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Ngando FJ, Zhang X, Qu H, Zhang C, Yang F, Feng Y, Shang Y, Chen S, Ren L, Guo Y. Analysis of the Influence of Changing and Fixed Temperatures on the Growth and Pteridine Content in the Head of Adults Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2402. [PMID: 37570212 PMCID: PMC10417853 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are regarded as significant in medical and veterinary entomology, and their development models can be utilized as considerable markers to ascertain the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). In this research, we explored the growth cycle and larval body length of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart 1839 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) reared under variable temperatures ranging from 15.7 to 31.1 °C, with an average of 24.55 °C and relative humidity ranges from 31.4 to 82.8% and at six fixed temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and then 35 °C. Moreover, pteridine from the head was used to assess adult age grading. Our results allowed us to provide three development models: the isomorphen chart, the isomegalen chart, and the thermal summation models. The time taken for S. crassipalpis to complete its development from larviposition to adult emergence at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35 °C was 1256.3 ± 124.2, 698.6 ± 15.1, 481.8 ± 35.7, 366.0 ± 13.5, and 295.8 ± 20.5 h, respectively, except 35 °C, where all pupae were unable to attain adulthood. They lasted 485.8 ± 5.4 h under variable temperatures. The minimum developmental limit (D0) temperature and the thermal summation constant (K) of S. crassipalpis were 9.31 ± 0.55 °C and 7290.0 ± 388.4 degree hours, respectively. The increase in pteridine content exhibited variations across different temperatures. There was quite a considerable distinction in the pteridine contents of male and female S. crassipalpis at 15 °C (p = 0.0075) and 25 °C (p = 0.0213). At 32 °C and variable temperatures, the pteridine content between female and male S. crassipalpis was not statistically divergent. However, temperature and gender remain the main factors influencing the pteridine content in the head of S. crassipalpis. We aim to provide detailed developmental data on S. crassipalpis that can be used as a valuable resource for future research and PMI estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Jocelin Ngando
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Hongke Qu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Fengqin Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yakai Feng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sile Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
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Abstract
The insect circulatory system contains an open hemocoel, in which the mechanism of hemolymph flow control is ambiguous. As a continuous fluidic structure, this cavity should exhibit pressure changes that propagate quickly. Narrow-waisted insects create sustained pressure differences across segments, but their constricted waist provides an evident mechanism for compartmentalization. Insects with no obvious constrictions between segments may be capable of functionally compartmentalizing the body, which could explain complex hemolymph flows. Here, we test the hypothesis of functional compartmentalization by measuring pressures in a beetle and recording abdominal movements. We found that the pressure is indeed uniform within the abdomen and thorax, congruent with the predicted behavior of an open system. However, during some abdominal movements, pressures were on average 62% higher in the abdomen than in the thorax, suggesting that functional compartmentalization creates a gradient within the hemocoel. Synchrotron tomography and dissection show that the arthrodial membrane and thoracic muscles may contribute to this dynamic pressurization. Analysis of volume change suggests that the gut may play an important role in regulating pressure by translating between body segments. Overall, this study suggests that functional compartmentalization may provide an explanation for how fluid flows are managed in an open circulatory system.
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Pacholska-Bogalska J, Szymczak M, Marciniak P, Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Rosiński G. Heart mechanical and hemodynamic parameters of a beetle, Tenebrio molitor, at selected ages. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 99:e21474. [PMID: 29851138 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiological processes that occur during the aging of insects are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in contractile activity and hemodynamic parameters of the heart that take place as the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor, ages. The frequency of heart contractions in beetles that had just undergone metamorphosis (median 24.7 beats/min) was significantly lower than the frequency of heart contractions in older beetles. In 56% of beetles that were < 1 week of age, a pattern of contractile activity with alternating periods of higher and lower contraction frequency was detected, suggesting that some posteclosion developmental processes occur during the first week of adulthood. All beetles that were 1 week of age showed a regular rhythm of heart contractions (median 72 beats/min). In older beetles, abnormalities such as heart arrhythmias or heart arrest were observed. The incidence of arrhythmia as well as the arrhythmicity index was highest in beetles that were 8-18 weeks old. The calculated stroke volume (SV) was also found to increase from eclosion to 12 weeks of age, and then decreased as adults aged further. Interestingly, cardiac output increased gradually, but the ejection fraction did not change significantly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
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