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Li G, Chen J, Xie Y, Yang Y, Niu Y, Chen X, Zeng X, Zhou L, Liu Y. White light increases anticancer effectiveness of iridium(III) complexes toward lung cancer A549 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 259:112652. [PMID: 38945112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Anticancer activity has been extensively studies. In this article, three ligands 2-(6-bromobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (BDIP), 2-(7-methoxybenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (MDIP), 2-(6-nitrobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (NDIP) and their iridium(III) complexes: [Ir(ppy)2(BDIP)](PF6) (ppy = deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine, 3a), [Ir(ppy)2(MDIP)](PF6) (3b) and [Ir(ppy)2(NDIP)](PF6) (3c) were synthesized. The cytotoxicity of 3a, 3b, 3c against Huh7, A549, BEL-7402, HepG2, HeLa, and non-cancer NIH3T3 was tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results obtained from the MTT test stated clearly that these complexes demonstrated moderate or non-cytotoxicity toward Huh7, BEL-7402, HepG2 and HeLa except A549 cells. To improve the anticancer efficacy, we used white light to irradiate the mixture of cells and complexes for 30 min, the anticancer activity of the complexes was greatly enhanced. Particularly, 3a and 3b exhibited heightened capability to inhibit A549 cells proliferation with IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values of 0.7 ± 0.3 μM and 1.8 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. Cellular uptake has shown that 3a and 3b can be accumulated in the cytoplasm. Wound healing and colony forming showed that 3a and 3b significantly hinder the cell migration and growth in the S phase. The complexes open mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) channel and cause the decrease of membrane potential, release of cytochrome C, activation of caspase 3, and finally lead to apoptosis. In addition, 3a and 3b cause autophagy, increase the lipid peroxidation and lead to ferroptosis. Also, 3a and 3b increase the expression of calreticulin (CRT), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), thereby inducing immunogenic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gechang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 510317, PR China.
| | - Yajie Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiandong Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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2
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Tian S, Nie Q, Chen H, Liang L, Hu H, Tang S, Yang J, Liu Y, Yin H. Synthesis, characterization and irradiation enhances anticancer activity of liposome-loaded iridium(III) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112549. [PMID: 38579631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized and characterized two novel iridium (III) complexes: [Ir(bzq)2(PPD)](PF6) (4a, with bzq = deprotonated benzo[h]quinoline and PPD = pteridino[6,7-f][1,10]phenanthroline-11,13-diamine) and [Ir(piq)2(PPD)](PF6) (4b, with piq = deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline). The anticancer efficacy of these complexes, 4a and 4b, was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenltetraazolium bromide (MTT). Complex 4a exhibited no cytotoxic activity, while 4b demonstrated moderate efficacy against SGC-7901, A549, and HepG2 cancer cells. To enhance their anticancer potential, we explored two strategies: (I) light irradiation and (II) encapsulation of the complexes in liposomes, resulting in the formation of 4alip and 4blip. Both strategies significantly increased the ability of 4a, 4b to kill cancer cells. The cellular studies indicated that both the free complexes 4a, 4b and their liposomal forms 4alip and 4blip effectively inhibited cell proliferation. The cell cycle arrest analysis uncovered 4alip and 4blip arresting cell growth in the S period. Additionally, we investigated apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways, observing an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a reduction of glutathione (GSH), a down-regulation of GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase) expression, and lipid peroxidation. The effects on mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were also examined, revealing that both light-activated and liposomal forms of 4alip and 4blip caused a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and an enhancement in intracellular Ca2+ levels. In conclusion, these complexes and them encapsulated liposomes induce cell death through apoptosis and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qianying Nie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuanghui Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiawan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Hu H, Zhang F, Sheng Z, Tian S, Li G, Tang S, Niu Y, Yang J, Liu Y. Synthesis and mitochondria-localized iridium (III) complexes induce cell death through pyroptosis and ferroptosis pathways. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116295. [PMID: 38437750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new ligand, 4,6-dichloro-5-(1H-imidazo [4,5-f]phenanthroline-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine (DPPA), and its corresponding new iridium(III) complexes: [Ir(ppy)2(DPPA)](PF6) (2a) (where ppy represents deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(bzq)2(DPPA)](PF6) (2b) (with bzq indicating deprotonated benzo[h]quinoline), and [Ir(piq)2(DPPA)](PF6) (2c) (piq denoting deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline). The cytotoxic effects of both DPPA and 2a, 2b, and 2c were evaluated against human lung carcinoma A549, melanoma B16, colorectal cancer HCT116, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cancer cell lines, as well as the non-cancerous LO2 cell line using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. While DPPA exhibited moderate anticancer activity toward A549, B16, HCT116 and HepG2 cells, complexes 2a, 2b, and 2c displayed remarkable efficacy against A549, B16, and HCT116 cells. The cell colonies and wound healing were investigated. Moreover, various aspects of the anticancer mechanisms were explored. The cell cycle analyses revealed that the complexes block cell proliferation of A549 cells during the S phase. Complex 2c induce an early apoptosis, while 2a and 2b cause a late apoptosis. The interaction of 2a, 2b and 2c with endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria was identified, leading to elevated ROS and Ca2+ amounts. This resulted in a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and an increase of cytochrome c. Also, ferroptosis was investigated through measurements of intracellular glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and recombinant glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) protein expression. The pyroptosis was explored via cell morphology, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and expression of pyroptosis-related proteins. RNA sequencing was applied to examine the signaling pathways. Western blot analyses illuminated that the complexes regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Additionally, an in vivo antitumor study demonstrated that complex 2c exhibited a remarkable inhibitory rate of 58.58% in restraining tumor growth. In summary, the findings collectively suggest that the iridium(III) complexes induce cell death via ferroptosis, apoptosis by a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhujun Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shuang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Gechang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shuanghui Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yajie Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiawan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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4
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Huang C, Yuan Y, Li G, Tian S, Hu H, Chen J, Liang L, Wang Y, Liu Y. Mitochondria-targeted iridium(III) complexes encapsulated in liposome induce cell death through ferroptosis and gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116112. [PMID: 38183779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper unveils a novel perspective on synthesis and characterization of the ligand 5-bromo-2-amino-2'-(phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) (BAPIP), and its iridium(III) complexes [Ir(PPY-)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (1a, with PPY- as deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(PIQ-)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (1b, piq- denoting deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline), and [Ir(BZQ-)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (1c, bzq- signifying deprotonated benzo[h]quinoline). Systematic evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 1a, 1b, and 1c across diverse cell lines encompassing B16, HCT116, HepG2, A549, HeLa, and LO2 using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Unexpectedly, compounds 1b and 1c demonstrated no cytotoxicity against the above cell lines. Motivated by the pursuit of heightened anti-proliferative potential, a strategic encapsulation approach yielded liposomes 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip. As expectation, 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip displayed remarkable anti-proliferative efficacy, particularly noteworthy in A549 cells, exhibiting IC50 values of 4.9 ± 1.0, 5.9 ± 0.1, and 7.6 ± 0.2 μM, respectively. Moreover, our investigation illuminated the mitochondrial accumulation of these liposomal entities, 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip, evoking apoptosis through the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ferroptosis was confirmed by decrease in glutathione (GSH) concentrations, the downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), increase of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1), and lipid peroxidation. Simultaneously, pyroptosis as another mode of cell death was undertaken. RNA-sequencing was employed to investigate intricate signalling pathways. In vivo examination provided tangible evidence of 1alip in effectively curbing tumor growth. Collectively, this study provides a multifaceted mode of cellular demise orchestrated by 1a, 1alip, 1blip, and 1clip, involving pathways encompassing apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Foshan women and children hospital, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Gechang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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5
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Chen J, Li W, Li G, Liu X, Huang C, Nie H, Liang L, Wang Y, Liu Y. Targeted liposomes encapsulated iridium(III) compound greatly enhance anticancer efficacy and induce cell death via ferroptosis on HepG2 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116078. [PMID: 38141286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ligands 2-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (PIP), 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (NPIP), 2-(2-nitronaphthalen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (NNIP) and their iridium(III) metal compounds [Ir(ppy)2(PIP)](PF6) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, 1a), [Ir(ppy)2(NPIP)](PF6) (1b), [Ir(ppy)2(NNIP)](PF6) (1c) were designed and synthesized. The anti-cancer activities of 1a, 1b and 1c on BEL-7402, HepG2, SK-Hep1 and non-cancer LO2 were detected using MTT method. 1a shows moderate, 1b and 1c display low or no anti-cancer activities. To elevate the anti-cancer effectiveness, encapsulating the compounds 1a, 1b and 1c into the ordinary or targeted liposomes to produce 1alip, 1blip, 1clip, or targeted 1aTlip, 1bTlip and 1cTlip. The IC50 values of 1alip, 1blip, 1clip, 1aTlip, 1bTlip and 1cTlip against HepG2 cells are 7.9 ± 0.1, 8.6 ± 0.2, 16.9 ± 0.5, 5.9 ± 0.2, 7.3 ± 0.1 and 9.7 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. Specifically, the anti-tumor activity assays in vivo found that the inhibitory rates are 23.24 % for 1a, 61.27 % for 1alip, 76.06 % for 1aTlip. It is obvious that the targeted liposomes entrapped iridium(III) compound greatly enhance anti-cancer efficacy. Additionally, 1alip, 1blip and 1clip or targeted 1aTlip, 1bTlip and 1cTlip can effectively restrain the cell colony and proliferation in the G0/G1 period. 1alip, 1blip, 1clip, 1aTlip, 1bTlip and 1cTlip can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, arouse a decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential and promote Ca2+ release. RNA-sequence was applied to examine the signaling pathways. Taken together, the liposomes or targeted liposomes encapsulated compounds trigger cell death by way of apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, disruption of mitochondrial function and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Gechang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | | | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hua Nie
- Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514031, PR China.
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Joshi B, Shivashankar M. Recent Advancement in the Synthesis of Ir-Based Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43408-43432. [PMID: 38027378 PMCID: PMC10666285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease with over 100 types, including lung and breast cancer. Cisplatin and metal-based drugs are limited due to their drug resistance and side effects. Iridium-based compounds have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique chemical properties and resemblance to platinum compounds. The objective of this study is to investigate the synthesis and categorization of iridium complexes, with a particular emphasis on their potential use as anticancer agents. The major focus of this research is to examine the synthesis of these complexes and their relevance to the field of cancer treatment. The negligible side effects and flexibility of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes have garnered significant interest. Organometallic half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes have notable benefits in cancer research and treatment. The review places significant emphasis on categorizing iridium complexes according to their ligand environment, afterward considering the ligand density and coordination number. This study primarily focuses on several methods for synthesizing cyclometalated and half-sandwich Ir complexes, divided into subgroups based on ligand denticity. The coordination number of iridium complexes determines the number of ligands coordinated to the central iridium atom, which impacts their stability and reactivity. Understanding these complexes is crucial for designing compounds with desired properties and investigating their potential as anticancer agents. Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes, which contain a meta-cycle with the E-M-C order σ bond, were synthesized in 1999. These complexes have high quantum yields, significant stock shifts, luminescence qualities, cell permeability, and strong photostability. They have been promising in biosensing, bioimaging, and phosphorescence of heavy metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Joshi
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advance Science, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Murugesh Shivashankar
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advance Science, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
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Li W, Li S, Xu G, Man X, Yang T, Zhang Z, Liang H, Yang F. Developing a Ruthenium(III) Complex to Trigger Gasdermin E-Mediated Pyroptosis and an Immune Response Based on Decitabine and Liposomes: Targeting Inhibition of Gastric Tumor Growth and Metastasis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13072-13085. [PMID: 37702429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
To develop next-generation metal drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity for targeting inhibition of gastric tumor growth and metastasis, we not only optimized a series of ruthenium (Ru, III) 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone complexes to obtain a Ru(III) complex (4b) with remarkable cytotoxicity in vitro but also constructed a 4b-decitabine (DCT)/liposome (Lip) delivery system (4b-DCT-Lip). The in vivo results showed that 4b-DCT-Lip not only had a stronger capacity to inhibit gastric tumor growth and metastasis than 4b-DCT but also addressed the co-delivery problems of 4b-DCT and improved their targeting ability. Furthermore, we confirmed the mechanism of 4b-DCT/4b-DCT-Lip inhibiting the growth and metastasis of a gastric tumor. DCT-upregulated gasdermin E (GSDME) was cleaved by 4b-activated caspase-3 to afford GSDME-N terminal and then was aggregated to form nonselective pores on the cell membrane of a gastric tumor, thereby inducing pyroptosis and a pyroptosis-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xueyu Man
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Tongfu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
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8
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Chen Y, Li W, Yang Y, Zhong R, Hu H, Huang C, Chen J, Liang L, Liu Y. Significant increase of anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo of liposome entrapped ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115541. [PMID: 37295162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(DIP)2(BIP)](PF6)2 (DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolie, BIP = 2-(1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ru1) and [Ru(DIP)2(CBIP)](PF6)2 (CBIP = 2-(4'-chloro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ru2) were synthesized. The cytotoxic activities in vitro of Ru1, Ru2 toward B16, A549, HepG2, SGC-7901, HeLa, BEL-7402, non-cancer LO2 were investigated using MTT method (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenltetraazolium bromide). Unexpectedly, Ru1, Ru2 can't prevent these cancer cells proliferation. To improve the anti-cancer effect, we used liposomes to entrap the complexes Ru1, Ru2 to form Ru1lipo, Ru2lipo. As expectation, Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo exhibit high anti-cancer efficacy, especially, Ru1lipo (IC50 3.4 ± 0.1 μM), Ru2lipo (IC50 3.5 ± 0.1 μM) display strong ability to block the cell proliferation in SGC-7901. The cell colony, wound healing, and cell cycle distribution show that the complexes can validly inhibit the cell growth at G2/M phase. Apoptotic studied with Annex V/PI doubling method showed that Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo can effectively induce apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, glutathione and GPX4 demonstrate that Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo improve ROS and malondialdehyde levels, inhibit generation of glutathione, and finally result in a ferroptosis. Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo interact on the lysosomes and mitochondria and damage mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration and induce autophagy. The RNA-sequence and molecular docking were performed, the expression of Bcl-2 family was investigated by Western blot analysis. Antitumor in vivo experiments confirm that 1.23 mg/kg, 2.46 mg/kg of Ru1lipo possesses a high inhibitory rate of 53.53% and 72.90% to prevent tumor growth, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) results show that Ru1lipo doesn't cause chronic organ damage and strongly promotes the necrosis of solid tumor. Taken together, we conclude that Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo cause cell death through the following pathways: autophagy, ferroptosis, ROS-regulated mitochondrial dysfunction, and blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 510317, PR China.
| | - Ruitong Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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