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Tomlinson S. The construction of small‐scale, quasi‐mechanistic spatial models of insect energetics in habitat restoration: A case study of beetles in Western Australia. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University of Technology Perth WA Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation an Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA Australia
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2
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Petrovskii DV, Zakharenko LP. A Drosophila melanogaster mitotype may have an adaptive meaning. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different mitochondrial clades have been found in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Most often, the difference is in single nucleotide substitutions, some of which are conservative. Some clades are rare, and others dominate. It has been reported that clade III dominates over clades V and VI in seven populations of D. melanogaster. We compared D. melanogaster strains with different mitotypes by locomotor activity (using TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor), energy expenditure (by indirect calorimetry, based on measuring oxygen consumption) and life span (under extreme conditions at 29 °C). The nuclear genomes of these strains were aligned for several generations by backcrosses. According to our data, individuals with the mitotype from clade III had a higher level of locomotor activity and longer life span. In terms of energy expenditure, the strains studied did not differ. However, the same level of energy expenditure may be differently distributed between the state of activity and the state of rest or sleep. If the energy expenditure during the sleep in flies with different locomotor activity is the same, then an individual with the same overall energy expenditure can move a greater distance or be active longer. This can be interpreted as an advantage of the strain with the mitotype from clade III compared to the other two mitotypes studied. If individuals have different energy expenditure values at rest, the strains with lower energy expenditure at rest spend less energy during forced inactivity. In this case, the mitotype from clade III should also be advantageous. What nucleotide substitutions in the mitotype from clade III can provide an adaptive advantage is not clear yet. We assume that individuals with widespread clade М(III) may have adaptive advantages compared to other mitotypes due to their greater locomotor activity even with the same energy expenditure. Further studies are required, for mitotypes are polymorphic for single nucleotide polymorphism not only between but also within the clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Petrovskii
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;
Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS
| | - L. P. Zakharenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;
Novosibirsk State University
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3
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Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Diabetes Type 2 Progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1417528. [PMID: 29854726 PMCID: PMC5941822 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1417528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a very versatile and potent model in the past few years for studies in metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes types 1 and 2. Drosophila insulin signaling, despite having seven insulin-like peptides with partially redundant functions, is very similar to the human insulin pathway and has served to study many different aspects of diabetes and the diabetic state. Yet, very few studies have addressed the chronic nature of diabetes, key for understanding the full-blown disease, which most studies normally explore. One of the advantages of having Drosophila mutant viable combinations at different levels of the insulin pathway, with significantly reduced insulin pathway signaling, is that the abnormal metabolic state can be studied from the onset of the life cycle and followed throughout. In this review, we look at the chronic nature of impaired insulin signaling. We also compare these results to the results gleaned from vertebrate model studies.
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4
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Rudolf AM, Dańko MJ, Sadowska ET, Dheyongera G, Koteja P. Age-related changes of physiological performance and survivorship of bank voles selected for high aerobic capacity. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:70-79. [PMID: 28803134 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Variation in lifespans is an intriguing phenomenon, but how metabolic rate influence this variation remains unclear. High aerobic capacity can result in health benefits, but also in increased oxidative damage and accelerated ageing. We tested these contradictory predictions using bank voles (Myodes=Clethrionomys glareolus) from lines selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (A), which had about 50% higher maximum metabolic rate and a higher basal and routine metabolic rates, than those from unselected control lines (C). We measured sprint speed (VSmax), forced-running maximum metabolic rate (VO2run), maximum long-distance running speed (VLmax), running speed at VO2run (VVO2), and respiratory quotient at VO2run (RQ) at three age classes (I: 3-5, II: 12-14, III: 17-19months), and analysed survivorship. We asked if ageing, understood as the age-related decline of the performance traits, differs between the A and C lines. At age class I, voles from A lines had 19% higher VO2run, and 12% higher VLmax, but tended to have 19% lower VSmax, than those from C lines. RQ was nearly 1.0 for both A and C lines. The pattern of age-related changes differed between the lines mainly between age classes I and II, but not in older animals. VSmax increased by 27% in A lines and by 10% in C lines between age class I and II, but between classes II and III, it increased by 16% in both selection directions. VO2run decreased by 7% between age class I and II in A lines only, but in C lines it remained constant across all age classes. VLmax decreased by 8% and VVO2 by 12% between age classes II and III, but similarly in both selection directions. Mortality was higher in A than in C lines only between the age of 1 and 4months. The only trait for which the changes in old animals differed between the lines was RQ. In A lines, RQ increased between age classes II and III, whereas in C lines such an increase occurred between age classes I and II. Thus, we did not find obvious effects of selection on the pattern of ageing. However, the physiological performance and mortality of bank voles remained surprisingly robust to ageing, at least until the age of 17-19months, similar to the maximum lifespan under natural conditions. Therefore, it is possible that the selection could affect the pattern of ageing in even older individuals when symptoms of senility might be more profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Marta Rudolf
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Jan Dańko
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Edyta Teresa Sadowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Geoffrey Dheyongera
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Koteja
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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5
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Burggren W, Souder BM, Ho DH. Metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance are affected by group interactions and sex in the fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster): new data and a literature survey. Biol Open 2017; 6:471-480. [PMID: 28202465 PMCID: PMC5399560 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Population density and associated behavioral adjustments are potentially important in regulating physiological performance in many animals. In r-selected species like the fruit fly (Drosophila), where population density rapidly shifts in unpredictable and unstable environments, density-dependent physiological adjustments may aid survival of individuals living in a social environment. Yet, how population density (and associated social behaviors) affects physiological functions like metabolism is poorly understood in insects. Additionally, insects often show marked sexual dimorphism (larger females). Thus, in this study on D. melanogaster, we characterized the effects of fly density and sex on both mass-specific routine oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and hypoxia tolerance (PCrit). Females had significantly lower routine V̇O2 (∼4 µl O2 mg−1 h−1) than males (∼6 µl O2 mg−1 h−1) at an average fly density of 28 flies·respirometer chamber−1. However, V̇O2 was inversely related to fly density in males, with V̇O2 ranging from 4 to 11 µl O2 mg−1 h−1 at a density of 10 and 40 flies·chamber−1, respectively (r2=0.58, P<0.001). Female flies showed a similar but less pronounced effect, with a V̇O2 of 4 and 7 µl O2 mg−1 h−1 at a density of 10 and 40 flies·chamber−1, respectively (r2=0.43, P<0.001). PCrit (∼5.5 to 7.5 kPa) varied significantly with density in male (r2=0.50, P<0.01) but not female (r2=0.02, P>0.5) flies, with higher fly densities having a lower PCrit. An extensive survey of the literature on metabolism in fruit flies indicates that not all studies control for, or even report on, fly density and gender, both of which may affect metabolic measurements. Summary: Technical advances allowing oxygen consumption measurement in individual fruit flies actually take them out of their normal highly social context, resulting in higher oxygen consumption rates than in natural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - BriAnna M Souder
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Dao H Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA
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6
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Low protein to carbohydrate ratio diet delays onset of Parkinsonism like phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster parkin null mutants. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Xiao L, He H, Huang L, Geng T, Fu S, Xue F. Variation of life-history traits of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis in relation to temperature and geographical latitude. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5129-43. [PMID: 27551371 PMCID: PMC4984492 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits from four geographical populations (tropical Ledong population [LD], subtropical Guangzhou [GZ] and Yongxiu populations, and temperate Langfang population [LF]) of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis were investigated at a wide range of temperatures (20-32°C). The larval and pupal times were significantly decreased with increasing rearing temperature, and growth rate was positively correlated with temperature. The relationship between body weight and rearing temperature in O. furnacalis did not follow the temperature-size rule (TSR); all populations exhibited the highest pupal and adult weights at high temperatures or intermediate temperatures. However, development time, growth rate, and body weight did not show a constant latitudinal gradient. Across all populations at each temperature, female were significantly bigger than males, showing a female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Contrary to Rensch's rule, the SSD tended to increase with rising temperature. The subtropical GZ population exhibited the largest degree of dimorphism while the temperate LF exhibited the smallest. Male pupae lose significantly more weight at metamorphosis compared to females. The proportionate weight losses of different populations were significantly different. Adult longevity was significantly decreased with increasing temperature. Between sexes, all populations exhibit a rather female-biased adult longevity. Finally, we discuss the adaptive significance of higher temperature-inducing high body weight in the moth's life history and why the moth exhibits the reverse TSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hai‐Min He
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Li‐Li Huang
- Jiangxi Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine BureauNanchangChina
| | - Ting Geng
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shu Fu
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Fang‐Sen Xue
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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8
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A Quantitative Genomic Approach for Analysis of Fitness and Stress Related Traits in a Drosophila melanogaster Model Population. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:2157494. [PMID: 27274984 PMCID: PMC4853962 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2157494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of natural populations to withstand environmental stresses relies partly on their adaptive ability. In this study, we used a subset of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, a population of inbred, genome-sequenced lines derived from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate whether this population harbors genetic variation for a set of stress resistance and life history traits. Using a genomic approach, we found substantial genetic variation for metabolic rate, heat stress resistance, expression of a major heat shock protein, and egg-to-adult viability investigated at a benign and a higher stressful temperature. This suggests that these traits will be able to evolve. In addition, we outline an approach to conduct pathway associations based on genomic linear models, which has potential to identify adaptive genes and pathways, and therefore can be a valuable tool in conservation genomics.
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9
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Effects of Increased Flight on the Energetics and Life History of the Butterfly Speyeria mormonia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140104. [PMID: 26510164 PMCID: PMC4624906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement uses resources that may otherwise be allocated to somatic maintenance or reproduction. How does increased energy expenditure affect resource allocation? Using the butterfly Speyeria mormonia, we tested whether experimentally increased flight affects fecundity, lifespan or flight capacity. We measured body mass (storage), resting metabolic rate and lifespan (repair and maintenance), flight metabolic rate (flight capacity), egg number and composition (reproduction), and food intake across the adult lifespan. The flight treatment did not affect body mass or lifespan. Food intake increased sufficiently to offset the increased energy expenditure. Total egg number did not change, but flown females had higher early-life fecundity and higher egg dry mass than control females. Egg dry mass decreased with age in both treatments. Egg protein, triglyceride or glycogen content did not change with flight or age, but some components tracked egg dry mass. Flight elevated resting metabolic rate, indicating increased maintenance costs. Flight metabolism decreased with age, with a steeper slope for flown females. This may reflect accelerated metabolic senescence from detrimental effects of flight. These effects of a drawdown of nutrients via flight contrast with studies restricting adult nutrient input. There, fecundity was reduced, but flight capacity and lifespan were unchanged. The current study showed that when food resources were abundant, wing-monomorphic butterflies living in a continuous meadow landscape resisted flight-induced stress, exhibiting no evidence of a flight-fecundity or flight-longevity trade-off. Instead, flight changed the dynamics of energy use and reproduction as butterflies adopted a faster lifestyle in early life. High investment in early reproduction may have positive fitness effects in the wild, as long as food is available. Our results help to predict the effect of stressful conditions on the life history of insects living in a changing world.
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10
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Icreverzi A, Cruz AFA, Walker DW, Edgar BA. Changes in neuronal CycD/Cdk4 activity affect aging, neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress. Aging Cell 2015. [PMID: 26219626 PMCID: PMC4568977 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in human diseases, including cancer, and proposed to accelerate aging. The Drosophila Cyclin-dependent protein kinase complex cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CycD/Cdk4) promotes cellular growth by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we examine the neurodegenerative and aging consequences of altering CycD/Cdk4 function in Drosophila. We show that pan-neuronal loss or gain of CycD/Cdk4 increases mitochondrial superoxide, oxidative stress markers, and neurodegeneration and decreases lifespan. We find that RNAi-mediated depletion of the mitochondrial transcription factor, Tfam, can abrogate CycD/Cdk4's detrimental effects on both lifespan and neurodegeneration. This indicates that CycD/Cdk4's pathological consequences are mediated through altered mitochondrial function and a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species. In support of this, we demonstrate that CycD/Cdk4 activity levels in the brain affect the expression of a set of 'oxidative stress' genes. Our results indicate that the precise regulation of neuronal CycD/Cdk4 activity is important to limit mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Icreverzi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Aida Flor A. Cruz
- Basic Science Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA 98109 USA
| | - David W. Walker
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Bruce A. Edgar
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) & Center for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH) Im Neuenheimer Feld 282 D‐69120 Heidelberg Germany
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11
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Niitepõld K, Perez A, Boggs CL. Aging, life span, and energetics under adult dietary restriction in lepidoptera. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:684-94. [PMID: 25244380 DOI: 10.1086/677570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stressful conditions can affect resource allocation among different life-history traits. The effect of dietary restriction (DR) on longevity and reproduction has been studied in many species, but we know little about its effects on energetics, especially in flying animals that have high energy demand. We assessed the effects of DR on metabolic rate throughout the entire adult life span in two butterfly species, Colias eurytheme and Speyeria mormonia. We cut the food intake of adult females in half and measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) and flight metabolic rate (FMR) together with body mass repeatedly throughout life. In both species, DR reduced body mass, but mass-corrected FMR was not affected, indicating that flight capacity was retained. DR lowered RMR and reduced fecundity but had no effect on life span. FMR declined with age, but the rate of senescence was not affected by DR. In contrast, aging had a strong negative effect on RMR only in control females, whereas food-restricted females had more stable RMR throughout their lives. The results suggest that flight capacity is conserved during nutritional stress but that investment in flight and survival may negatively affect other important physiological processes when resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; 2Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224
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12
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Kelly MA, Zieba AP, Buttemer WA, Hulbert AJ. Effect of temperature on the rate of ageing: an experimental study of the blowfly Calliphora stygia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73781. [PMID: 24019937 PMCID: PMC3760806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms age, the rate of which can be measured by demographic analysis of mortality rates. The rate of ageing is thermally sensitive in ectothermic invertebrates and we examined the effects of temperature on both demographic rates of ageing and on cellular senescence in the blowfly, Calliphora stygia. The short lifespan of these flies is advantageous for demographic measurements while their large body size permits individual-based biochemical characterisation. Blowflies maintained at temperatures from 12°C to 34°C had a five to six-fold decrease in maximum and average longevity, respectively. Mortality rates were best described by a two-phase Gompertz relation, which revealed the first-phase of ageing to be much more temperature sensitive than the second stage. Flies held at low temperatures had both a slower first-phase rate of ageing and a delayed onset of second-phase ageing, which significantly extended their longevity compared with those at high temperatures. Blowflies that were transferred from 29°C to 15°C had higher first-phase mortality rates than those of flies held at constant 15°C, but their onset of second-phase ageing was deferred beyond that of flies held constantly at this temperature. The accumulation of fluorescent AGE pigment, a measure of cellular oxidative damage, increased steadily over time in all blowflies, irrespective of the temporal pattern of mortality. Pigment accumulated steadily during periods of 'negligible senescence', as measured by minimal rate of mortality, and the rate of accumulation was significantly affected by temperature. Thus accumulation of AGE pigment is more representative of chronological age than a reflection of biological age or a cause of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Adam P. Zieba
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - A. J. Hulbert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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13
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Dawe AL, Nuss DL. Hypovirus molecular biology: from Koch's postulates to host self-recognition genes that restrict virus transmission. Adv Virus Res 2013; 86:109-47. [PMID: 23498905 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394315-6.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The idea that viruses can be used to control fungal diseases has been a driving force in mycovirus research since the earliest days. Viruses in the family Hypoviridae associated with reduced virulence (hypovirulence) of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, have held a prominent place in this research. This has been due in part to the severity of the chestnut blight epidemics in North America and Europe and early reports of hypovirulence-mediated mitigation of disease in European forests and successful application for control of chestnut blight in chestnut orchards. A more recent contributing factor has been the development of a hypovirus/C. parasitica experimental system that has overcome many of the challenges associated with mycovirus research, stemming primarily from the exclusive intracellular lifestyle shared by all mycoviruses. This chapter will focus on hypovirus molecular biology with an emphasis on the development of the hypovirus/C. parasitica experimental system and its contributions to fundamental and practical advances in mycovirology and the broader understanding of virus-host interactions and fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus L Dawe
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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14
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Wit J, Sarup P, Lupsa N, Malte H, Frydenberg J, Loeschcke V. Longevity for free? Increased reproduction with limited trade-offs in Drosophila melanogaster selected for increased life span. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:349-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Niitepõld K, Hanski I. A long life in the fast lane: positive association between peak metabolic rate and lifespan in a butterfly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:1388-97. [PMID: 23264490 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High peak metabolic rates may provide a performance advantage, but it may also entail a physiological cost. A long-held assumption is that high mass-specific energy expenditure is associated with short lifespan. To examine the relationship between energy expenditure and lifespan we asked two questions. First, do individuals have a consistent rate of metabolism throughout their life? Second, is metabolic rate correlated with lifespan? We analysed the repeatability of measurements of resting (RMR) and peak flight metabolic rate (MR(peak)) throughout the life of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). Measurements of MR(peak) showed significant repeatability. Senescence occurred only shortly before death. RMR showed a U-shaped relationship with age and very low repeatability. Intraspecific association between metabolic rates and lifespan was tested under three conditions: in the laboratory, under field conditions and in a laboratory experiment with repeated flight treatments. There was a significant correlation between MR(peak) and lifespan in all three experiments, but the correlation was positive, not negative. RMR was not correlated with lifespan. Both MR(peak) and lifespan may reflect physiological condition and therefore be positively correlated. Individuals with a large resource pool may be able to invest in mechanisms that slow down ageing. Individuals with high metabolic capacity may also possess adaptations against ageing. Molecular polymorphism in the gene phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) was significantly associated with both MR(peak) and lifespan, and may have coevolved with defence mechanisms against senescence. Generalisations such as 'live fast, die young' may be too simple to explain the complex processes affecting ageing and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Icreverzi A, de la Cruz AF, Van Voorhies WA, Edgar BA. Drosophila cyclin D/Cdk4 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and aging and sensitizes animals to hypoxic stress. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:554-68. [PMID: 22293404 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.3.19062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila cyclinD (CycD) is the single fly ortholog of the mammalian cyclin D1 and promotes both cell cycle progression and cellular growth. However, little is known about how CycD promotes cell growth. We show here that CycD/Cdk4 hyperactivity leads to increased mitochondrial biogenesis (mitobiogenesis), mitochondrial mass, NRF-1 activity (Tfam transcript levels) and metabolic activity in Drosophila, whereas loss of CycD/Cdk4 activity has the opposite effects. Surprisingly, both CycD/Cdk4 addition and loss of function increase mitochondrial superoxide production and decrease lifespan, indicating that an imbalance in mitobiogenesis may lead to oxidative stress and aging. In addition, we provide multiple lines of evidence indicating that CycD/Cdk4 activity affects the hypoxic status of cells and sensitizes animals to hypoxia. Both mitochondrial and hypoxia-related effects can be detected at the global transcriptional level. We propose that mitobiogenesis and the hypoxic stress response have an antagonistic relationship, and that CycD/Cdk4 levels regulate mitobiogenesis contemporaneous to the cell cycle, such that only when cells are sufficiently oxygenated can they proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Icreverzi
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Mitochondrial DNA variants in Drosophila melanogaster are expressed at the level of the organismal phenotype. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:756-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Melvin RG, Ballard JWO. Females with a mutation in a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein pay a higher cost of survival than do males in Drosophila. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:765-70. [PMID: 21498433 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females age at different rates in a variety of species, but the mechanisms underlying the difference is not understood. In this study, we investigated sex-specific costs of a naturally occurring mildly deleterious deletion (DTrp85, DVal86) in cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A (cox7A) in Drosophila simulans. We observed that females and males homozygous for the mutation had 30% and 26% reduced Cox activity, respectively, compared with wild type. Furthermore, 4-day-old females had 34%-42% greater physical activity than males. Greater physical activity in mutant females was correlated with a 19% lower 50% survival compared with wild-type females. Mutant and wild-type males had equal survival. These data suggest that females paid a higher cost of the mutation than did males. The data demonstrate linking population genetics and structural modeling to experimental manipulations that lead to functional predictions of mitochondrial bioenergetics and organism aging.
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Ballard JWO, Melvin RG. Early life benefits and later life costs of a two amino acid deletion in Drosophila simulans. Evolution 2010; 65:1400-12. [PMID: 21143473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Linking naturally occurring genotypic variation to the organismal phenotype is critical to our understanding of, and ability to, model biological processes such as adaptation to novel environments, disease, and aging. Rarely, however, does a simple mutation cause a single simple observable trait. Rather it is more common for a mutation to elicit an entangled web of responses. Here, we employ biochemistry as the thread to link a naturally occurring two amino acid deletion in a nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein with physiological benefits and costs in the fly Drosophila simulans. This nuclear encoded gene produces a protein that is imported into the mitochondrion and forms a subunit of complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, or cox) of the electron transport chain. We observe that flies homozygous for the deletion have an advantage when young but pay a cost later in life. These data show that the organism responds to the deletion in a complex manner that gives insight into the mechanisms that influence mitochondrial bioenergetics and aspects of organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William O Ballard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Seong KM, Kim CS, Seo SW, Jeon HY, Lee BS, Nam SY, Yang KH, Kim JY, Kim CS, Min KJ, Jin YW. Genome-wide analysis of low-dose irradiated male Drosophila melanogaster with extended longevity. Biogerontology 2010; 12:93-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Piiroinen S, Lindström L, Lyytinen A. Resting metabolic rate can vary with age independently from body mass changes in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:277-282. [PMID: 19896950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and mass dependency of insect metabolic rates are well known, while less attention has been given to other factors, such as age. Among insect species that experience seasonal variation in environmental conditions, such as in temperate latitudes, age may also have indirect effects on the metabolic rate. We examined the effect of age on the resting metabolic rate of Leptinotarsa decemlineata during 11 days after adult emergence by using flow-through respirometry. Age had a significant mass-independent effect on metabolic rate of beetles. A twofold increase in metabolic rate occurred during the first 2 days of adult life after which metabolic rate decreased with age relatively slowly. Ten day-old adult beetles had a metabolic rate similar to newly emerged beetles. The beetles have to be able to complete their development and prepare for overwintering during the relatively short favourable summer periods. Therefore, the observed pattern in metabolic rate may reflect physiological changes in the pre-diapause beetles adapted to temperate latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Piiroinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Dawe AL, Van Voorhies WA, Lau TA, Ulanov AV, Li Z. Major impacts on the primary metabolism of the plant pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica by the virulence-attenuating virus CHV1-EP713. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3913-3921. [PMID: 19589830 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, can be infected by virulence-attenuating mycoviruses of the family Hypoviridae. Previous studies have led to the hypothesis that the hypovirus-infected phenotype is partly due to metabolic changes induced by the viral infection. To investigate this, we measured the metabolic rate and respiration of C. parasitica colonies grown on solid medium. These experiments supported historical observations of other fungal species done in liquid cultures that the metabolic rate steadily declines with age and differentiation of the mycelium. Hypovirus infection increased metabolic rate in the youngest mycelium, but a subsequent decline was also observed as the mycelium aged. By measuring both CO(2) production and O(2) consumption, we also observed that changes occur in carbohydrate metabolism as a result of ageing in both infected and uninfected mycelium. Mycelium on the periphery of the colony exploited fermentation pathways extensively, before transitioning to aerobic carbohydrate metabolism and finally lipid metabolism in the interior regions, despite abundant remaining glucose. However, the hypovirus affected the extent of these changes, with infected mycelium apparently unable to utilize lipid-related metabolic pathways, leading to an increased depletion of glucose. Finally, we used metabolic profi fi ling to determine the changes in accumulation of primary metabolites in wild-type and hypovirus-infected mycelium and found that approximately one-third of the 164 detected metabolites were affected. These results are consistent with those expected from the physiological measurements, with significant alterations noted for compounds related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, we observed an increase in the accumulation of the polyamine spermidine in the presence of hypovirus. Polyamines have been implicated in antiviral responses of mammalian systems; therefore this may suggest a novel antiviral response mechanism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus L Dawe
- Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.,Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Wayne A Van Voorhies
- Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Tannia A Lau
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Karl I, Fischer K. Altitudinal and environmental variation in lifespan in the Copper butterflyLycaena tityrus. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Piazza N, Hayes M, Martin I, Duttaroy A, Grotewiel M, Wessells R. Multiple measures of functionality exhibit progressive decline in a parallel, stochastic fashion in Drosophila Sod2 null mutants. Biogerontology 2009; 10:637-48. [PMID: 19148770 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage has been proposed as an important factor in the progression of pathological and non-pathological age-related functional declines. Here, we examine functional deterioration in short-lived flies mutant for the mitochondrial antioxidant Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (Sod2). We find that the decline of several functional measures of aging occurs, in an accelerated fashion, in Sod2 mutants. Olfactory behavior, locomotor ability and cardiac performance were all seen to decline rapidly in Sod2 mutants. On average, functional declines in Sod2 mutants occur in a pattern similar to that seen in late-life Drosophila with a normal complement of Sod2. In longitudinal experiments, however, we find that functional failures occur in every possible sequence in Sod2 mutants. Significantly, failure of these functional measures is not irreversible, as spontaneous functional recovery was sometimes observed. These findings support a model where ROS-related damage strikes at multiple organ systems in parallel, rather than a "chain of dominos" model, in which primary organ failure contributes to the deterioration of further organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Piazza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan Medical School, BSRB, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Saastamoinen M, Ikonen S, Hanski I. Significant effects of Pgi genotype and body reserves on lifespan in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:1313-22. [PMID: 19129143 PMCID: PMC2660954 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a particular variant of the gene phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) have been shown to have superior dispersal capacity and fecundity in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia), raising questions about the mechanisms that maintain polymorphism in this gene in the field. Here, we investigate how variation in the Pgi genotype affects female and male life history under controlled conditions. The most striking effect is the longer lifespan of genotypes with high dispersal capacity, especially in non-reproducing females. Butterflies use body reserves for somatic maintenance and reproduction, but different resources (in thorax versus abdomen) are used under dissimilar conditions, with some interactions with the Pgi genotype. These results indicate life-history trade-offs that involve resource allocation and genotypexenvironment interactions, and these trade-offs are likely to contribute to the maintenance of Pgi polymorphism in the natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
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Vaiserman AM, Pisaruck AV, Timchenko AN, Voitenko VP, Koshel NM, Grigoriev PE. Life extension in Drosophila maintained under lengthened light/dark regime. Biogerontology 2008; 9:345-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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