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de Paiva REF, Marçal Neto A, Santos IA, Jardim ACG, Corbi PP, Bergamini FRG. What is holding back the development of antiviral metallodrugs? A literature overview and implications for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and future viral outbreaks. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16004-16033. [PMID: 33030464 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In light of the Covid-19 outbreak, this review brings together historical and current literature efforts towards the development of antiviral metallodrugs. Classical compounds such as CTC-96 and auranofin are discussed in depth, as pillars for future metallodrug development. From the recent literature, both cell-based results and biophysical assays against potential viral biomolecule targets are summarized here. The comprehension of the biomolecular targets and their interactions with coordination compounds are emphasized as fundamental strategies that will foment further development of metal-based antivirals. We also discuss other possible and unexplored methods for unveiling metallodrug interactions with biomolecules related to viral replication and highlight the specific challenges involved in the development of antiviral metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E F de Paiva
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP - 05508-000, Brazil.
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Li G, Yuan S, Zheng S, Chen Y, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Huang G. The Effect of Salts in Promoting Specific and Competitive Interactions between Zinc Finger Proteins and Metals. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2658-2664. [PMID: 28887698 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific protein-metal interactions (PMIs) fulfill essential functions in cells and organic bodies, and activation of these functions in vivo are mostly modulated by the complex environmental factors, including pH value, small biomolecules, and salts. Specifically, the role of salts in promoting specific PMIs and their competition among various metals has remained untapped mainly due to the difficulty to distinguish nonspecific PMIs from specific PMIs by classic spectroscopic techniques. Herein, we report Hofmeister salts differentially promote the specific PMIs by combining nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques (fluorescence measurement and circular dichroism). Furthermore, to explore the influence of salts in competitive binding between metalloproteins and various metals, we designed a series of competitive experiments and applied to a well-defined model system, the competitive binding of zinc (II) and arsenic (III) to holo-promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). These experiments not only provided new insights at the molecular scale as complementary to previous NMR and spectroscopic results, but also deduced the relative binding ability between zinc finger proteins and metals at the molecular scale, which avoids the mass spectrometric titration-based determination of binding constants that is frequently affected and often degraded by variable solution conditions including salt contents. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.
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Shimberg GD, Ok K, Neu HM, Splan KE, Michel SLJ. Cu(I) Disrupts the Structure and Function of the Nonclassical Zinc Finger Protein Tristetraprolin (TTP). Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6838-6848. [PMID: 28557421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a nonclassical zinc finger (ZF) protein that plays a key role in regulating inflammatory response. TTP regulates cytokines at the mRNA level by binding to AU-rich sequences present at the 3'-untranslated region, forming a complex that is then degraded. TTP contains two conserved CCCH domains with the sequence CysX8CysX5CysX3His that are activated to bind RNA when zinc is coordinated. During inflammation, copper levels are elevated, which is associated with increased inflammatory response. A potential target for Cu(I) during inflammation is TTP. To determine whether Cu(I) binds to TTP and how Cu(I) can affect TTP/RNA binding, two TTP constructs were prepared. One construct contained just the first CCCH domain (TTP-1D) and serves as a peptide model for a CCCH domain; the second construct contains both CCCH domains (TTP-2D) and is functional (binds RNA) when Zn(II) is coordinated. Cu(I) binding to TTP-1D was assessed via electronic absorption spectroscopy titrations, and Cu(I) binding to TTP-2D was assessed via both absorption spectroscopy and a spin filter/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) assay. Cu(I) binds to TTP-1D with a 1:1 stoichiometry and to TTP-2D with a 3:1 stoichiometry. The CD spectrum of Cu(I)-TTP-2D did not exhibit any secondary structure, matching that of apo-TTP-2D, while Zn(II)-TTP-2D exhibited a secondary structure. Measurement of RNA binding via fluorescence anisotropy revealed that Cu(I)-TTP-2D does not bind to the TTP-2D RNA target sequence UUUAUUUAUUU with any measurable affinity, while Zn(II)-TTP-2D binds to this site with nanomolar affinity. Similarly, addition of Cu(I) to the Zn(II)-TTP-2D/RNA complex resulted in inhibition of RNA binding. Together, these data indicate that, while Cu(I) binds to TTP-2D, it does not result in a folded or functional protein and that Cu(I) inhibits Zn(II)-TTP-2D/RNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Shimberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
| | - Kiwon Ok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
| | - Heather M Neu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
| | - Kathryn E Splan
- Department of Chemistry, Macalester College , 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
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Huestis J, Zhou X, Chen L, Feng C, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Kinetics and thermodynamics of zinc(II) and arsenic(III) binding to XPA and PARP-1 zinc finger peptides. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:45-52. [PMID: 27521476 PMCID: PMC5096954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair is an established mechanism of arsenic co-carcinogenesis, and may be perpetuated by the binding of As(III) to key zinc finger (zf) DNA repair proteins. Validated molecular targets of As(III) include the first zinc finger domain of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1), and the zinc finger domain of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA). In order to gain an understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the interaction of As(III) with these two zinc finger motifs, a fluorescence based approach was used to investigate Zn(II) and As(III) binding to synthetic model peptides corresponding to the zf motif of XPA and first zf motif of PARP-1, referred to in this paper as XPAzf and PARP-1zf-1, respectively. While XPAzf and PARP-1zf-1 display similar relative affinities for As(III), PARP-1zf-1 shows a potential kinetic advantage over XPAzf for As(III) binding, with a rate constant for the fast phase of formation of As(III)-PARP-1zf-1 approximately 4-fold higher than for As(III)-XPAzf. However, the binding of Zn(II) with either peptide proceeds at a faster rate than As(III). Notably, XPAzf demonstrates comparable affinities for binding both metals, while PARP-1zf-1 shows a slightly higher affinity for Zn(II), suggesting that the relative concentrations of Zn(II) and As(III) in a system may significantly influence which species predominates in zinc finger occupancy. These results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying interactions between zinc finger structures and As(III), and highlight the potential utility of zinc supplementation in mitigating adverse effects of As(III) on zinc finger functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Huestis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Liu S, Jiang J, Li L, Amato NJ, Wang Z, Wang Y. Arsenite Targets the Zinc Finger Domains of Tet Proteins and Inhibits Tet-Mediated Oxidation of 5-Methylcytosine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11923-31. [PMID: 26355596 PMCID: PMC4784102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity is a serious public health problem worldwide that brings more than 100 million people into the risk of arsenic exposure from groundwater and food contamination. Although there is accumulating evidence linking arsenic exposure with aberrant cytosine methylation in the global genome or at specific genomic loci, very few have investigated the impact of arsenic on the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) mediated by the Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of proteins. Owing to the high binding affinity of As(III) toward cysteine residues, we reasoned that the highly conserved C3H-type zinc fingers situated in Tet proteins may constitute potential targets for arsenic binding. Herein, we found that arsenite could bind directly to the zinc fingers of Tet proteins in vitro and in cells, and this interaction substantially impaired the catalytic efficiency of Tet proteins in oxidizing 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5-foC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC). Treatments with arsenite also led to a dose-dependent decrease in the level of 5-hmC, but not 5-mC, in DNA isolated from HEK293T cells overexpressing the catalytic domain of any of the three Tet proteins and from mouse embryonic stem cells. Together, our study unveiled, for the first time, that arsenite could alter epigenetic signaling by targeting the zinc fingers of Tet proteins and perturbing the Tet-mediated oxidation of 5-mC in vitro and in cells. Our results offer important mechanistic understanding of arsenic epigenotoxicity and carcinogenesis in mammalian systems and may lead to novel approaches for the chemoprevention of arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Amato
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zi Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Corresponding Author. Phone: 951-827-2700; fax: 951-827-4713;
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Zhou X, Sun X, Mobarak C, Gandolfi AJ, Burchiel SW, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Differential binding of monomethylarsonous acid compared to arsenite and arsenic trioxide with zinc finger peptides and proteins. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:690-8. [PMID: 24611629 PMCID: PMC3998772 DOI: 10.1021/tx500022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental toxin that enhances the carcinogenic effect of DNA-damaging agents, such as ultraviolet radiation and benzo[a]pyrene. Interaction with zinc finger proteins has been shown to be an important molecular mechanism for arsenic toxicity and cocarcinogenesis. Arsenicals such as arsenite, arsenic trioxide (ATO), and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) have been reported to interact with cysteine residues of zinc finger domains, but little is known about potential differences in their selectivity of interaction. Herein we analyzed the interaction of arsenite, MMA(III), and ATO with C2H2, C3H1, and C4 configurations of zinc fingers using UV-vis, cobalt, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. We observed that arsenite and ATO both selectively bound to C3H1 and C4 zinc fingers, while MMA(III) interacted with all three configurations of zinc finger peptides. Structurally and functionally, arsenite and ATO caused conformational changes and zinc loss on C3H1 and C4 zinc finger peptide and protein, respectively, whereas MMA(III) changed conformation and displaced zinc on all three types of zinc fingers. The differential selectivity was also demonstrated in zinc finger proteins isolated from cells treated with these arsenicals. Our results show that trivalent inorganic arsenic compounds, arsenite and ATO, have the same selectivity and behavior when interacting with zinc finger proteins, while methylation removes the selectivity. These findings provide insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential effects of inorganic versus methylated arsenicals, as well as the role of in vivo arsenic methylation in arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Zhao L, Wang Z, Xi Z, Xu D, Chen S, Liu Y. The Reaction of Arsenite with Proteins Relies on Solution Conditions. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3054-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402891t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Zhao
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Zhaoyong Xi
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Dechen Xu
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Siming Chen
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- CAS Key
Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Beck BD, Lewis AS, Eldan M. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:711-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.827152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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