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Xie DD, Song R, Cheng X, Zhang H, Wei YF, Gao F. From Intercalation to External Binding: Ru(II) Complexes with a Spiro Ligand for TAR RNA Selective Binding and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12342-12349. [PMID: 38904258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
As a typical RNA virus, the genetic information on HIV-1 is entirely stored in RNA. The reverse transcription activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a crucial role in the replication and transmission of the virus. Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) block the function of RT by binding to the RNA binding site on RT, with very few targeting viral RNA. In this study, by transforming planar conjugated ligands into a spiro structure, we convert classical Ru(II) DNA intercalators into a nonintercalator. This enables selective binding to HIV-1 transactivation response (TAR) RNA on the outer side of nucleic acids through dual interactions involving hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attraction, effectively inhibiting HIV-1 RT and serving as a selective fluorescence probe for TAR RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Ran Song
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Fang Wei
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511400, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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2
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Li XL, Wang MF, Zeng LZ, Li GK, Zhao RY, Liu FD, Li Y, Yan YF, Liu Q, Li Z, Zhang H, Ren X, Gao F. Bithiophene-Functionalized Infrared Two-Photon Absorption Metal Complexes as Single-Molecule Platforms for Synergistic Photodynamic, Photothermal, and Chemotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402028. [PMID: 38656658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A planar conjugated ligand functionalized with bithiophene and its Ru(II), Os(II), and Ir(III) complexes have been constructed as single-molecule platform for synergistic photodynamic, photothermal, and chemotherapy. The complexes have significant two-photon absorption at 808 nm and remarkable singlet oxygen and superoxide anion production in aqueous solution and cells when exposed to 808 nm infrared irradiation. The most potent Ru(II) complex Ru7 enters tumor cells via the rare macropinocytosis, locates in both nuclei and mitochondria, and regulates DNA-related chemotherapeutic mechanisms intranuclearly including DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibition and their synergistic effects with photoactivated apoptosis, ferroptosis and DNA cleavage. Ru7 exhibits high efficacy in vivo for malignant melanoma and cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer tumors, with a 100 % survival rate of mice, low toxicity to normal cells and low residual rate. Such an infrared two-photon activatable metal complex may contribute to a new generation of single-molecule-based integrated diagnosis and treatment platform to address drug resistance in clinical practice and phototherapy for large, deeply located solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Kui Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Run-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Qishuai Liu
- Animal Research and Resource Center, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- Animal Research and Resource Center, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Ren
- Animal Research and Resource Center, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, East Outer Ring Road, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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3
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Herlah B, Janežič M, Ogris I, Grdadolnik SG, Kološa K, Žabkar S, Žegura B, Perdih A. Nature-inspired substituted 3-(imidazol-2-yl) morpholines targeting human topoisomerase IIα: Dynophore-derived discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116676. [PMID: 38772152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular nanomachine, human DNA topoisomerase IIα, plays a crucial role in replication, transcription, and recombination by catalyzing topological changes in the DNA, rendering it an optimal target for cancer chemotherapy. Current clinical topoisomerase II poisons often cause secondary tumors as side effects due to the accumulation of double-strand breaks in the DNA, spurring the development of catalytic inhibitors. Here, we used a dynamic pharmacophore approach to develop catalytic inhibitors targeting the ATP binding site of human DNA topoisomerase IIα. Our screening of a library of nature-inspired compounds led to the discovery of a class of 3-(imidazol-2-yl) morpholines as potent catalytic inhibitors that bind to the ATPase domain. Further experimental and computational studies identified hit compound 17, which exhibited selectivity against the human DNA topoisomerase IIα versus human protein kinases, cytotoxicity against several human cancer cells, and did not induce DNA double-strand breaks, making it distinct from clinical topoisomerase II poisons. This study integrates an innovative natural product-inspired chemistry and successful implementation of a molecular design strategy that incorporates a dynamic component of ligand-target molecular recognition, with comprehensive experimental characterization leading to hit compounds with potential impact on the development of more efficient chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Herlah
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matej Janežič
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Iza Ogris
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia
| | | | - Katja Kološa
- National institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 121, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Žabkar
- National institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 121, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 121, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana SI 1000, Slovenia.
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4
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Khan T, Raza S, Lawrence AJ. Medicinal Utility of Thiosemicarbazones with Special Reference to Mixed Ligand and Mixed Metal Complexes: A Review. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Dual Targeting Topoisomerase/G-Quadruplex Agents in Cancer Therapy-An Overview. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112932. [PMID: 36428499 PMCID: PMC9687504 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase (Topo) inhibitors have long been known as clinically effective drugs, while G-quadruplex (G4)-targeting compounds are emerging as a promising new strategy to target tumor cells and could support personalized treatment approaches in the near future. G-quadruplex (G4) is a secondary four-stranded DNA helical structure constituted of guanine-rich nucleic acids, and its stabilization impairs telomere replication, triggering the activation of several protein factors at telomere levels, including Topos. Thus, the pharmacological intervention through the simultaneous G4 stabilization and Topos inhibition offers a new opportunity to achieve greater antiproliferative activity and circumvent cellular insensitivity and resistance. In this line, dual ligands targeting both Topos and G4 emerge as innovative, efficient agents in cancer therapy. Although the research in this field is still limited, to date, some chemotypes have been identified, showing this dual activity and an interesting pharmacological profile. This paper reviews the available literature on dual Topo inhibitors/G4 stabilizing agents, with particular attention to the structure-activity relationship studies correlating the dual activity with the cytotoxic activity.
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6
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Guo YX, Liu M, Zhou YQ, Bi XD, Gao F. Terpyridyl ruthenium complexes as visible spectral probe for poly(A) RNA and bifunctional TAR RNA binders and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Wang MF, Li Y, Bi XD, Guo YX, Liu M, Zhang H, Gao F. Polypyridyl ruthenium complexes as bifunctional TAR RNA binders and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Elmali FT. Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding properties of Schiff base derivatives and Ru(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Baglini E, Salerno S, Barresi E, Robello M, Da Settimo F, Taliani S, Marini AM. Multiple Topoisomerase I (TopoI), Topoisomerase II (TopoII) and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase (TDP) inhibitors in the development of anticancer drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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da Silva CFN, Chrispim PBH, Possato B, Portapilla GB, Rohrabaugh TN, Ramos LCB, Santana da Silva R, de Albuquerque S, Turro C, Nikolaou S. Anticancer and antitrypanosomal activities of trinuclear ruthenium compounds with orthometalated phenazine ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16440-16452. [PMID: 32776028 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium complexes with orthometalated phenazines of general formula [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ2-OAc)5(L)(py)2]PF6 (L = dppn, benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 1; dppz, dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 2; CH3-dppz, 7-methyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 3; Cl-dppz, 7-chlorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 4) were investigated for their cytotoxic activity toward the B16F10 murine melanoma and the L929 non-cancer cell lines and against Trypanosoma cruzi (2-4). This study also reports a multi-technique investigation into how complexes 1-4 interact with DNA and human serum albumin, HSA. At concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 μM, all the complexes reduced B16F10 murine melanoma cell viability by over 50%. Complex 4 had the highest cytotoxic effect in the series, diminishing B16F10 cell viability to 38% at 2 μM, with an overall order for anticancer activity of 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. Complexes 2-4 showed remarkable activity in inhibiting epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Complex 2 showed better antitrypanosomal activity than the reference drug (IC50 = 1.19 μM and IC50 = 0.25 μM for epimastigote and amastigotes forms, respectivily). Ethidium bromide (EB) displacement assays showed that DNA intercalation progressively increases with the extension of the π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand and the presence of substituents in the phenazinic portion (1 > 4-3 > 2), showing that complex 1 is a stronger intercalator than EB itself (Kapp > 107 M-1). Viscosity measurements followed the same trend. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells and antitrypanosomal activity follow the same order, which is different to the tendency of DNA intercalation, suggesting DNA is not the main target of these complexes. Compound 1-4 showed very high affinity with HSA (Kb ∼109 M-1). Circular dichroism results also showed that the complexes alter significantly the secondary structure of the HSA, lowering the α-helix % from 86.2 (pure protein) to less than 5% for compounds 1, 2 and 4 at 2.8 μM. These findings demonstrated the important role of phenazines for the biological activity of triruthenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fontes Neves da Silva
- LABIQSC2 (Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Maikoo S, Chakraborty A, Vukea N, Dingle LMK, Samson WJ, de la Mare JA, Edkins AL, Booysen IN. Ruthenium complexes with mono- or bis-heterocyclic chelates: DNA/BSA binding, antioxidant and anticancer studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:4077-4088. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1775126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Maikoo
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Abir Chakraborty
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Nyeleti Vukea
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | | - William John Samson
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Irvin Noel Booysen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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12
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Beebe SJ, Celestine MJ, Bullock JL, Sandhaus S, Arca JF, Cropek DM, Ludvig TA, Foster SR, Clark JS, Beckford FA, Tano CM, Tonsel-White EA, Gurung RK, Stankavich CE, Tse-Dinh YC, Jarrett WL, Holder AA. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, topoisomerase inhibition, and apoptosis induction studies of a novel cobalt(III) complex with a thiosemicarbazone ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 203:110907. [PMID: 31715377 PMCID: PMC7053658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 9-anthraldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone (MeATSC) 1 and [Co(phen)2(O2CO)]Cl·6H2O 2 (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized. [Co(phen)2(O2CO)]Cl·6H2O 2 was used to produce anhydrous [Co(phen)2(H2O)2](NO3)33. Subsequently, anhydrous [Co(phen)2(H2O)2](NO3)33 was reacted with MeATSC 1 to produce [Co(phen)2(MeATSC)](NO3)3·1.5H2O·C2H5OH 4. The ligand, MeATSC 1 and all complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR, UV-visible, and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 59Co) spectroscopy, along with HRMS, and conductivity measurements, where appropriate. Interactions of MeATSC 1 and complex 4 with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) were investigated by carrying out UV-visible spectrophotometric studies. UV-visible spectrophotometric studies revealed weak interactions between ctDNA and the analytes, MeATSC 1 and complex 4 (Kb = 8.1 × 105 and 1.6 × 104 M-1, respectively). Topoisomerase inhibition assays and cleavage studies proved that complex 4 was an efficient catalytic inhibitor of human topoisomerases I and IIα. Based upon the results obtained from the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay on 4T1-luc metastatic mammary breast cancer cells (IC50 = 34.4 ± 5.2 μM when compared to IC50 = 13.75 ± 1.08 μM for the control, cisplatin), further investigations into the molecular events initiated by exposure to complex 4 were investigated. Studies have shown that complex 4 activated both the apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways in addition to causing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Furthermore, activation of cysteine-aspartic proteases3 (caspase 3) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner coupled with the ΔΨm, studies implicated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway as the major regulator of cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Beebe
- The Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Michael J Celestine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jimmie L Bullock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Shayna Sandhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jessa Faye Arca
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Donald M Cropek
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA
| | - Tekettay A Ludvig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Sydney R Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jasmine S Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Floyd A Beckford
- The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Avenue, Wise, VA 24293, USA
| | - Criszcele M Tano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Tonsel-White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Raj K Gurung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Courtney E Stankavich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - William L Jarrett
- School of Polymers and High-Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Alvin A Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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13
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Skok Ž, Zidar N, Kikelj D, Ilaš J. Dual Inhibitors of Human DNA Topoisomerase II and Other Cancer-Related Targets. J Med Chem 2019; 63:884-904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Skok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nace Zidar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ilaš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Liu XW, Huang J, Tang YX, Zhang SB, Lu JL. Topoisomerase I inhibitory and photocleavage activity by ruthenium complexes containing a new polyaza ligand. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2019.1661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Chang De, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Chang De, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xuan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Chang De, P.R. China
| | - Song-Bai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Chang De, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Lin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Chang De, P.R. China
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15
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Guan S, Pan T, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Mu L, Zhu D, Chang B, Zheng K, Qian J, Xie Q, Mei W, Tang W, Bai M. Synthesis, DNA-binding, and antitumor activity of polypyridyl-ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(L)2(DClPIP)] (L = bpy, phen; DClPIP = 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1, 10]phenanthroline). J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1630614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouhai Guan
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luwen Mu
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhu
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyang Chang
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangdi Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiesheng Qian
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Bai
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Liang X, Wu Q, Luan S, Yin Z, He C, Yin L, Zou Y, Yuan Z, Li L, Song X, He M, Lv C, Zhang W. A comprehensive review of topoisomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents in the past decade. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:129-168. [PMID: 30917303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The topoisomerase enzymes play an important role in DNA metabolism, and searching for enzyme inhibitors is an important target in the search for new anticancer drugs. Discovery of new anticancer chemotherapeutical capable of inhibiting topoisomerase enzymes is highlighted in anticancer research. Therefore, biologists, organic chemists and medicinal chemists all around the world have been identifying, designing, synthesizing and evaluating a variety of novel bioactive molecules targeting topoisomerase. This review summarizes types of topoisomerase inhibitors in the past decade, and divides them into nine classes by structural characteristics, including N-heterocycles compounds, quinone derivatives, flavonoids derivatives, coumarin derivatives, lignan derivatives, polyphenol derivatives, diterpenes derivatives, fatty acids derivatives, and metal complexes. Then we discussed the application prospect and development of these anticancer compounds, as well as concluded parts of their structural-activity relationships. We believe this review would be invaluable in helping to further search potential topoisomerase inhibition as antitumor agent in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Qiang Wu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Shangxian Luan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Yuan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Min He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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Lenis-Rojas OA, Robalo MP, Tomaz AI, Carvalho A, Fernandes AR, Marques F, Folgueira M, Yáñez J, Vázquez-García D, López Torres M, Fernández A, Fernández JJ. RuII(p-cymene) Compounds as Effective and Selective Anticancer Candidates with No Toxicity in Vivo. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13150-13166. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Lenis-Rojas
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M. Paula Robalo
- Área Departamental de Engenharia Química, ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo 1, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Tomaz
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Carvalho
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologías Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Neurover Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Department of Biology, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, U.K
| | - Julián Yáñez
- Neurover Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Department of Biology, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Digna Vázquez-García
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita López Torres
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Fernández
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
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Ma GL, Bi XD, Gao F, Feng Z, Zhao DC, Lin FJ, Yan R, Liu D, Liu P, Chen J, Zhang H. Novel polypyridyl ruthenium complexes acting as high affinity DNA intercalators, potent transcription inhibitors and antitumor reagents. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 185:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Swavey S, Wang M, Lundy N, Allen J. Photoreactions of DNA with a bimetallic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex bridged by an organic chromophore. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Koceva-Chyła A, Matczak K, Hikisz MP, Durka MK, Kochel MK, Süss-Fink G, Furrer J, Kowalski K. Insights into the in vitro Anticancer Effects of Diruthenium-1. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2171-2187. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Koceva-Chyła
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Łódź; Pomorska St. 141/143 90236 Łódź Poland
| | - Karolina Matczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Łódź; Pomorska St. 141/143 90236 Łódź Poland
| | - Msc. Paweł Hikisz
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Łódź; Pomorska St. 141/143 90236 Łódź Poland
| | - Msc. Kamil Durka
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Łódź; Pomorska St. 141/143 90236 Łódź Poland
| | - Msc. Krzysztof Kochel
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Łódź; Pomorska St. 141/143 90236 Łódź Poland
| | - Georg Süss-Fink
- Institut de Chimie; Université de Neuchâtel; Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka St. 12 91403 Łódź Poland
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Liao G, Chen X, Wu J, Qian C, Wang Y, Ji L, Chao H. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as dual inhibitors of telomerase and topoisomerase. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:15145-56. [PMID: 25604798 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03585b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One novel ruthenium polypyridyl complex, [Ru(bpy)2(icip)](2+) (1), and two previously reported ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(pdppz)](2+) ()2 and [Ru(bpy)2(tactp)](2+) (3) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, icip = 2-(indeno[2,1-b]chromen-6-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, pdppz = phenanthro[4,5-abc]dipyrido[3,2-h:2',3'-j]phenazine, tactp = 4,5,9,18-tetraazachryseno[9,10-b]-triphenylene), have been synthesised. As expected, these complexes show inhibition towards telomerase by inducing and stabilising the G-quadruplex structure, and behave as topoisomerase I/II poisons at the same time. Additionally, the acute and chronic cytotoxicities of the complexes are considered. Furthermore, cell apoptosis experiments are used to briefly study the mechanism. Because studies involving multi-target inhibition towards topoisomerase and telomerase of Ru(II) complexes have not been reported previously, the present research may help to develop innovative chemical strategies and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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23
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DNA binding, topoisomerase inhibition and cytotoxicity of palladium(II) complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and thioureas. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Chen J, Li K, Swavey S, Church KM. A Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Nucleoside as a Potential Photodynamic Therapy Agent. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- University of Dayton SupraMolecular Applied; Research and Technology Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Dayton; 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469 USA
| | - Kaiyu Li
- University of Dayton SupraMolecular Applied; Research and Technology Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Dayton; 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469 USA
| | - Shawn Swavey
- University of Dayton SupraMolecular Applied; Research and Technology Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Dayton; 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469 USA
| | - Kevin M. Church
- University of Dayton SupraMolecular Applied; Research and Technology Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Dayton; 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469 USA
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25
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Zhou XQ, Sun Q, Jiang L, Li ST, Gu W, Tian JL, Liu X, Yan SP. Synthesis, characterization, DNA/BSA interactions and anticancer activity of achiral and chiral copper complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:9516-27. [PMID: 25919814 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00931f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six novel copper(ii) complexes of [CuCl]ClO4 (), [Cu(acac)]PF6 (), [CuCl]2(PF6)2 (), [CuCl]2(PF6)2 (), [Cu(acac)]PF6 () and [Cu(acac)]PF6 (), ( = 1-naphthyl-N,N-[bis(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine, = R/S-1-naphthyl-N,N-[bis(2-pyridyl)methyl]ethanamine, acac = diacetone) were synthesized to serve as artificial nucleases. All complexes were structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography. The crystal structures showed the presence of distorted square-planar CuLCl (, and ) and distorted tetragonal-pyramidal CuL(acac) (, and ) geometry. The interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was researched by means of several spectroscopy methods, which indicated that the complexes were bound to CT-DNA by an intercalation binding mode. DNA cleavage experiments revealed that the complexes exhibited remarkable DNA cleavage activities in the presence of H2O2, and single oxygen ((1)O2) or hydroxyl radicals may serve as the major cleavage active species. In particular, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes on four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, Bel-7404 and HepG-2) demonstrated that the six compounds had broad-spectrum anti-cancer activity with low IC50 values. The stronger cytotoxicity and DNA cleavage activity of the chiral enantiomers compared with chiral analogues verified the influence of chirality on the antitumor activity of complexes. Meanwhile, the protein binding ability was revealed by quenching of tryptophan emission with the addition of complexes using BSA as a model protein. The results indicated that the quenching mechanism of BSA by the complexes was a static process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Qian C, Wu J, Ji L, Chao H. Topoisomerase IIα poisoning and DNA double-strand breaking by chiral ruthenium(ii) complexes containing 2-furanyl-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:10546-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01422d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some chiral ruthenium(ii) complexes bearing furan ligands were developed to act as topoisomerase IIα poisons and caused DNA double-strand damage that could lead to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jingheng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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Liu XW, Shen YM, Shu JS, Xiao Y, Zhang SB, Lu JL. DNA Interaction, Photocleavage and Topoisomerase I Inhibition by Ru(II) Complex with a New Ligand Possessing Phenazine Unit. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:1527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Wu H, Pan G, Bai Y. Gadolinium(III) and dysprosium(III) complexes with a Schiff base bis(N-salicylidene)-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamine: synthesis, characterization, antioxidation, and DNA-binding studies. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1007965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Chen
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Zaihui Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Huilu Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Guolong Pan
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China
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He X, Jin L, Tan L. DNA-binding, topoisomerases I and II inhibition and in vitro cytotoxicity of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: [Ru(dppz)2L](2+) (L=dppz-11-CO2Me and dppz). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:101-109. [PMID: 25062055 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(dppz)2dppz-11-CO2Me](ClO4)2 (Ru1) and [Ru(dppz)3](ClO4)2 (Ru2), have been synthesized and characterized. The spectral characteristics of Ru1 and Ru2 were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and revealed that both complexes were sensitive to solvent polarity. The binding properties of the two complexes towards calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements, indicating that both complexes bind to CT-DNA by means of intercalation, but with different binding affinities. Topoisomerase inhibition and DNA strand passage assay demonstrates that the two complexes are dual inhibitors of topoisomerases I and IIa. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of both complexes has been evaluated by MTT assays and Giemsa staining experiments. The main results reveal that the ester functional group has a significant effect on the DNA-binding affinities and topoisomerases inhibition effects of Ru1 and Ru2, and further advance our knowledge on the DNA-binding and topoisomerase inhibition by Ru(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun He
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lianhe Jin
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lifeng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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Khan RA, Arjmand F, Tabassum S, Monari M, Marchetti F, Pettinari C. Organometallic ruthenium(II) scorpionate as topo IIα inhibitor; in vitro binding studies with DNA, HPLC analysis and its anticancer activity. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Huang H, Zhang P, Yu B, Chen Y, Wang J, Ji L, Chao H. Targeting Nucleus DNA with a Cyclometalated Dipyridophenazineruthenium(II) Complex. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8971-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501095r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bole Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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32
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Liao G, Chen X, Wu J, Qian C, Wang H, Ji L, Chao H. Novel ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes as G-quadruplex stabilisers and telomerase inhibitors. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7811-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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33
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Anitha P, Chitrapriya N, Jang YJ, Viswanathamurthi P. Synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction, antioxidant and anticancer activity of new ruthenium(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazone/semicarbazone bearing 9,10-phenanthrenequinone. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 129:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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34
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He X, Zeng L, Yang G, Xie L, Sun X, Tan L. DNA binding, photocleavage and topoisomerase inhibitory activity of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes containing the same ancillary ligand and different main ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Wang YC, Qian C, Peng ZL, Hou XJ, Wang LL, Chao H, Ji LN. Dual topoisomerase I and II poisoning by chiral Ru(II) complexes containing 2-thiophenylimidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 130:15-27. [PMID: 24145066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of chiral Ru(II) complexes bearing thiophene ligands were synthesized and characterized. Both Ru(II) complexes Δ/Λ-[Ru(bpy)2(pscl)](2+) (Δ/Λ-1) and Δ/Λ-[Ru(bpy)2(psbr)](2+) (Δ/Λ-2) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, pscl=2-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, psbr=2-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) showed antitumor activities against A549, HepG2 and BEL-7402 tumor cell lines, especially HeLa tumor cell line. Moreover, Δ enantiomers were more active than Λ enantiomers, accounting for the different cellular uptake. In addition, with the extension of time, these enantiomers could finally accumulate in the nucleus, suggesting that nucleic acids were the cellular target of these enantiomers. The DNA-binding behaviors of complexes were studied using spectroscopic and viscosity measurements. Results suggested that four complexes could bind to DNA in an intercalative mode but no obvious DNA-binding selectivity between the enantiomers was observed. Topoisomerase inhibition and DNA religation assay confirmed that four complexes acted as efficient dual topoisomerase I and II poisons, DNA strand breaks had also been observed from alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Δ-1 and Δ-2 inhibited the growth of HeLa cells through the induction of apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by the Alexa Fluor® 488 annexin V staining assays and flow cytometry analysis. The results demonstrated that Δ/Λ-1 and Δ/Λ-2 acted as dual topoisomerase I and II poisons and caused DNA damage that could lead to cell cycle arrest by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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36
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Chen X, Gao F, Yang WY, Zhou ZX, Lin JQ, Ji LN. Structure-activity relationship of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes as DNA intercalators, DNA photocleavage reagents, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:367-84. [PMID: 23495154 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the molecular structure and biological activity of polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes, such as DNA binding, photocleavage ability, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibition, six new [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)](2+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2,',3'-c]phenazine) analogs have been synthesized and characterized by means of (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Interestingly, the biological properties of these complexes have been identified to be quite different via a series of experimental methods, such as spectral titration, DNA thermal denaturation, viscosity, and gel electrophoresis. To explain the experimental regularity and reveal the underlying mechanism of biological activity, the properties of energy levels and population of frontier molecular orbitals and excited-state transitions of these complexes have been studied by density-functional theory (DFT) and time-depended DFT (TDDFT) calculations. The results suggest that DNA intercalative ligands with better planarity, greater hydrophobicity, and less steric hindrance are beneficial to the DNA intercalation and enzymatic inhibition of their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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37
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Li L, Du K, Wang Y, Jia H, Hou X, Chao H, Ji L. Self-activating nuclease and anticancer activities of copper(II) complexes with aryl-modified 2,6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11576-88. [PMID: 23843095 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50395j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three mononuclear copper complexes [Cu(PDTP)Cl2] (PDTP = 4-phenyl-2,6-di(thiazole-2-yl)pyridine, CuPDTP), [Cu(ADTP)Cl2] (ADTP = 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2,6-di(thiazole-2-yl)pyridine, CuADTP) and [Cu(BFDTP)Cl2] (BFDTP = 4-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2,6-di(thiazole-2-yl)pyridine, CuBFDTP) were synthesized and characterized. The X-ray single crystallography results indicated that the Cu(II) ions showed slightly distorted square pyramid coordination environments, and the ligands deviated from ideal planarity in all three compounds. Based on the DNA binding studies, it was demonstrated that these three complexes exhibited weak DNA binding strengths, which were most likely groove binding modes. CuPDTP, CuADTP and CuBFDTP induced efficient DNA cleavage in the dark without the addition of external catalysts (oxidant or reductant). In contrast, in the presence of reducing or oxidizing agents, the nuclease activities increased more than 10-fold. Mechanistic investigations revealed the participation of reactive oxygen species, which can be trapped by ROS radical scavengers and ROS sensors. In the same experimental conditions, the free ligands and CuCl2 did not display any DNA cleaving activity. This result indicates that the complexes, rather than their components, play a significant role in the nuclease reaction process and that DNA cleavage may be initiated in an oxidative pattern. The proposed mechanism was attributed to the in situ activation of molecular oxygen by the oxidation of the copper complexes. In the MTT cytotoxicity studies, the three Cu(II) complexes exhibited an antitumor activity against the HeLa, BEL-7402 and HepG2 tumor cell lines. The HeLa cells treated with Cu(II) complexes demonstrated marked changes in their nuclear morphology, which were detected by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining assays. Nuclear chromatin cleavage also was observed from alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lüying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P R China
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38
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Nucleic Acid Binding Behavior and Cytotoxicity Properties of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex. J SOLUTION CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Zhang P, Wang J, Huang H, Qiao L, Ji L, Chao H. Chiral ruthenium(II) complexes with phenolic hydroxyl groups as dual poisons of topoisomerases I and IIα. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:8907-17. [PMID: 23661230 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chiral ruthenium(II) complexes with phenolic hydroxyl groups were synthesized and characterized. These ruthenium(II) complexes exhibited strong dual inhibition of topoisomerases I and IIα, with approximate IC50 values of 3-15 mM, which were more efficient than the widely clinically used single TopoI poison camptothecin (CPT) or TopoIIα poison etoposide (VP-16). Δ-1 and Λ-1 with more hydroxyls were observed to be more potent inhibitors. To further evaluate the mechanism of the complexes at a cellular level, these complexes were investigated for their effect on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. The results indicated that ruthenium(II) complexes permeated the nuclei in cancer cells and inhibited the activities of nuclear enzymes topoisomerases I and IIα, then triggered DNA damage and induced apoptosis in the cancer cells. The simultaneous inhibition of TopoI and TopoIIα induced the death of cancer cells, which may be a promising and effective strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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40
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Ng CH, Wang WS, Chong KV, Win YF, Neo KE, Lee HB, San SL, Raja Abd. Rahman RNZ, Leong WK. Ternary copper(ii)-polypyridyl enantiomers: aldol-type condensation, characterization, DNA-binding recognition, BSA-binding and anticancer property. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10233-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Synthesis, characterization, biological studies (DNA binding, cleavage, antibacterial and topoisomerase I) and molecular docking of copper(II) benzimidazole complexes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 114:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Synthesis, visible light photocleavage, antiproliferative and cellular uptake properties of ruthenium complex [Ru(phen)2(mitatp)]2+. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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43
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Seng HL, Wang WS, Kong SM, Alan Ong HK, Win YF, Raja Abd. Rahman RNZ, Chikira M, Leong WK, Ahmad M, Khoo ASB, Ng CH. Biological and cytoselective anticancer properties of copper(II)-polypyridyl complexes modulated by auxiliary methylated glycine ligand. Biometals 2012; 25:1061-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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44
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Zeng L, Xiao Y, Liu J, Tan L. Synthesis, characterization, DNA-binding and cytotoxic properties of Ru(II) complexes: [Ru(MeIm)4L]2+ (MeIm=1-methylimidazole, L=phen, ip and pip). J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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45
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Chen JY, Ren XX, Mao ZW, Le XY. Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activities of two new copper(II) glycinate complexes incorporating 2-(4′-thiazolyl)benzimidazole/2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole. J COORD CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2012.681380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang Chen
- a Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , PR China
| | - Xiang Xiang Ren
- a Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , PR China
| | - Zong Wan Mao
- b Institute of Biomaterial, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , PR China
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongshan University , Guangzhou 510275 , PR China
| | - Xue Yi Le
- a Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , PR China
- b Institute of Biomaterial, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , PR China
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46
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Li LY, Jia HN, Yu HJ, Du KJ, Lin QT, Qiu KQ, Chao H, Ji LN. Synthesis, characterization, and DNA-binding studies of ruthenium complexes [Ru(tpy)(ptn)]2+ and Ru(dmtpy)(ptn)]2+. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 113:31-9. [PMID: 22687492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(tpy)(ptn)](2+) (1) and Ru(dmtpy)(ptn)](2+) (2) (ptn=3-(1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)-as-triazino[5,6-f]naphthalene, tpy=2,2':6',2"-terpyridine, dmtpy=5,5'-dimethyl-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, (1)H NMR, mass spectrometry and crystal structure analysis. Spectroscopic studies together with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and viscosity measurements prove that two complexes bind to DNA in an intercalative mode. ITC experiments show that the binding mode for complex 2 is entropically driven, while an entropy-driven initial binding of complex 1 is followed by an entropically and enthalpically favorable process. This difference may be attributed to the ancillary ligand effects on the DNA binding of Ru(II) complexes. Circular dichroism titrations of calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) with Ru(II) complexes show that complexes 1 and 2 induce B to Z conformational transition of calf thymus DNA at low ionic strength (0.05 M NaCl). The induced Z-DNA conformation can revert to B form when Ru(II) complexes are displaced by ethidium bromide or at high ionic strengths ([NaCl]=0.4 M), but keeps intact with temperature ranged from 25 to 90 °C. The unique structure and characteristics of Ru(II) complexes designed in this investigation will be useful for the study of Z-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lü-Ying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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47
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Miao TF, Li S, Li J, Zheng KC. Theoretical studies on the related properties of Co(III) polypyridyl complexes interacting with DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 109:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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48
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Bailly C. Contemporary challenges in the design of topoisomerase II inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3611-40. [PMID: 22397403 DOI: 10.1021/cr200325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- Centre de Recherche et Développement, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France.
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Arjmand F, Parveen S, Afzal M, Toupet L, Ben Hadda T. Molecular drug design, synthesis and crystal structure determination of CuII–SnIV heterobimetallic core: DNA binding and cleavage studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 49:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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50
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Tan L, Shen J, Liu J, Zeng L, Jin L, Weng C. Spectral characteristics, DNA-binding and cytotoxicity of two functional Ru(ii) mixed-ligand complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4575-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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