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Farac NF, Lough AJ, Bender TP. Bulking Up the Bay-Position Substituents Enables Enhanced Selectivity of Cs-Symmetric Boron Subphthalocyanine-Subnaphthalocyanine Hybrids. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:161-181. [PMID: 38665332 PMCID: PMC11041118 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise synthesis of subporphyrinoid hybrids with π-expanded topologies and unique material properties plays a promising role in the design of functional macrocycles. Easy, selective, and controllable routes to boron subphthalocyanine-subnaphthalocyanine hybrids, Bsub(Pc3-p-Ncp)s, are desirable for this purpose yet synthetically challenging due to random mixtures of Cs-, C3v-, and, in some cases, C1-symmetric compounds that form during traditional statistical mixed cyclotrimerizations. Herein, we addressed this issue by developing a sterically driven mixed cyclotrimerization with enhanced selectivity for the targeted Cs-symmetric hybrid and complete suppression of sterically crowded macrocyclic byproducts. This process, coupled with a rationally designed precursor bearing bulky phenyl substituents, enabled the synthesis and characterization of bay-position phenylated Ph2-(Rp)8Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids with halogens (Rp = Cl or F) in their peripheral isoindole rings. Reaction selectivity ranged between 59 and 72% with remarkable yields, significantly higher than that of conventional mixed cyclotrimerizations. These findings were augmented by theoretical calculations on precursor Lewis basicity as guiding principles into hybrid macrocycle formation. Additionally, the incorporation of unfused phenyl groups and halogen atoms into the hybrid framework resulted in fine-tuned optical, structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties. This straightforward approach achieved improved selectivity and controlled narrowing of the product distribution, affording the efficient synthesis of structurally sophisticated Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids. This then expands the library of 3-dimensional π-extended macrocycles for use in a range of applications, such as in optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F. Farac
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Kimura T, Baba M. Preparation and Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Boron (III) Subphthalocyanines with One to Three Trithiole Rings. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kimura
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Iwate University 4-3-5 Ueda Morioka Iwate 020-8551 Japan
| | - Mizue Baba
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Iwate University 4-3-5 Ueda Morioka Iwate 020-8551 Japan
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5
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Azarias C, Pawelek M, Jacquemin D. Structural and Optical Properties of Subporphyrinoids: A TD-DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4306-4317. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Azarias
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, Universite de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - Mylène Pawelek
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, Universite de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, Universite de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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6
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Pan H, Liu W, Wang C, Wang K, Jiang J. Phenanthro[4,5-fgh]quinoxaline-Fused Subphthalocyanines: Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopic Characterization. Chemistry 2016; 22:9488-92. [PMID: 27123546 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of four phenanthro[4,5-fgh]quinoxaline-fused subphthalocyanine derivatives 0-3 containing zero, one, two, and three phenanthro[4,5-fgh]quinoxaline moieties, respectively, were isolated from the mixed cyclotrimerization reaction of 2,9-di-tert-butylphenanthro[4,5-fgh]quinoxaline-5,6-dicarbonitrile with 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)phthalonitrile and characterized by a series of spectroscopic methods including MALDI-TOF mass, (1) H NMR, electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecular structures for the compounds 0 and 2 were clearly revealed on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Their electrochemical properties were also studied by cyclic voltammetry. In particular, theoretical calculations in combination with the electronic absorption and electrochemical analyses revealed the significant influence of the fused-phenanthro[4,5-fgh]quinoxaline units on the electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houhe Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional, Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional, Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chiming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional, Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional, Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China.
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional, Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China.
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7
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Rhoda HM, Kayser MP, Wang Y, Nazarenko AY, Belosludov RV, Kiprof P, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Tuning Up an Electronic Structure of the Subphthalocyanine Derivatives toward Electron-Transfer Process in Noncovalent Complexes with C60 and C70 Fullerenes: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9549-9563. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Rhoda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Mathew P. Kayser
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Yefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander Y. Nazarenko
- Chemistry Department, State University of New York, College at Buffalo, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14222, United States
| | | | - Paul Kiprof
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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Managa M, Mack J, Gonzalez-Lucas D, Remiro-Buenamañana S, Tshangana C, Cammidge AN, Nyokong T. Photophysical properties of tetraphenylporphyrinsubphthalocyanine conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel tetraphenylporphyrin-subphthalocyanine conjugates have been prepared and characterized. An analysis of their optical spectroscopy and electronic structures using fluorescence emission and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy and TD-DFT calculations, demonstrates that the two chromophores do not interact to any significant extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthumuni Managa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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9
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Shi M, Zhao Y, Xu H, Mack J, Yin L, Wang X, Shen Z. Photoisomerization and optical properties of a subphthalocyanine–azobenzene–subphthalocyanine triad. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11452k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel subPc–AB–subPc triad exhibits on–off switching of the fluorescence emission intensity upon reversible trans ↔ cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety. NMR spectroscopy provides additional evidence for the conformational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing 210046
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing 210046
- P. R. China
| | - Haijun Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- P. R. China
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Luan Yin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
- School of Physics
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
- School of Physics
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing 210046
- P. R. China
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10
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Li XL, Luo J, Lin YW, Liao LF, Nie CM. Density functional theory investigation of nonsymmetrically substituted uranyl–salophen complexes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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