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Surrounded by ligands: the reactivity of cisplatin in cell culture medium. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:691-694. [PMID: 36315287 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of platinum-containing drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin is essential for its mechanism of action as an anticancer agent. This inherent reactivity means that molecules in tools used to study these metal-based drugs such as solvents (DMSO), cell culture media, and other buffer additives can ligate to and inactivate or activate them. This Commentary considers these cautionary tales in the context of a new report that cisplatin can also react with penicillin, reiterates best practice in creating Pt drug stock solutions, and highlights the significant work that remains to fully characterize the fate of cisplatin in cell culture media.
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Gorle AK, Berners-Price SJ, Farrell NP. Biological relevance of interaction of platinum drugs with O-donor ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019; 495:118974. [PMID: 31354168 PMCID: PMC6660021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.118974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platinum complexes with S and N-donor small molecule ligands have received much attention with respect to understanding of Pt-protein and Pt-DNA(RNA) interactions in biology. Oxygen-donor ligands have received less attention, partly due to the fact that as a hard Lewis base, oxygen-donor interactions are expected to be less favourable for the soft Lewis acid properties of Pt(II), especially. Yet, it is now clear that for a full understanding of the cellular fate of platinum complexes, a plethora of oxygen-donor interactions are possible, considering extracellular and intracellular concentrations of simple anions in buffer. Further, the importance of the general class of glycans, the third major class of biomolecules after proteins and nucleic acids, contain many specific examples of important biomolecules such as sialic acids and sulphated glycosaminoglycans capable of metal complex interactions. In this contribution we summarise some important kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of platinum-oxygen-donor ligand interactions and their relevance to examples of biomolecular interactions contributing to the overall profile of platinum (and metal complexes in general) biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Gorle
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Susan J Berners-Price
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Nicholas P Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, Virginia, USA
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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Gorle AK, Rajaratnam P, Chang CW, von Itzstein M, Berners-Price SJ, Farrell NP. Glycans as Ligands in Bioinorganic Chemistry. Probing the Interaction of a Trinuclear Platinum Anticancer Complex with Defined Monosaccharide Fragments of Heparan Sulfate. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7146-7155. [PMID: 30632736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a detailed NMR study of the aquation and subsequent covalent binding of the trinuclear clinical agent [{ trans-PtCl(15NH3)2}2{μ- trans-Pt(15NH3)2(15NH2(CH2)615NH2)2}]4+ (1, 1,0,1/ t, t, t or Triplatin) with three d-glucosamine residues containing varied O-sulfate and N-sulfate or N-acetyl substitutions, which represent monosaccharide fragments present within the repeating disaccharide sequences of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS). The monosaccharides GlcNS(6S), GlcNS, and GlcNAc(6S) were synthesized in good yield from a common 4,6-diol α-methyl glucopyranoside intermediate. The reactions of 15N-1 with sodium sulfate, GlcNS(6S), GlcNS, and GlcNAc(6S) were followed by 2D [1H,15N] heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy using conditions (298 K, pH ≈5.4) similar to those previously used for other anionic systems, allowing for a direct comparison. The equilibrium constants (p K1) for the aquation of 1 in the presence of GlcNS(6S) and GlcNS were slightly higher compared to that of the aquation in a sulfate solution, while a comparable p K1 value was observed in the presence of GlcNAc(6S). A comparison of the rate constants for sulfate displacement of the aqua ligand showed preferential binding to 2- N-sulfate compared to 6- O-sulfate but a more rapid liberation. For disulfated GlcNS(6S), equilibrium conditions were achieved rapidly (9 h) and strongly favored the dichloro form, with <2% sulfato species observed. The value of kL1 was up to 15-fold lower than that for binding to sulfate, whereas the rate constant for the reverse ligation ( k-L1) was comparable. Equilibrium conditions were achieved much more slowly (∼ 100 h) for the reactions of 1 with GlcNS and GlcNAc(6S), attributed to covalent binding also to the N-donor of the sulfamate (GlcNS) group and the O-donor of the N-acetyl [GlcNAc(6S)] group. The rate constants ( kL2) were 20-40-fold lower than that for binding to the 2- N- or 6- O-sulfate, but the binding was less reversible, so that their equilibrium concentrations (5-8%) were comparable to the 2- N- or 6- O-sulfate-bound species. The results emphasize the relevance of glycans in bioinorganic chemistry and underpin a fundamental molecular description of the HS-Pt interactions that alter the profile of platinum agents from cytotoxic to metastatic in a systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Gorle
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Premraj Rajaratnam
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Susan J Berners-Price
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Nicholas P Farrell
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia.,Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , United States
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Reaction of platinum anticancer drugs and drug derivatives with a copper transporting protein, Atox1. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:874-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Park JS, Kim SH, Lee NK, Lee KJ, Hong SC. In situ analysis of cisplatin binding to DNA: the effects of physiological ionic conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3128-33. [PMID: 22286168 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based anti-cancer drugs form a major family of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cisplatin, the first member of the family, remains a potent anti-cancer drug and exhibits its clinical effect by inducing local DNA kinks and subsequently interfering with DNA metabolism. Although its mechanism is reasonably well understood, effects of intracellular ions on cisplatin activity are left to be elucidated because cisplatin binding to DNA, thus its drug efficacy, is modified by various ions. One such issue is the effect of carbonate ions: cisplatin binding to DNA is suppressed under physiological carbonate conditions. Here, we examined the role of common cellular ions (carbonate and chloride) by measuring cisplatin binding in relevant physiological buffers via a DNA micromanipulation technique. Using two orthogonal single-molecule methods, we succeeded in detecting hidden monofunctional adducts (kink-free, presumably clinically inactive form) and clearly showed that the major effect of carbonates was to form such adducts and to prevent them from converting to bifunctional adducts (kinked, clinically active). The chloride-rich environment also led to the formation of monofunctional adducts. Our approach is widely applicable to the study of the transient behaviours of various drugs and proteins that bind to DNA in different modes depending on various physical and chemical factors such as tension, torsion, ligands, and ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Physics, Korea University, Anam, Seongbuk, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
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Brown SD, Trotter KD, Sutcliffe OB, Plumb JA, Waddell B, Briggs NEB, Wheate NJ. Combining aspects of the platinum anticancer drugs picoplatin and BBR3464 to synthesize a new family of sterically hindered dinuclear complexes; their synthesis, binding kinetics and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:11330-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shchepotina EG, Pashkina EA, Yakushenko EV, Kozlov VA. Cucurbiturils as containers for medicinal compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078011060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Isab AA, Ali MAJ, Sharif S, Khan IU, Kang SK, Khalid T, Saleem M, Ahmad S. Synthesis, crystal structure and antimicrobial studies of chlorido(dimethylsulfoxide-κS)(pyrrolidinedithiocarbamato-κ2S,S/)platinum(II). INORG CHEM COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Goldoni L, Grugni M, De Munari S, Cassin M, Bernardini R. Cucurbit[7]uril Inclusion Complexes of Platinum(II)-based Anticancer Drugs: Further Insight. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ahmad S. Platinum-DNA interactions and subsequent cellular processes controlling sensitivity to anticancer platinum complexes. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:543-66. [PMID: 20232326 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based compounds are widely used as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The anticancer activity of cisplatin and other platinum drugs is believed to arise from their interaction with DNA. Several cellular pathways are activated in response to this interaction, which include recognition by high-mobility group and repair proteins, translesion synthesis by polymerases, and induction of apoptosis. The apoptotic process is regulated by activation of caspases, p53 gene, and several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Such cellular processing eventually leads to an inhibition of the replication or transcription machinery of the cell. Deactivation of platinum drugs by thiols, increased nucleotide excision repair of Pt-DNA adducts, decreased mismatch repair, and defective apoptosis result in resistance to platinum therapy. The differences in cytotoxicity of various platinum complexes are attributed to the differential recognition of their adducts by cellular proteins. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin both produce mainly 1,2-GG intrastrand cross-links as major adducts, but oxaliplatin is found to be more active particularly against cisplatin-resistant tumor cells. Mismatch repair and replicative bypass appear to be the processes most likely involved in differentiating the molecular responses to these two agents. This review describes the formation of Pt-DNA adducts, their interaction with cellular components, and biological effects of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
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Wheate NJ. Improving platinum(II)-based anticancer drug delivery using cucurbit[n]urils. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:2060-6. [PMID: 18653238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the synthesis of hundreds of new platinum(II) and platinum(IV)-based complexes each year as potential anticancer drugs, only three have received world-wide approval: cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. The next big advance in platinum-based chemotherapy is not likely to come from the development of new drugs, but from the controlled and targeted delivery of already approved drugs or those in late stage clinical trials. Encapsulation of platinum drugs inside macromolecules has already demonstrated promise, and encapsulation within cucurbit[n]urils has shown particular potential. Partial or full encapsulation within cucurbit[n]urils provides steric hindrance to drug degradation by peptides and proteins, and the use of different sized cucurbit[n]urils allows for the tuning of drug release rates, cytotoxicity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nial J Wheate
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnott Building, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom.
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