1
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Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. A review of innovative electrochemical strategies for bioactive molecule detection and cell imaging: Current advances and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341920. [PMID: 38057043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity poses a major challenge for tumor theranostics, requiring high-resolution intercellular bioanalysis strategies. Over the past decades, the advantages of electrochemical analysis, such as high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution, and ease of use, have made it the preferred method to uncover cellular differences. To inspire more creative research, herein, we highlight seminal works in electrochemical techniques for biomolecule analysis and bioimaging. Specifically, micro/nano-electrode-based electrochemical techniques enable real-time quantitative analysis of electroactive substances relevant to life processes in the micro-nanostructure of cells and tissues. Nanopore-based technique plays a vital role in biosensing by utilizing nanoscale pores to achieve high-precision detection and analysis of biomolecules with exceptional sensitivity and single-molecule resolution. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology is utilized for real-time monitoring of the behavior and features of individual cancer cells, enabling observation of their dynamic processes due to its capability of providing high-resolution and highly sensitive bioimaging of cells. Particularly, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) which are widely used in real-time observation of cell surface biological processes and three-dimensional imaging of micro-nano structures, such as metabolic activity, ion channel activity, and cell morphology are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the expansion of the scope of cellular electrochemistry research by innovative functionalized electrodes and electrochemical imaging models and strategies to address future challenges and potential applications is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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2
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Zhao X, Zhu R, Anikovskiy M, Wu Q, Ding Z. Profiling H 2O 2 from single COS-7 cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115123. [PMID: 36812793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We report quantitative determination of extracellular H2O2 released from single COS-7 cells with high spatial resolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Our strategy of depth scan imaging in vertical x-z plane was conveniently utilized to a single cell for obtaining probe approach curves (PACs) to any positions on the membrane of a live cell by simply drawing a vertical line on one depth SECM image. This SECM mode provides an efficient way to record a batch of PACs, and visualize cell topography simultaneously. The H2O2 concentration at the membrane surface in the center of an intact COS-7 cell was deconvoluted from apparent O2, and determined to be 0.020 mM by overlapping the experimental PAC with the simulated one having a known H2O2 release value. The H2O2 profile determined in this way gives insight into physiological activity of single live cells. In addition, intracellular H2O2 profile was demonstrated using confocal microscopy by labelling the cells with a luminomphore, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The two methodologies have illustrated complementary experimental results of H2O2 detection, indicating that H2O2 generation is centered at endoplasmic reticula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Renkang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Max Anikovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Qingxi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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3
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhu T, Qiu J, Xu F, Zhang H, Li F. In Situ and Quantitatively Imaging of Heat-Induced Oxidative State and Oxidative Damage of Living Neurons Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200689. [PMID: 36373714 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system is sensitive and vulnerable to heat. Oxidative state and oxidative damage of neurons under heat stress are vital for understanding early consequences and mechanisms of heat-related neuronal injury, which remains elusive partly due to the technical challenge of in situ and quantitative monitoring methods. Herein, a temperature-controlled scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) platform with programmable pulse potential and depth scan modes is developed for in situ and quantitatively monitoring of oxygen consumption, extracellular hydrogen peroxide level, and cell membrane permeability of neurons under thermal microenvironment of 37-42 °C. The SECM results show that neuronal oxygen consumption reaches a maximum at 40 °C and then decreases, extracellular H2 O2 level increases from 39 °C, and membrane permeability increases from 2.0 ± 0.6 × 10-5 to 7.2 ± 0.8 × 10-5 m s-1 from 39 to 42 °C. The therapeutic effect on oxidative damage of neurons under hyperthermia conditions (40-42 °C) is further evaluated by SECM and fluorescence methods, which can be partially alleviated by the potent antioxidant edaravone. This work realizes in situ and quantitatively observing the heat-induced oxidative state and oxidative damage of living neurons using SECM for the first time, which results can contribute to a better understanding of the heat-related cellular injury mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yabei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xidian Group Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, P. R. China
| | - Jinbin Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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Skaanvik SA, Stephens LI, Gateman SM, Geissler M, Mauzeroll J. Quantitative Feedback Referencing for Improved Kinetic Fitting of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Measurements. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13852-13859. [PMID: 36166706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has matured as a technique for studying local electrochemical processes. The feedback mode is most commonly used for extracting quantitative kinetic information. However, approaching individual regions of interest, as is commonly done, does not take full advantage of the spatial resolution that SECM has to offer. Moreover, fitting of experimental approach curves remains highly subjective due to the manner of estimating the tip-to-substrate distance. We address these issues using negative or positive feedback currents as a reference to calculate the tip-to-substrate distance directly for quantitative kinetic fitting of approach curves and line profiles. The method was first evaluated by fitting simulated data and then tested experimentally by resolving negative feedback and intermediate kinetics behavior in a spatially controlled fashion using (i) a flat, binary substrate composed of Au and SiO2 segments and (ii) a dual-mediator system for live-cell measurements. The methodology developed herein, named quantitative feedback referencing (QFR), improves fitting accuracy, removes fitting subjectivity, and avoids substrate-microelectrode contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Irene Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Matthias Geissler
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, Quebec J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Wu T, Xiong Q, Song R, Wang Q, Zhang F, He P. In situ monitoring of the effect of Cu 2+ on the membrane permeability of a single living cell with a dual-electrode tip of a scanning electrochemical microscope. Analyst 2021; 146:7257-7264. [PMID: 34734932 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, an Au-Cu dual-electrode tip was designed to monitor the effect of Cu2+ on the membrane permeability of a single living cell in situ using scanning electrochemical microscopy. The probe approach curves (PACs) were obtained using potassium ferricyanide as a redox mediator. Meanwhile, according to the simulation, theoretical PACs could be acquired. Thus, the cell membrane permeability coefficient (Pm) values were obtained by overlapping the experimental PACs with the theoretical values. Cu2+ was directly generated by electrolyzing the Cu electrode of the dual-electrode tip to investigate its effect on the cell membrane permeability in situ. This work has potential value to improve the understanding of the mechanism of acute heavy metal damage on the cell membrane and will also help clarify the role of heavy metal ions in physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Qiang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Ranran Song
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Qingjiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
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6
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Zhang B, Pan N, Fan X, Lu L, Wang X. Real-time effects of Cd(II) on the cellular membrane permeability. Analyst 2021; 146:5973-5979. [PMID: 34499067 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00827g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane permeability is one of the main indicators of cytotoxicity and related to many critical biological pathways. Here, we determined the Cd2+-induced membrane permeability of human MCF-7 cells using ferrocene methanol molecular probes based on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The cell height and topography were examined with an impermeable Ru(NH3)6Cl3 probe. The membrane permeability exhibited no significant changes when the Cd2+ incubation time was less than 2 h and its concentration was less than 40 μM. The permeability increased when the Cd2+ concentration was greater than 60 μM, or when the incubation time was longer than 3 h. From the combined 3-(4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and cytoskeleton imaging experiments, it was found that the changes occurred because the cells exhibited a defensive mode and their membranes contracted when treated with a low concentration of Cd2+ for a short time. However, the cell membranes were irreversibly damaged when the cytoskeleton structures were destroyed, and the cell activities decreased at high concentrations over long periods. Interestingly, through the comparison with an x-scan study, it was found that DPV technology shows a higher performance in the detection of changes in the membrane permeability. Using a combination of cytoskeleton fluorescence imaging and cell-viability tests, the effect of the cadmium metal on the cell membrane permeability can be explored deeper and more comprehensively. This study provides a new idea for exploring the changes in the cell membrane permeability and may be helpful for rapid evaluation of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Na Pan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China. .,Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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7
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Gwon HJ, Lim D, Ahn HS. Bioanalytical chemistry with scanning electrochemical microscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Gwon
- Department of Chemistry Institution: Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Donghoon Lim
- Department of Chemistry Institution: Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun S. Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Institution: Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
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Valiūnienė A, Gabriunaite I, Poderyte M, Ramanavicius A. Electroporation of a hybrid bilayer membrane by scanning electrochemical microscope. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107617. [PMID: 32736329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method, suitable for targeted electroporation of hybrid bilayer membranes (hBLMs) by scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) is introduced by this work. A redox-probe-free system was applied for (i) SECM-based electroporation of a hBLM and for (ii) SECM-based visualization of pores formed by SECM-based electroporation in the hBLM. The hBLM was formed on a glass substrate modified by fluorine-doped tin oxide, and the structure (glass/FTO/hBLM) was used for further investigations. A specific 'constant-current region' at 1-30 µm distances between the UME and the hBLM surface was observed in the approach curves, which were registered while a Pt-based ultramicroelectrode (UME) was approaching the glass/FTO/hBLM surface. This 'constant-current region' was used as the characteristic feature for characterisation of the hBLM, and by assessment of the approach curves it was possible to distinguish whether an area of the hBLM was electroporated. SECM-based electroporation of the hBLM was performed by using increased potential difference between the reference electrode and the UME. Depending on the duration of the applied potential-pulse and on the distance between the UME and the hBLM surface, irreversible or reversible electroporation of the hBLM was achieved. The data shows that SECM can be successfully applied for both electroporation and characterisation of the hBLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Valiūnienė
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Inga Gabriunaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Margarita Poderyte
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Laboratory of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Centre of Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Zhang W, Yue S, Song J, Xun M, Han M, Yang H. MhNRAMP1 From Malus hupehensis Exacerbates Cell Death by Accelerating Cd Uptake in Tobacco and Apple Calli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:957. [PMID: 32733509 PMCID: PMC7358555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive cadmium (Cd) damages plants by causing cell death. The present study discusses the function of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) on cell death caused by Cd in Malus hupehensis. MhNRAMP1 was isolated from M. hupehensis roots, and its protein was located in the cell membrane as a transmembrane protein characterized by hydrophobicity. MhNRAMP1 expression in the roots was induced by Cd stress and calcium (Ca) deficiency. MhNRAMP1 overexpression increased Cd concentration in yeasts and enhanced their sensitivity to Cd. Phenotypic comparisons of plants under Cd stress revealed that the growth of transgenic tobacco and apple calli overexpressing MhNRAMP1 was worse than that of the wild type (WT). The Cd2+ influx of transgenic tobacco roots and apple calli was higher, and the recovery time of the Cd2+ influx to a stable state in transgenic apple calli was longer than that of the WT. Cd accumulation and the percentage of apoptotic cells in transgenic lines were higher. Correspondingly, the caspase-1-like and vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) activities and MdVPEγ expression were higher in transgenic apple calli, but the expression levels of genes that inhibit cell death were lower than those in the WT under Cd stress. Moreover, the Cd translocation from the roots to leaves was increased after MhNRAMP1 overexpression, but the Cd translocation from the leaves to seeds was not affected. These results suggest that MhNRMAP1 exacerbated Cd-induced cell death, which was accomplished by mediating Cd2+ uptake and accumulation, as well as stimulating VPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Zhang, ; Hongqiang Yang,
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Filice F, Henderson JD, Li MSM, Ding Z. Correlating Live Cell Viability with Membrane Permeability Disruption Induced by Trivalent Chromium. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2142-2151. [PMID: 30775648 PMCID: PMC6374964 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cr(III) is often regarded as a trace essential micronutrient that can be found in many dietary supplements due to its participation in blood glucose regulation. However, increased levels of exposure have been linked to adverse health effects in living organisms. Herein, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to detect variation in membrane permeability of single cells (T24) resulting from exposure to a trivalent Cr-salt, CrCl3. By employing electrochemical mediators, ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcCOO-), initially semipermeable and impermeable, respectively, complementary information was obtained. Three-dimensional COMSOL finite element analysis simulations were successfully used to quantify the permeability coefficients of each mediator by matching experimental and simulated results. Depending on the concentration of Cr(III) administered, three regions of membrane response were detected. Following exposure to low concentrations (up to 500 μM Cr(III)), their permeability coefficients were comparable to that of control cells, 80 μm/s for FcMeOH and 0 μm/s for FcCOO-. This was confirmed for both mediators. As the incubation concentrations were increased, the ability of FcMeOH to permeate the membrane decreased to a minimum of 17 μm/s at 7500 μM Cr(III), while FcCOO- remained impermeable. At the highest examined concentrations, both mediators were found to demonstrate increased membrane permeability. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability studies were also conducted on Cr(III)-treated T24 cells to correlate the SECM findings with the toxicity effects of the metal. The viability experiments revealed a similar concentration-dependent trend to the SECM cell membrane permeability study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhifeng Ding
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 519 661 2111x86161. Fax: +1 519 661
3022
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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Ding Z. Simulation Assisted Nanoscale Imaging of Single Live Cells with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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Conzuelo F, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20180409. [PMID: 30839832 PMCID: PMC6237495 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful and versatile technique for visualizing the local electrochemical activity of a surface as an ultramicroelectrode tip is moved towards or over a sample of interest using precise positioning systems. In comparison with other scanning probe techniques, SECM not only enables topographical surface mapping but also gathers chemical information with high spatial resolution. Considerable progress has been made in the analysis of biological samples, including living cells and immobilized biomacromolecules such as enzymes, antibodies and DNA fragments. Moreover, combinations of SECM with comple-mentary analytical tools broadened its applicability and facilitated multi-functional analysis with extended life science capabilities. The aim of this review is to present a brief topical overview on recent applications of biological SECM, with particular emphasis on important technical improvements of this surface imaging technique, recommended applications and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Yu Z, Wei H, Hao R, Chu H, Zhu Y. Physiological changes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii after 1000 generations of selection of cadmium exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:923-933. [PMID: 29725674 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential and toxic trace element widely existing in waters through various anthropogenic activities such as mining and waste disposal. The physiological responses of aquatic organisms to long-term Cd exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations are still not well explored. In the present study, two strains of unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a walled strain CC125 and a wall-less strain CC406 were selected to investigate the physiological changes of aquatic organisms after long-term Cd exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations (4.92 and 49.2 μg L-1). After about 1000 generations of selection, all of the two strains showed higher intracellular lipid peroxidation and lower photosynthetic activities, and failed to evolve specific adaptation to high levels of Cd (4.92 mg L-1) compared to the control. However, short-term low dose Cd exposure exerted hormetic effects on C. reinhardtii and the hormetic stimulation of growth rate, chlorophyll contents and photochemical activities at the lower concentration of Cd (4.92 μg L-1) groups were more pronounced than those at higher ones (49.2 μg L-1). Taken together, this study confirmed that long-term exposure to Cd at environmentally relevant concentrations which were regarded as nontoxic in acute experiments would produce toxic effects on C. reinhardtii and should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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15
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Filice FP, Li MS, Wong JM, Ding Z. The effects of long duration chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium on single live cells interrogated by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 182:222-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
To improve the spatial resolutions of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging, the laser-pulled submicron electrode fabrication method was explored in this work. Manual polishing of a laser-pulled Pt nanoelectrode exposed a Pt tip diameter of 250 nm with a ratio of the tip glass to exposed Pt disc (RG) of 30. This fabricated submicron probe was then utilized to study the electrochemical functionality of an independently addressable microband electrodes (IAME) sample using SECM. In the constant imaging mode of SECM, where the probe is scanned linearly across the sample at a fixed z position, SECM demonstrated higher resolution than that of the conventional micrometer electrodes when the feedback currents from the Pt and glass microbands were characterized. In addition, the depth scan imaging mode of SECM was also used to extract experimental horizontal line scans and probe approach curves for analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of the IAME–SECM probe experiments were explored for the first time to quantify the tip-to-sample distances, tilt angle of the sample (or electrode), and height of the Pt microbands. The experimentally characterized height was found to be similar to manufacturer specification (125 nm vs 110 nm). Furthermore, the more computationally demanding 3D simulation of the true IAME sample geometry (110 nm height of the Pt microbands) revealed minimal difference in feedback behaviours in comparison with the idealized flat geometry. The removal of this simulation complexity was proved to be sufficient for SECM analysis of the IAME sample by a 250 nm Pt probe, which greatly saves computation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S.M. Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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17
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Takahashi Y, Ida H, Matsumae Y, Komaki H, Zhou Y, Kumatani A, Kanzaki M, Shiku H, Matsue T. 3D electrochemical and ion current imaging using scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26728-26733. [PMID: 28951914 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Local cell-membrane permeability and ionic strength are important factors for maintaining the functions of cells. Here, we measured the spatial electrochemical and ion concentration profile near the sample surface with nanoscale resolution using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM). The ion current feedback system is an effective way to control probe-sample distance without contact and monitor the kinetic effect of mediator regeneration and the chemical concentration profile. For demonstrating 3D electrochemical and ion concentration mapping, we evaluated the reaction rate of electrochemical mediator regeneration on an unbiased conductor and visualized inhomogeneous permeability and the ion concentration 3D profile on a single fixed adipocyte cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 980-8577, Japan.
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18
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Soldà A, Valenti G, Marcaccio M, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Paolucci F, Rapino S. Glucose and Lactate Miniaturized Biosensors for SECM-Based High-Spatial Resolution Analysis: A Comparative Study. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1310-1318. [PMID: 28836760 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of developing miniaturized enzymatic biosensors suitable for in vitro diagnostic applications, such as monitoring of metabolites at single cell level, glucose and lactate biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing enzymes (glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase, respectively) on 10 μm Pt ultramicroelectrodes. These electrodes are meant to be employed as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), which is a unique technique for high-spatial-resolution electrochemical-based analysis. The use of enzymatic moieties improves sensitivity, time scale response, and information content of the microprobes; however, protein immobilization is a key step in the biosensor preparation that greatly affects the overall performance. A crucial aspect is the miniaturization of the sensing, preserving their sensitivity. In this work, we investigated the most common enzyme immobilization techniques. Several fabrication routes are reported and the main figures of merit, such as sensitivity, detection limit, response time, reproducibility, spatial resolution, biosensor efficiency, permeability, selectivity, and the ability to block electro-active interfering species, are investigated and compared. With the intent of using the microprobes for in vitro functional imaging of single living cells, we carefully evaluate the spatial resolution achieved by our modified electrodes on 2D SECM imaging. Metabolic activity of single MCF10A cells were obtained by monitoring the glucose concentrations in close proximity of single living cell, using the UME-based biosensor probes prepared. A voltage-switch approach was implemented to disentangle the topographical contribution of the cells enabling quantitative measurements of cellular uptakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Soldà
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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19
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Polcari D, Hernández-Castro JA, Li K, Geissler M, Mauzeroll J. Determination of the Relationship between Expression and Functional Activity of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8988-8994. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A
0B8, Canada
| | | | - Kebin Li
- Life Sciences
Division, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Matthias Geissler
- Life Sciences
Division, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A
0B8, Canada
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20
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Henderson JD, Filice FP, Li MSM, Ding Z. Tracking Live-Cell Response to Hexavalent Chromium Toxicity by using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
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21
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Bondarenko A, Lin TE, Stupar P, Lesch A, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Pick H. Fixation and Permeabilization Approaches for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Living Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11436-11443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Petar Stupar
- Laboratory of the
Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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23
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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24
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Li MS, Filice FP, Ding Z. Determining live cell topography by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Henderson JD, Filice FP, Li MS, Ding Z. Tracking live cell response to cadmium (II) concentrations by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 158:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Jing C, Gu Z, Xie T, Long YT. Color-coded imaging of electrochromic process at single nanoparticle level. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5347-5351. [PMID: 30155187 PMCID: PMC6020751 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic materials have attracted increasing attention in the field of smart devices and energy economy due to their excellent reversible chromic properties. Investigating an electrochromic process at the nano-scale is beneficial to the development of functional nano-devices exploiting chromophores. In this study, a new method for real-time imaging of an electrochromic process at the single nanoparticle level is developed based on an ultra-sensitive plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) technique. The scattering light intensity of nanoparticles is applied to reveal energy transfer from nanoparticles to chromophores modulated by an electrochromic reaction. This PRET-based technique achieves the detection of hundreds of molecules on the surface of a single nanoparticle. Furthermore, a color-coded amplifying method has been introduced for high-throughput, converting light intensity into easily recognized colors via the Matlab program. Compared with traditional electrochemical imaging techniques, this facile and rapid approach using optical techniques to characterize a real-time electrochemical process significantly enhances detection sensitivity, time and spatial resolution. Notably, the obtained electrochromic behavior of chromophores on a single nanoparticle is in good agreement with the simulated cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves on a nano-electrode. Therefore, this study provides a promising way to simultaneously monitor electrochromic reactions on single nano-electrodes with high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China . .,Physik-Department E20 , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China .
| | - Tao Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China .
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China .
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27
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Zhang MN, Ding Z, Long YT. Sensing cisplatin-induced permeation of single live human bladder cancer cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2016; 140:6054-60. [PMID: 26194058 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent, which was believed to trigger apoptosis of cancer cells by forming DNA adducts. However, recent studies evidenced a cisplatin-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway through interaction with plasma membranes. We present quantitative time-course imaging of cisplatin-induced permeation of ferrocenemethanol to single live human bladder cancer cells (T24) using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Simultaneous quantification of cellular topography and membrane permeability was realized by running SECM in the depth scan mode. It was demonstrated that the acute addition of cisplatin to the outer environment of T24 cells immediately induced membrane permeability change in 5 min, which indicated a loosened structure of the cellular membrane upon cisplatin dosage. The cisplatin-induced permeation of T24 cells might be a one-step action, an extrinsic mechanism, since the cell response was quick, and no continuous increase in the membrane permeability was observed. The time-lapse SECM depth scan method provided a simple and facile way of monitoring cisplatin-induced membrane permeability changes. Our study is anticipated to lead to a methodology of screening anti-cancer drugs through their interactions with live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ni Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7.
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28
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Henderson JD, Ding Z. Mapping Cd²⁺-induced membrane permeability changes of single live cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:85-94. [PMID: 26826690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is a powerful, non-invasive, analytical methodology that can be used to investigate live cell membrane permeability. Depth scan SECM imaging allowed for the generation of 2D current maps of live cells relative to electrode position in the x-z or y-z plane. Depending on resolution, one depth scan image can contain hundreds of probe approach curves (PACs). Individual PACs were obtained by simply extracting vertical cross-sections from the 2D image. These experimental PACs were overlaid onto theoretically generated PACs simulated at specific geometry conditions. Simulations were carried out using 3D models in COMSOL Multiphysics to determine the cell membrane permeability coefficients at different locations on the surface of the cells. Common in literature, theoretical PACs are generated using a 2D axially symmetric geometry. This saves on both compute time and memory utilization. However, due to symmetry limitations of the model, only one experimental PAC right above the cell can be matched with simulated PAC data. Full 3D models in this article were developed for the SECM system of live cells, allowing all experimental PACs over the entire cell to become usable. Cd(2+)-induced membrane permeability changes of single human bladder (T24) cells were investigated at several positions above the cell, displaced from the central axis. The experimental T24 cells under study were incubated with Cd(2+) in varying concentrations. It is experimentally observed that 50 and 100 μM Cd(2+) caused a decrease in membrane permeability, which was uniform across all locations over the cell regardless of Cd(2+) concentration. The Cd(2+) was found to have detrimental effects on the cell, with cells shrinking in size and volume, and the membrane permeability decreasing. A mapping technique for the analysis of the cell membrane permeability under the Cd(2+) stress is realized by the methodology presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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29
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Zhang Z, Shi J, Huang W. Study of the ion-channel behavior on glassy carbon electrode supported bilayer lipid membranes stimulated by perchlorate anion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 55:431-5. [PMID: 26117774 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a kind of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) layer membranes was supported on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). We studied the ion channel behavior of the supported bilayer lipid membrane by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SCEM) in tris(2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) solution. Perchlorate anion was used as a presence of stimulus and ruthenium(II) complex cations as the probing ions for the measurement of SECM, the lipid membrane channel was opened and exhibited the behavior of distinct SECM positive feedback curve. The channel was in a closed state in the absence of perchlorate anions while reflected the behavior of SECM negative feedback curve. The rates of electron transfer reaction in the lipid membranes surface were detected and it was dependant on the potential of SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Wu SS, Zhang JZ, Yu XH, Cao Y, Wang HJ. BSA-conjugated CdS/Ag 2S quantum dots: synthesis and preliminary antineoplastic assessment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09526j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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