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Zhang Q, Chen D, Liu X, Deng Z, Li J, Zhu S, Ma B, Liu R, Zhu H. High Photocytotoxicity Iridium(III) Complex Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy Induces Antitumor Effect Through GPX4-Dependent Ferroptosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403165. [PMID: 39246173 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of small molecule photosensitizers based on iridium complex is limited by the mismatch between therapeutic effect and systemic toxicity, as well as the incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying cell death induction. Herein, a small molecule iridium complex IrC with high photocytotoxicity is synthesized, with half maximal inhibitory concentration as low as 91 nm, demonstrating excellent anti-tumor, relief of splenomegaly, and negligible side effects. Starting from the factors of effective photosensitizers, the in-depth theoretical analysis on photon absorption efficiency, energy transfer level matching, and properties of the triplet excited state of IrC is conducted. This also elucidates the feasibility of generating the high singlet oxygen quantum yield. In addition, the death mechanism induced by IrC is focused, innovatively utilizing GPX4-overexpression and GPX4-knockout cells via CRISPR/Cas9 technique to comprehensively verify ferroptosis and its further molecular mechanism. The generation of ROS mediated by IrC, along with the direct inhibition of GPX4 and glutathione, synergistically increased cellular oxidative stress and the level of lipid peroxidation. This study provides an effective approach for small molecule complexes to induce GPX4-dependent ferroptosis at low-dose photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Dezhi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhewen Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Senqiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Botter E, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F, Visentin F, Scattolin T. Liposomal Formulations of Metallodrugs for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9337. [PMID: 39273286 PMCID: PMC11394711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for new antineoplastic agents is imperative, as cancer remains one of the most preeminent causes of death worldwide. Since the discovery of the therapeutic potential of cisplatin, the study of metallodrugs in cancer chemotherapy acquired increasing interest. Starting from cisplatin derivatives, such as oxaliplatin and carboplatin, in the last years, different compounds were explored, employing different metal centers such as iron, ruthenium, gold, and palladium. Nonetheless, metallodrugs face several drawbacks, such as low water solubility, rapid clearance, and possible side toxicity. Encapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these issues, providing both improved biocompatibility and protection of the payload from possible degradation in the biological environment. In this respect, liposomes, which are spherical vesicles characterized by an aqueous core surrounded by lipid bilayers, have proven to be ideal candidates due to their versatility. In fact, they can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, are biocompatible, and their properties can be tuned to improve the selective delivery to tumour sites exploiting both passive and active targeting. In this review, we report the most recent findings on liposomal formulations of metallodrugs, with a focus on encapsulation techniques and the obtained biological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Botter
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Fabiano Visentin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Huang C, Yuan Y, Li G, Tian S, Hu H, Chen J, Liang L, Wang Y, Liu Y. Mitochondria-targeted iridium(III) complexes encapsulated in liposome induce cell death through ferroptosis and gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116112. [PMID: 38183779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper unveils a novel perspective on synthesis and characterization of the ligand 5-bromo-2-amino-2'-(phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) (BAPIP), and its iridium(III) complexes [Ir(PPY-)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (1a, with PPY- as deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(PIQ-)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (1b, piq- denoting deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline), and [Ir(BZQ-)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (1c, bzq- signifying deprotonated benzo[h]quinoline). Systematic evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 1a, 1b, and 1c across diverse cell lines encompassing B16, HCT116, HepG2, A549, HeLa, and LO2 using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Unexpectedly, compounds 1b and 1c demonstrated no cytotoxicity against the above cell lines. Motivated by the pursuit of heightened anti-proliferative potential, a strategic encapsulation approach yielded liposomes 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip. As expectation, 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip displayed remarkable anti-proliferative efficacy, particularly noteworthy in A549 cells, exhibiting IC50 values of 4.9 ± 1.0, 5.9 ± 0.1, and 7.6 ± 0.2 μM, respectively. Moreover, our investigation illuminated the mitochondrial accumulation of these liposomal entities, 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip, evoking apoptosis through the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ferroptosis was confirmed by decrease in glutathione (GSH) concentrations, the downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), increase of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1), and lipid peroxidation. Simultaneously, pyroptosis as another mode of cell death was undertaken. RNA-sequencing was employed to investigate intricate signalling pathways. In vivo examination provided tangible evidence of 1alip in effectively curbing tumor growth. Collectively, this study provides a multifaceted mode of cellular demise orchestrated by 1a, 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip, involving pathways encompassing apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Foshan women and children hospital, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Gechang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Chen Y, Gu Y, Hu H, Liu H, Li W, Huang C, Chen J, Liang L, Liu Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of liposome entrapped iridium(III) complexes toward SGC-7901 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 241:112134. [PMID: 36706490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two new iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes [Ir(bzq)2(DIPH)](PF6) (bzq = deprotonated benzo[h]quinoline, DIPH = 4-(2,5-dibromo-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolim-2-yl)-4-hydroxybutan-2-one) (Ir1) and [Ir(piq)2(DIPH)](PF6) (piq = deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline) (Ir2) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR. The cytotoxic activity of Ir1, Ir2, Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo against cancer cells SGC-7901, HepG2, A549, HeLa, B16 and normal NIH3T3 cells in vitro was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Ir1 and Ir2 showed no cytotoxic activity, but their liposome-entrapped Ir1 (Ir1lipo) and Ir2 (Ir2lipo) showed significant cellular activity, especially sensitive to SGC-7901 with IC50 values of 4.7 ± 0.2 and 12.4 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. The cellular uptake, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization, autophagy, tubulin polymerization, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and release of cytochrome c were investigated to explore the mechanisms of apoptosis. The calreticulin (CRT), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were also explored. Western blotting showed that Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo inhibited PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase), AKT (protein kinase B), p-AKT and activated Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) protein and apoptosis-regulated factor caspase 3 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3) and cleaving PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase). The results demonstrated that Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo induce cell apoptosis through targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cause oxidative stress damage, inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, immunogenic cell death (ICD) and inhibit the cell growth at G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yiying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Huang C, Liu H, Li W, Liang L, Wang Y, Liu Y. Synthesis, biological evaluation of novel iridium(III) complexes targeting mitochondria toward melanoma B16 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115046. [PMID: 36577214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new ligand 2-(1E,3E,5E,7E)-2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-yl)octa-1,2,5,7-tetraen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (DTOIP) was synthesized and combined with [Ir(ppy)2Cl]2·2H2O (ppy = deprotonated Hppy: 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(piq)2Cl]2·2H2O (piq = deprotonated Hpiq: 1-phenylisoquinoline) and [Ir(bzq)2Cl]2·2H2O (bzq = deprotonated Hbzq: benzo[h]quinolone) to form [Ir(ppy)2(DTOIP)](PF6) (Ir1), [Ir(piq)2(DTOIP)](PF6) (Ir2), and [Ir(bzq)2(DTOIP)](PF6) (Ir3), respectively. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes toward B16, BEL-7402, Eca-109 and normal LO2 cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Complexes Ir1, Ir2 and Ir3 showed high antiproliferative activity against B16 cells with a low IC50 values of 0.4 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.09 μM, respectively. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell models also demonstrated that the iridium(III) complexes have a remarkable cytotoxicity to B16 cells. The experiments of cellular uptake, mitochondrial localization, and intracellular distribution of the drugs proved that the three iridium(III) complexes can enter the mitochondria, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, causing an increase of intracellular ROS content, and DNA damage, finally inducing apoptosis. RNA-sequence and bioinformatics analyses were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and enriched biology processes. Antitumor in vivo demonstrated that complex Ir1 (5 mg/kg) exhibits a high efficacy to inhibit the tumor growth with an inhibitory rate of 71.67%. These results show that the complexes may be potent anticancer candidate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Wang Y, Li Y, Chen J, Liu H, Zhou Y, Huang C, Liang L, Liu Y, Wang X. Anticancer effect evaluation of iridium(III) complexes targeting mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112054. [PMID: 36335745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ligand HMSPIP (2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and its iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(HMSPIP)]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, Ir1) and [Ir(bzq)2(HMSPIP)]PF6 (bzq = benzo[h]quinoline, Ir2) were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV/Vis spectra. The cytotoxicity of the complexes toward cancer cells were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, the scratch wound healing and colony-forming were also investigated. MTT assay certificated that the complexes show high toxic effect on the HeLa cells. The cell cycle assay illustrated that the complexes blocked cell growth at G0/G1 phase in HeLa cells. A series of subsequent experiments showed that the complexes first enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then enter the mitochondria, leading to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, depolarizing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ultimately resulting in apoptosis. In addition, the experimental results revealed that the complexes not only increase the level of ROS but also inhibit the production of GSH and eventually produce large amounts of MDA and further leading to cell death. Taken together, we consider that the complexes can be used as potential candidate drugs for HeLa cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yizhen Li
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ju Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Li W, Shi C, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang X, Huang C, Liang L, Liu Y. Light activation of iridium(III) complexes driving ROS production and DNA damage enhances anticancer activity in A549 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111977. [PMID: 36030672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to synthesize and characterize two iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir1, IPPH = (2S,3R,5S,6R)-2-(2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(piq)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir2, piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline). The cytotoxicity of the complexes against BEL-7402, A549, HCT-116, B16 cancer cells and normal LO2 was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The complexes show no cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 100 μM) against these cancer cells, while their cytotoxicity can significantly be elevated upon illumination. The IC50 values range from 0.2 ± 0.05 to 35.5 ± 3.5 μM. The cellular uptake, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria localization, reactive oxygen species, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential, γ-H2AX levels, cycle arrest, apoptosis and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 were investigated. The calreticulin (CRT), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were explored. This study demonstrates that photoactivatable complexes induce cell death in A549 through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial pathway, DNA damage pathways, immunogenic cell death (ICD), activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibit the cell growth at S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Liang L, Wu X, Shi C, Wen H, Wu S, Chen J, Huang C, Wang Y, Liu Y. Synthesis and characterization of polypyridine ruthenium(II) complexes and anticancer efficacy studies in vivo and in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111963. [PMID: 35988387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, ligand IPP (IPP = 4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline) and its three Ru(II) complexes: [Ru(bpy)2(IPP)](ClO4)2 (1) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), [Ru(dmbpy)2(IPP)](ClO4)2 (2) (dmbpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), and [Ru(phen)2(IPP)](ClO4)2 (3) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized. The anticancer activity in vitro of the complexes was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The scratching and colony-forming experiments confirmed the complexes 1, 2, 3 interfered with the proliferation and migration ability of cells. The accumulation of the complexes in cells was researched and we found that these complexes directly accumulated in mitochondria, then the complexes cause a decline of the mitochondrial membrane potential and induce an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The growth of B16 cells were inhibited by 1, 2 and 3 at G0/G1 phase. Apoptosis was induced through mitochondrial pathway and the expression of apoptosis-related factors was regulated. In addition, the complexes promoted the transition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) into the cleaved form (Cleaved PARP), downregulated the anti-apoptotic proteins, and upregulated the pro-apoptotic proteins. Consequently, complexes 1, 2 and 3 exerted their anticancer activity by regulating B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. Complex 2 showed excellent antitumor effects with a high inhibitory rate of 65.95% in vivo. Taken together, the complexes cause apoptosis in B16 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haoyu Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shouhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Xie B, Wang Y, Wang D, Xue X, Nie Y. Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Efficacy Studies of Iridium (III) Polypyridyl Complexes against Colon Cancer HCT116 Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:5434. [PMID: 36080200 PMCID: PMC9458069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, two new iridium (III) complexes, [Ir(ppy)2(ipbp)](PF6) (Ir1) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, ipbp = 3-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2yl)-4H-chromen-4-one) and [Ir(bzq)2(ipbp)](PF6) (Ir2) (bzq = benzo[h]quinolone), were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity of the complexes against human colon cancer HCT116 and normal LO2 cells was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The complexes Ir1 and Ir2 show high cytotoxic efficacy toward HCT116 cells with a low IC50 value of 1.75 ± 0.10 and 6.12 ± 0.2 µM. Interestingly, Ir1 only kills cancer cells, not normal LO2 cells (IC50 > 200 µM). The inhibition of cell proliferation and migration were investigated by multiple tumor spheroid (3D) and wound healing experiments. The cellular uptake was explored under a fluorescence microscope. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), change of mitochondrial membrane potential, glutathione (GSH) and adenine nucleoside triphosphate (ATP) were studied. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were performed by flow cytometry. The results show that the complexes induce early apoptosis and inhibit the cell proliferation at the G0/G1 phase. Additionally, the apoptotic mechanism was researched by Western blot analysis. The results obtained demonstrate that the complexes cause apoptosis in HCT116 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Xingkui Xue
- Department of Medical Research Center, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511458, China
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Wang J, Liu H, Wu X, Shi C, Li W, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Xing D. Induction of apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by iridium(III) complexes via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:455-469. [PMID: 35817878 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was intended to evaluate the anticancer activity of three newly synthesized iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(PEIP)](PF6) (1) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, PEIP = 2-phenethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), [Ir(ppy)2(SIP)](PF6) (2) (SIP = (E)-2-styryl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and [Ir(ppy)2(PEYIP)](PF6) (3) (PEYIP = 2-phenethynyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline). The cytotoxic activity in vitro against A549, SGC-7901, HepG2, HeLa and normal NIH3T3 cells was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. We found that the complexes 1, 2 and 3 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, in particular, complexes 2 and 3 show high cytotoxic effect on SGC-7901 cells with an IC50 value of 5.8 ± 0.7 and 4.4 ± 0.1 μM. Moreover, cell cycle assay revealed that the complexes could block G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Apoptotic evaluation by Annexin V/PI staining indicated that complexes 1-3 can induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells. In addition, microscopy detection suggested that disruption of mitochondrial functions, characterized by increased generation of intracellular ROS and Ca2+ as well as decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis shows that the complexes upregulate the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and downregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, which further activates caspase-3 and prompts the cleavage of PARP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that complexes 1-3 exert a potent anticancer effect on SGC-7901 cells via ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and have a potential to be developed as novel chemotherapeutic agents for human gastric cancer. Three new iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(PEIP)](PF6) (1) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, PEIP = 2-phenethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), [Ir(ppy)2(SIP)](PF6) (2) (SIP = 2-styryl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and [Ir(ppy)2(PEYIP)](PF6) (3) (PEYIP = 2-phenethynyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized. The anticancer activity in vitro was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results show that the complexes induce apoptosis via ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Degang Xing
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Iridium (III) complexes induce cervical carcinoma apoptosis via disturbing cellular redox homeostasis disorder and inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Patra D, Pal A, Nath S, Kundu R, Drew MGB, Ghosh T. Insights into the transformation of VO 2+ motif to VO 3+, V 2O 34+ and VO 2+ motifs and their interconversion along with a detailed mechanistic study of their anti-cancer activity in SiHa cervical cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111900. [PMID: 35717882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The basic criteria for the formation of complexes with VO3+, V2O34+ and VO2+ motifs from the VO2+ motif and their interconversion were explored utilizing two multidentate O,N-donor hydrazone ligands namely, E-2-Hydroxy-N'-(4-oxopentan-2-ylidine)benzohydrazide (H3L1) and E-2-Hydroxy-N'-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-ylidine)benzohydrazide (H3L2), derived from the condensation of 2-hydroxybenzoylhydrazide with acetylacetone and benzoylacetone respectively. Under aerobic condition, the possibility of forming complexes with different motifs in different solvents with varying pH was examined theoretically by computational methods with results that were verified experimentally. This study reveals that under aerobic condition, complexes with VO3+ (1,2) and V2O34+ (3, 4) motifs were formed in protic CH3OH and neutral CHCl3 solvent respectively while the formation of complexes (5-14) with VO2+ motif required protic CH3OH solvent and higher pH (≥ 7). Interconversion of VO3+, V2O34+ and VO2+ motifs are associated with specific acid-base equilibria, substantiated by 51V NMR titrations. Complexes containing these three motifs exhibited promising in vitro anticancer activity in SiHa cervical cancer cells without affecting healthy cells; among them complexes (5-14) with VO2+ motif are more potent. A detailed systematic mechanistic study was carried out, utilizing the two most potent complexes 5 and 6 (IC50 = 13, 6 μM respectively), which indicates that cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity of these complexes are manifested through oxidative stress induced apoptotic pathways (caspase mediated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Patra
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata 700118, India
| | - Asmita Pal
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballyguange Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Sonali Nath
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballyguange Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballyguange Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Michael G B Drew
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Reading, PO Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Tapas Ghosh
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata 700118, India.
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Li W, Wu X, Liu H, Shi C, Yuan Y, Bai L, Liao X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and antitumor activity in vivo of iridium(III) complexes liposomes targeting endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 233:111868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yuan Y, Shi C, Wu X, Li W, Huang C, Liang L, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu Y. Synthesis and anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo evaluation of iridium(III) complexes on mouse melanoma B16 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 232:111820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Efficacy Evaluation of Benzoxanthone Compounds toward Gastric Cancer SGC-7901. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061970. [PMID: 35335332 PMCID: PMC8949258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three benzoxanthone derivatives were synthesized through a new photochemical strategy. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and their partition coefficients (logP) were measured by shake flask method. The pKa values of the compounds were detected by potentionmetric titration. The interaction of the compounds with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by electronic absorption, luminescence spectra and viscosity. A molecular docking analysis was performed. The antitumor efficacy of the compounds was evaluated by cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The mitochondrial membrane potential was assayed using JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1,3′,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide) as the fluorescence probe. The expression of Bcl-2 family protein, caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) was explored by western blot. The results showed that the compounds induced apoptosis through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. This work provides an efficient approach to synthesize benzoxanthone derivatives, and is helpful for understanding the apoptotic mechanism.
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Szłapa-Kula A, Palion-Gazda J, Ledwon P, Erfurt K, Machura B. A fundamental role of solvent polarity and remote substitution of 2-(4-R-phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline framework in controlling of ground- and excited-state properties of Re(I) chromophores [ReCl(CO) 3(R-C 6H 4-imphen)]. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14466-14481. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Re(I) carbonyl chromophores with 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (imphen) ligand functionalized with electron-donating amine groups attached to the imidazole ring via phenylene linkage was designed to investigate the impact of...
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