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Kar B, Shanavas S, Karmakar A, Nagendra AH, Vardhan S, Sahoo SK, Bose B, Kundu S, Paira P. 2-Aryl-1 H-imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthroline-Based Binuclear Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) Complexes as Mitochondria Targeting Cancer Stem Cell Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10928-10945. [PMID: 38812379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I)-based organometallic complexes [Ru2L1, Ru2L2, Ir2L1, Ir2L2, Re2L1, and Re2L2] have been synthesized to assess their potency and selectivity against multiple cancer cells A549, HCT-116, and HCT-116 colon CSCs. The cytotoxic screening of the synthesized complexes has revealed that complex Ru2L1 and Ir2L2 are two proficient complexes among all, but Ru2L1 is the most potent complex. A significant binding constant value was observed for DNA and BSA in all complexes. Significant lipophilic properties allow them to penetrate cancer cell membranes, and substantial quantum yield (ϕf) values support bioimaging potential. Again, these complexes are particular for mitochondrial localization and produce a profuse amount of ROS to damage the mitochondrial DNA and then G1 phase cell-cycle arrest. Protein expression analysis unveiled that pro-apoptotic Bax protein overexpressed in Ru2L1-treated cells, whereas antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein was expressed twofold in Ir2L2-treated cells, which correlated with autophagy reticence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Karmakar
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Energy, Environment and Catalysis, Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Apoorva H Nagendra
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Energy, Environment and Catalysis, Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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Peng C, Luo J, Wang K, Li J, Ma Y, Li J, Yang H, Chen T, Zhang G, Ji X, Liao Y, Lin H, Ji Z. Iridium metal complex targeting oxidation resistance 1 protein attenuates spinal cord injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-associated reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102913. [PMID: 37857001 PMCID: PMC10587759 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key factor leading to profound neurological deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we present the development and potential application of an iridium (iii) complex, (CpxbiPh) Ir (N^N) Cl, where CpxbiPh represents 1-biphenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethyl cyclopentadienyl, and N^N denotes 2-(3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl) pyridine chelating agents, to address this challenge through a mechanism governed by the regulation of an antioxidant protein. This iridium complex, IrPHtz, can modulate the Oxidation Resistance 1 (OXR1) protein levels within spinal cord tissues, thus showcasing its antioxidative potential. By eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing apoptosis, the IrPHtz demonstrated neuroprotective and neural healing characteristics on injured neurons. Our molecular docking analysis unveiled the presence of π stacking within the IrPHtz-OXR1 complex, an interaction that enhanced OXR1 expression, subsequently diminishing oxidative stress, thwarting neuroinflammation, and averting neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, in in vivo experimentation with SCI-afflicted mice, IrPHtz was efficacious in shielding spinal cord neurons, promoting their regrowth, restoring electrical signaling, and improving motor performance. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of employing the iridium metal complex in a novel, protein-regulated antioxidant strategy, presenting a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jianxian Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shaoyang University Puai Medical College, Shaoyang, Hunan, 422099, China
| | - Yanming Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Tianjun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Zhisheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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3
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Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Efficacy Studies of Iridium (III) Polypyridyl Complexes against Colon Cancer HCT116 Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175434. [PMID: 36080200 PMCID: PMC9458069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, two new iridium (III) complexes, [Ir(ppy)2(ipbp)](PF6) (Ir1) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, ipbp = 3-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2yl)-4H-chromen-4-one) and [Ir(bzq)2(ipbp)](PF6) (Ir2) (bzq = benzo[h]quinolone), were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity of the complexes against human colon cancer HCT116 and normal LO2 cells was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The complexes Ir1 and Ir2 show high cytotoxic efficacy toward HCT116 cells with a low IC50 value of 1.75 ± 0.10 and 6.12 ± 0.2 µM. Interestingly, Ir1 only kills cancer cells, not normal LO2 cells (IC50 > 200 µM). The inhibition of cell proliferation and migration were investigated by multiple tumor spheroid (3D) and wound healing experiments. The cellular uptake was explored under a fluorescence microscope. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), change of mitochondrial membrane potential, glutathione (GSH) and adenine nucleoside triphosphate (ATP) were studied. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were performed by flow cytometry. The results show that the complexes induce early apoptosis and inhibit the cell proliferation at the G0/G1 phase. Additionally, the apoptotic mechanism was researched by Western blot analysis. The results obtained demonstrate that the complexes cause apoptosis in HCT116 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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4
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Cyclometalated iridium(III) dithioformic acid complexes as mitochondria-targeted imaging and anticancer agents. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 233:111855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Lu JJ, Ma XR, Xie K, Yang PX, Li RT, Ye RR. Novel heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes: design, synthesis and antitumor mechanism investigation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7907-7917. [PMID: 35535974 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reasonable design of binuclear or multinuclear metal complexes has demonstrated their potential advantages in the anticancer field. Herein, three heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes, [Ir(C^N)2LRe(CO)3DIP](PF6)2 (C^N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy, in IrRe-1), 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine (thpy, in IrRe-2) and 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy, in IrRe-3); L = pyridylimidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline; DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), were designed and synthesized. The heterobimetallic IrRe-1-3 complexes show pH-sensitive emission properties, which can be used for specific imaging of lysosomes. Additionally, IrRe-1-3 display higher cytotoxicity against tested tumor cell lines than the clinical chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Further mechanisms indicate that IrRe-1-3 can induce apoptosis and autophagy, increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarize the mitochondrial membrane (MMP), block the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and inhibit cell migration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the synthesis of heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes with superior anticancer activities and evaluation of their anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Pei-Xin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
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7
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Yuan Y, Shi C, Wu X, Li W, Huang C, Liang L, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu Y. Synthesis and anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo evaluation of iridium(III) complexes on mouse melanoma B16 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 232:111820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Pragti, Kundu BK, Upadhyay SN, Sinha N, Ganguly R, Grabchev I, Pakhira S, Mukhopadhyay S. Pyrene-based fluorescent Ru(II)-arene complexes for significant biological applications: catalytic potential, DNA/protein binding, two photon cell imaging and in vitro cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3937-3953. [PMID: 35171173 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are being studied extensively as anticancer drugs following the inclusion of NAMI-A and KP1019 in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic phase and primary tumors. Herein, we designed and synthesized four organometallic Ru(II)-arene complexes [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)Cl] (1), [Ru(η6-benzene)(L)Cl] (2), [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)N3] (3) and [Ru(η6-benzene)(L)N3] (4) [HL = (E)-N'-(pyren-1-ylmethylene)thiopene-2-carbohydrazide] that have anticancer, antimetastatic and two-photon cell imaging abilities. Moreover, in the transfer hydrogenation of NADH to NAD+, these compounds also display good catalytic activity. All the complexes, 1-4, are well characterized by spectroscopic techniques (NMR, mass, FTIR, UV-vis and fluorescence). The single crystal X-ray diffraction technique proved that the ligand L coordinates through an N,O-bidentate chelating fashion in the solid-state structures of complexes 1 and 2. The stability study of the complexes was performed through UV-visible spectroscopy. The cytotoxicities of all the complexes were screened through MTT assay and the results revealed that the complexes have potential anticancer activity against various cancerous cells (HeLa, MCF7 and A431). Studies with spectroscopic techniques revealed that complexes 1-4 exhibit strong interactions with biological molecules i.e. proteins (HSA and BSA) and CT-DNA. The density functional theory (DFT-D) method has been employed in the present study to know the interaction between DNA and complexes by calculating the HOMO and LUMO energy. A plausible mechanism for NADH oxidation has also been explored and the DFT calculations are found to be in accord with the experimental observation. Furthermore, we have investigated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capabilities in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. The Hoechst/PI dual staining method confirmed the apoptosis mode of cell death. Meanwhile, complexes 1-4 show capabilities to prevent the metastasis phase of cancer cells by inhibiting cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Shrish Nath Upadhyay
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India.
| | - Nilima Sinha
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India.
| | | | - Ivo Grabchev
- Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski" Faculty of Medicine, 1, Koziak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Srimanta Pakhira
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India. .,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore-453552, MP, India.,Centre for Advanced Electronics (CAE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
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Sohrabi M, Bikhof Torbati M, Lutz M, Meghdadi S, Farrokhpour H, Amiri A, Amirnasr M. Application of cyclometalated rhodium(III) complexes as therapeutic agents in biomedical and luminescent cellular imaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Zhang Y, Fei W, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Tian L, Hao J, Yuan Y, Li W, Liu Y. Increasing anticancer effect in vitro and vivo of liposome-encapsulated iridium(III) complexes on BEL-7402 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111622. [PMID: 34624670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The studies of iridium (III) complexes as potent anticancer reagents have attracted great attention. Here, a new iridium (III) complex [Ir(bzq)2(PYIP)](PF6) (Ir1, bzq = benzo[h]quinoline, PYIP = 2-(pyren-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) was synthesized and its liposomes (Ir1Lipo) was prepared. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to detect the cytotoxic activity of Ir1 and Ir1Lipo on HepG2, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, HeLa, B16, A549 and normal NIH3T3 cells. The complex Ir1 displays no obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of BEL-7402 cells, while the Ir1Lipo shows significant cytotoxic activity on BEL-7402 cells (IC50 = 2.6 ± 0.03 μM). In further studies, Ir1Lipo induced apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathways, such as increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and intracellular Ca2+ level, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, after incubation with Ir1Lipo, the colony formation of BEL-7402 cells was significantly inhibited. Moreover, flow cytometry was used to detect the impact of Ir1Lipo on cell cycle distribution, and western blot was used to detect the expression of caspases and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family proteins. Furthermore, Ir1Lipo exhibited significant antitumor activity in vivo with an inhibitory rate of 65.8%. These results indicated that Ir1Lipo induces apoptosis in BEL-7402 cells through intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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11
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Xie FL, Huang ZT, Bai L, Zhu JW, Xu HH, Long QQ, Guo QF, Wu Y, Liu SH. Antitumor activity studies of iridium (III) polypyridine complexes-loaded liposomes against gastric tumor cell in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111603. [PMID: 34564032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two iridium (III) polypyridine complexes [Ir(ppy)2(BIP)]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, BIP = 2-biphenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ir1), [Ir(piq)2(BIP)]PF6 (piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline, Ir2) and their liposomes Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo were synthesized and characterized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity against several cancer cells (A549, HepG2, SGC-7901, Bel-7402, HeLa) and non-cancer cell (mouse embryonic fibroblast, NIH3T3). The results showed that Ir1lipo displays the high cytotoxicity toward SGC-7901 with IC50 value of 5.8 ± 0.2 μM, while the complexes have no cytotoxicity toward A549, HepG2, Bel-7402 and HeLa cells. The cell colony demonstrated that the iridium (III) complexes-loaded liposomes can inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Moreover, they also cause autophagy, induce a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. These results suggest that the complexes encapsulated liposomes Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and activating the PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase)/ AKT (protein kinase B) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Zhi-Tong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qing-Qin Long
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qi-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
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12
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Das U, Kar B, Pete S, Paira P. Ru(ii), Ir(iii), Re(i) and Rh(iii) based complexes as next generation anticancer metallopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11259-11290. [PMID: 34342316 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several anticancer drugs such as cisplatin, and its analogues, epirubicin, and doxorubicin are well known for their anticancer activity but the therapeutic value of these drugs comes with certain side effects and they cannot distinguish between normal and cancer cells. Thus, a major challenge for researchers around the world is to develop an anticancer drug with the least toxicity and more target specificity. With the successful reporting of NAMI-A and KP1019, a new path has emerged in the anticancer field. Recently, several Ru(ii) complexes have been reported for their anticancer activity due to their enhanced cellular uptake and selectivity towards cancer cells. Apart from the Ru(ii) complexes, a large amount of research has been carried out with Ir(iii), Re(i), and Rh(iii) based complexes, which exhibited promising anticancer activity. The present review reports various Ru(ii), Ir(iii), Re(i), and Rh(iii) based complexes for their anticancer activity based on their cytotoxicity profiles, biological targets and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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13
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Ross DAW, Mapley JI, Cording AP, Vasdev RAS, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. 6,6'-Ditriphenylamine-2,2'-bipyridine: Coordination Chemistry and Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11852-11865. [PMID: 34311548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2,2'-bipyridine with bulky triphenylamine substituents in the 6 and 6' positions of the ligand (6,6'-ditriphenylamine-2,2'-bipyridine, 6,6'-diTPAbpy) was generated. Despite the steric bulk, the ligand readily formed bis(homoleptic) complexes with copper(I) and silver(I) ions. Unfortunately, efforts to use the 6,6'-diTPAbpy system to generate heteroleptic [Cu(6,6'-diTPAbpy)(bpy)]+ complexes were unsuccessful with only the [Cu(6,6'-diTPAbpy)2](PF6) complex observed. The 6,6'-diTPAbpy ligand could also be reacted with 6-coordinate metal ions that featured small ancillary ligands, namely, the [Re(CO)3Cl] and [Ru(CO)2Cl2] fragments. While the complexes could be formed in good yields, the steric bulk of the TPA units does alter the coordination geometry. This is most readily seen in the [(6,6'-diTPAbpy)Re(CO)3Cl] complex where the Re(I) ion is forced to sit 23° out of the plane formed by the bpy unit. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of the family of compounds were also examined. 6,6'-diTPAbpy exhibits a strong ILCT absorption band (356 nm, 50 mM-1 cm-1) which displays a small increase in intensity for the homoleptic complexes ([Cu(6,6'-diTPAbpy)2]+; 353 nm, 72 mM-1 cm-1, [Ag(6,6'-diTPAbpy)2]+; 353 nm, 75 mM-1 cm-1), despite containing 2 equiv of the ligand, attributed to an increased dihedral angle between the TPA and bpy moieties. For the 6-coordinate complexes the ILCT band is further decreased in intensity and overlaps with MLCT bands, consistent with a further increased TPA-bpy dihedral angle. Emission from the 1ILCT state is observed at 436 nm (τ = 4.4 ns) for 6,6'-diTPAbpy and does not shift for the Cu, Ag, and Re complexes, although an additional 3MLCT emission is observed for [Re(6,6'-diTPAbpy)(CO)3Cl] (640 nm, τ = 13.8 ns). No emission was observed for [Ru(6,6'-diTPAbpy)(CO)2Cl2]. Transient absorption measurements revealed the population of a 3ILCT state for the Cu and Ag complexes (τ = 80 ns). All assignments were supported by TD-DFT calculations and resonance Raman spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A W Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Joseph I Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Cording
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - C John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Advances in novel iridium (III) based complexes for anticancer applications: A review. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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