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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Khursheed S, Siddique HR, Tabassum S, Arjmand F. Water soluble transition metal [Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] complexes of N-phthaloylglycinate bis(1,2-diaminocyclohexane). DNA binding, pBR322 cleavage and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11713-11729. [PMID: 35852297 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To validate the effect of metal ions in analogous ligand scaffolds on DNA binding and cytotoxic response, we have synthesized a series of water-soluble ionic N-phthaloylglycinate conjugated bis(diaminocyclohexane)M2+ complexes where M = Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) (1-3). The structural characterization of the complexes (1-3) was achieved by spectroscopic {FT-IR, EPR, UV-vis absorption data, 1H NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis} and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, which revealed different topologies for the late 3d-transition metals. The Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes exhibited an octahedral geometry with coordinated labile water molecules in the P1̄ space group while the Cu(II) complex revealed a square planar geometry with the P21/c space lattice. In vitro DNA-complexation studies were performed employing various complementary biophysical methods to quantify the intrinsic binding constant Kb and Ksv values and to envisage the binding modes and binding affinity of (1-3) at the therapeutic targets. The corroborative results of these experiments revealed a substantial geometric and electronic effect of (1-3) on DNA binding and the following inferences were observed, (i) high Kb and Ksv values, (ii) remarkable cleavage efficiency via an oxidative pathway, (iii) condensation behavior and (iv) good cytotoxic response to HepG2 and PTEN-caP8 cancer cell lines, with copper(II) complex 2 outperforming the other two complexes as a most promising anticancer drug candidate. Copper(II) complexes have been proven in the literature to be good anticancer drug entities, displaying inhibition of uncontrolled-cell growth by multiple pathways viz., anti-angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis and reactive oxygen species mediated cell death phenomena. Nickel(II) and zinc(II) ionic complexes 1 and 3 have also demonstrated good chemotherapeutic potential in vitro and the bioactive 1,2-diaminocyclohexane fragment in these complexes plays an instrumental role in anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Khursheed
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Hifzur R Siddique
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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3
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Photoactive homomolecular bis(n)-Lophine dyads: Multicomponent synthesis, photophysical properties, theoretical investigation, docking and interaction studies with biomacromolecules. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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4
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Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar A, Murthy K, Kumar Singh A. pH-Responsive luminescence sensing, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic applications of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers bearing imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Coban B, Saka E, Yıldız U, Akkoç S. DNA Interactions and Antiproliferative Activity Studies of Octahedral Nickel Complexes of Two Extended Phenanthrolines. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Coban
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak 67100 Turkey
| | - Engin Saka
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak 67100 Turkey
| | - Ufuk Yıldız
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak 67100 Turkey
| | - Senem Akkoç
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Süleyman Demirel University Isparta 32260 Turkey
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Shiju C, Arish D, Bhuvanesh N, Kumaresan S. Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of a sterically hindered symmetrical nitrogen donor ligand and its metal complexes. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Bhattacharjee A, Das S, Das B, Roy P. Intercalative DNA binding, protein binding, antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity studies of a mononuclear copper(II) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and cytotoxicity studies of two novel Cu(II)-2-(2′-pyridyl) quinoxaline complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fedorova OA, Shepel NE, Tokarev SD, Lukovskaya EV, Sotnikova YA, Moiseeva AA, D’Aléo A, Fages F, Maurel F, Fedorov YV. Intramolecular electron transfer in Cu(ii) complexes with aryl-imidazo-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives: experimental and quantum chemical calculation studies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
First observation of Cu(ii)–Cu(i) autoreduction in complex with aryl-imidazo-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives.
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Guo B, Liao C, Fang Y, Li S, Li X, Lu Z, Chen Y. Ruthenium complex delivery using liposomes to improve bioactivity against HeLa cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2851-2866. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to encapsulate a ruthenium complex [Ru(ttbpy)2PIP](ClO4)2 (Ru) in liposomes to enhance their antitumor effect on human cervical cancer. Methods: The Ru-loaded PEGylated liposomes (Ru–Lip) were prepared using thin-film hydration method. The mechanism of action was studied. Results: A novel Ru was successfully synthesized. Ru–Lip showed stronger cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells than Ru. Ru–Lip demonstrated a more significant increase in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis-associated processes (intracellular calcium concentration, cytochrome c release and activation of Bax and caspase-3) than Ru. Ru–Lip exhibited greater blockade efficacy in the cell cycle G1 phase and greater DNA damage than Ru. Conclusion: Ru–Lip significantly elevates the anticancer effect via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunctional pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cancheng Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhufen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- R&D Team for Formulation Innovation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Amini M, Najafi S, Janczak J. Copper (I) complex of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline: Synthesis, structure, and catalytic properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Utthra PP, Raman N. Probing the potency of triazole tethered Schiff base complexes and the effect of substituents on their biological attributes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:194-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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