscosity of solutions of free DNA and DNA incubated with different concentrations of the compounds confirmed this interaction. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1234 was much higher than that of cisplatin against human leukemia cancer cells (HL-60 cells). IC(50) values for all the compounds are in the range of submicromolar amounts. Apoptotic death percentage was also studied resulting similar than that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virtudes Moreno
- Department de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí y Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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The ruthenium complex cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride induces apoptosis and damages DNA in murine sarcoma 180 cells. J Biosci 2010; 35:371-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-010-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The compound cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in K562 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1562-8. [PMID: 20600797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(III) complexes are increasingly attracting the interest of researchers due to their promising pharmacological properties. In the present study, we investigated the ability of cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride to produce lethal effects in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. The MTT tetrazolium reduction test and the trypan blue exclusion assay revealed that the IC(50) for the compound after 48 h of incubation with K562 cells was approximately 10.74 and 73.45 microM, respectively. Interestingly, it was observed that this compound exhibits mild cytotoxicity towards MRC-5 human fibroblast cells (IC(50)>383 microM). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride was capable of change cell cycle distribution since the percentage of cells in the G1, S and G2 phases decreased. In addition, treatment with this compound induced apoptotic cell death in K562 cells, demonstrated by increased DNA content in the sub-G1-peak and a significant increase in caspase-3 activity. Assay using cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT) showed that the preincubation of K562 cells with this inhibitor had not effect on cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride induced caspase-3 activation. In summary, cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride displayed a significant cytotoxic effect through cell cycle arrest and apoptotic induction in K562 cells, which suggests that cis-(dichloro)tetrammineruthenium(III) chloride might have therapeutic potential against leukemia.
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Liu YJ, Liang ZH, Li ZZ, Zeng CH, Yao JH, Huang HL, Wu FH. 2-(3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolinoruthenium(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA-binding and antioxidant activity. Biometals 2010; 23:739-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ribeiro ADSBB, da Silva CC, Pereira FDC, Lima APD, Vilanova-Costa CAST, Aguiar SS, Pavanin LA, da Cruz AD, Silveira-Lacerda EDP. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cis-(dichloro)tetraammineruthenium(III) chloride on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 130:249-61. [PMID: 19214395 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents play an important role in cancer treatment mostly due their systemic action on human organism allowing access to liquid tumors and even metastases. Among these drugs, ruthenium compounds have been showing promising results to treat tumors and represent an important development of new antitumor therapy. This study presents the evaluation of cis-(dichloro)tetraammineruthenium(III) chloride, cis-[RuCl(2)(NH(3))(4)]Cl, genotoxic effects using human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Mitotic index (MI), chromosome aberrations (CA), and DNA damage using the comet assay were analyzed. MI in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures treated with 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microg mL(-1) cis-[RuCl(2)(NH(3))(4)]Cl were 5.9%, 4.6%, 3.9%, and 0%, respectively. Doxorubicin chloridate was used as the positive control. CA derived from 1, 10, and 100 microg mL(-1) concentrations were defined as spontaneous when compared with the negative control, and at the concentration of 1,000 microg mL(-1), the cell cycle was inhibited (IM = 0%). Results obtained for the comet assay using cis-[RuCl(2)(NH(3))(4)]Cl suggest that this compound has no genotoxic activity against cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Karipcin F, Baskale-Akdogan G. Synthesis and characterization of novel oxime-imine ligands and their heteronuclear ruthenium(III) complexes. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328409080065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Corral E, Hotze ACG, den Dulk H, Leczkowska A, Rodger A, Hannon MJ, Reedijk J. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and their modes of interaction with DNA: is there a correlation between these interactions and the antitumor activity of the compounds? J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:439-48. [PMID: 19085018 PMCID: PMC3036821 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Various interaction modes between a group of six ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and DNA have been studied using a number of spectroscopic techniques. Five mononuclear species were selected with formula [Ru(tpy)L1L2](2−n)+, and one closely related dinuclear cation of formula [{Ru(apy)(tpy)}2{μ-H2N(CH2)6NH2}]4+. The ligand tpy is 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and the ligand L1 is a bidentate ligand, namely, apy (2,2′-azobispyridine), 2-phenylazopyridine, or 2-phenylpyridinylmethylene amine. The ligand L2 is a labile monodentate ligand, being Cl−, H2O, or CH3CN. All six species containing a labile L2 were found to be able to coordinate to the DNA model base 9-ethylguanine by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The dinuclear cationic species, which has no positions available for coordination to a DNA base, was studied for comparison purposes. The interactions between a selection of four representative complexes and calf-thymus DNA were studied by circular and linear dichroism. To explore a possible relation between DNA-binding ability and toxicity, all compounds were screened for anticancer activity in a variety of cancer cell lines, showing in some cases an activity which is comparable to that of cisplatin. Comparison of the details of the compound structures, their DNA binding, and their toxicity allows the exploration of structure–activity relationships that might be used to guide optimization of the activity of agents of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Corral
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ruthenium(II) complexes containing N(4)-tolyl-2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones and phosphine ligands: NMR and electrochemical studies of cis–trans isomerization. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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