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Maluta N, Castro T, Spotti Lopes JR. DC-electrical penetration graph waveforms for Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and the effects of entomopathogenic fungi on its probing behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22033. [PMID: 38086916 PMCID: PMC10716247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis is an important transmitter of viruses and bacteria to maize plants. Data on the stylet probing and ingestion behavior of D. maidis, gathered using the DC-electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) technique, are limited. The increasing prevalence of this pest and the diseases that it transmits in maize crops heighten the importance of studying how control tools affect the probing behavior of these insects, to reduce or prevent the chances of pathogen transmission and the damage from feeding. Our study recorded stylet activities of D. maidis, using a DC-EPG system and compared the appearances of waveforms with those from published AC and AC-DC EPG studies. All types of systems produced similar waveform appearances; therefore, we used the waveform nomenclature previously published. We also determined the effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica on the probing behavior of D. maidis at different time points after the fungus was applied by spraying. Forty-eight hours after the insects were sprayed, the effects were pronounced, with significant disruption of the stylet activities in phloem and non-phloem phases. Our study indicated that this commercial microbiological product, with the active ingredient C. javanica, can alter the probing behavior of D. maidis and may be helpful in management of the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Maluta
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
- Koppert Biological Systems, Rodovia Margarida da Graça Martins s/n - Km 17.5, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Castro
- Koppert Biological Systems, Rodovia Margarida da Graça Martins s/n - Km 17.5, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Spotti Lopes
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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Wang L, Zhu J, Wang Q, Ji X, Wang W, Huang W, Rui C, Cui L. Hormesis effects of sulfoxaflor on Aphis gossypii feeding, growth, reproduction behaviour and the related mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162240. [PMID: 36796701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxaflor, an important alternative insecticide in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, can effectively control sap-feeding insect pests such as Aphis gossypii. Although the side effects of sulfoxaflor have recently attracted widespread attention, its toxicological characteristics and mechanisms are still largely undefined. Therefore, the biological characteristics, life table and feeding behaviour of A. gossypii were studied to evaluate the hormesis effect of sulfoxaflor. Then, the potential mechanisms of induced fecundity associated with the vitellogenin (Ag. Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (Ag. VgR) genes were investigated. Although the LC10 and LC30 concentrations of sulfoxaflor significantly reduced the fecundity and net reproduction rate (R0) of the directly exposed sulfoxaflor-resistant and susceptible aphids, hormesis effects on fecundity and R0 were observed in the F1 generation of Sus A. gossypii when the parental generation was exposed to the LC10 of sulfoxaflor. Moreover, the hormesis effects of sulfoxaflor on phloem feeding were observed in both A. gossypii strains. Additionally, enhanced expression levels and protein content of Ag. Vg and Ag. VgR were observed in progeny generations when F0 was subjected to the trans- and multigenerational sublethal sulfoxaflor exposure. Therefore, sulfoxaflor-induced resurgence might occur in A. gossypii after exposure to sublethal concentrations. Our study could contribute to a comprehensive risk assessment and provide convincing reference to optimize sulfoxaflor in IPM strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Junshu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuejiao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weiling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changhui Rui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China.
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Maluta N, Castro T, Lopes JRS. Entomopathogenic fungus disrupts the phloem-probing behavior of Diaphorina citri and may be an important biological control tool in citrus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7959. [PMID: 35562575 PMCID: PMC9106691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus is among the most important fruit crops worldwide; however, numerous pests and diseases affect the orchards, increasing production costs. The psyllid Diaphorina citri, is a vector of the phloem-limited bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’, the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The lack of a cure for HLB requires management of the vector, mainly by intensive use of chemical insecticides, leading to the selection of resistant populations. Our study determined the effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps fumosorosea on the probing behavior of D. citri at different time points after the fungus was applied by spraying. The electrical penetration graph technique was used to monitor the stylet activities of D. citri after application of the microbiological product. The effects were more pronounced between 30 and 96 h after the insects were sprayed, with significant disruption of the stylet activities related to the phloem and directly associated with the transmission of HLB. Our study indicated that the microbiological product Challenger®, with the active ingredient C. fumosorosea fungus, can significantly change the probing behavior of D. citri, may be helpful in more-sustainable management of the vector, and can be used to reduce the spread of HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Maluta
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Castro
- Koppert Biological Systems, Rodovia Margarida da Graça Martins s/n-Km 17,5, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Spotti Lopes
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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Shi JH, Liu H, Pham TC, Hu XJ, Liu L, Wang C, Foba CN, Wang SB, Wang MQ. Volatiles and hormones mediated root-knot nematode induced wheat defense response to foliar herbivore aphid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152840. [PMID: 34995605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant root-leaf communication signals are critical for plant defense. Numerous studies show that belowground organisms can alter systemically resistance traits in aboveground parts against herbivores. However, there are limited studies on root-knot nematode-aphid interaction. Moreover, the impact of nematode's initial density and infection time on plant defense is poorly understood. Here we aim to examine the induced defense responses by root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita against aboveground feeding aphid Sitobion avenae in wheat. Further, we investigated the influence of the nematode infection density as well as the length of infection in these interactions. We tested the direct and indirect defense responses triggered by M. incognita against S. avenae as well as how the responses affect the preference of Harmonia axyridis. Plant volatiles and hormones were determined to explore plant defense mechanisms that mediate aboveground-belowground defense. The photosynthetic rate was tested to examine plant tolerance strategy. We found that, both low and high densities M. incognita root infection at 7 days post inoculation (dpi) reduced the feeding of the aphid S. avenae. Behavioral assay showed that H. axyridis preferred plants co-damaged by both M. incognita and S. avenae at 7 dpi. M. incognita infection induced the changes of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and volatile content, which mediated plant response to S. avenae. Furthermore, photosynthetic rate in wheat increased at 5 dpi under 300 M. incognita or 1000 M. incognita infection. These results suggest that plant roots induced multiple defense strategies against foliar herbivores as damages increased. Our study provides evidence of a complex dynamic response of wheat aboveground defense against aphids in response to belowground nematode damage on a temporal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - The Cuong Pham
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin-Jun Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Le Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caroline Ngichop Foba
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu-Bo Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wang G, Zhou JJ, Li Y, Gou Y, Quandahor P, Liu C. Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15864. [PMID: 34354165 PMCID: PMC8342477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,grid.443382.a0000 0004 1804 268XState Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Yan Li
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Yuping Gou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Peter Quandahor
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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Pathogenicity against hemipteran vector insects of a novel insect pathogenic fungus from Entomophthorales (Pandora sp. nov. inedit.) with potential for biological control. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107621. [PMID: 34029539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new but still unpublished entomopathogenic fungus (ARSEF13372) in the genus Pandora (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) was originally isolated from Cacopsylla sp. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Several species of the genus Cacopsylla vector phloem-borne bacteria of the genus 'Candidatus Phytoplasma', which cause diseases in fruit crops such as apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows. To determine Pandora's host range and biocontrol potential we conducted laboratory infection bioassays; Hemipteran phloem-feeding insects were exposed to conidia actively discharged from in vitro produced mycelial mats of standardized area. We documented the pathogenicity of Pandora sp. nov. to species of the insect families Psyllidae and Triozidae, namely Cacopsyllapyri L., C.pyricola (Foerster), C.picta (Foerster, 1848), C.pruni (Scopoli), C.peregrina (Foerster), and Trioza apicalis Foerster. The occurrence of postmortem signs of infection on cadavers within 10 days post inoculation proved that Pandora sp. nov. was infective to the tested insect species under laboratory conditions and significantly reduced mean survival time for C.pyri (summer form and nymph), C.pyricola, C.picta, C.pruni, C.peregrina and T.apicalis. Assessing a potential interaction between phytoplasma, fungus and insect host revealed that phytoplasma infection ('Candidatus Phytoplasma mali') of the vector C.picta and/or its host plant apple Malus domestica Borkh. did not significantly impact the survival of C.picta after Pandora sp. nov. infection. The results from infection bioassays were discussed in relation to Pandora sp. nov. host range and its suitability as biocontrol agent in integrated pest management strategies of psyllid pests, including vector species, in orchards.
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Hu J, Yang JJ, Liu BM, Cui HY, Zhang YJ, Jiao XG. Feeding behavior explains the different effects of cabbage on MEAM1 and MED cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1276-1284. [PMID: 31769205 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MEAM1 (Middle East-Asia Minor 1, "B" biotype) and MED (Mediterranean, "Q" biotype) are the two most destructive cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci complex on the planet. Our previous studies have shown that MEAM1 outcompetes MED on cabbage; the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the Brassicaceae family, the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system plays a crucial role in deterring feeding, inhibiting growth, and causing acute toxicity against a wide range of generalist herbivores. In the present study, we first compared the survival of MEAM1 and MED exposed to sinigrin (a glucosinolate) and myrosinase (an enzyme that degrades glucosinolates); we found that survival of both species was high in response to sinigrin alone but was near zero in response to sinigrin + myrosinase. We then used electropenetrography (electrical penetration graphs, EPG) to assess the feeding behaviors of MEAM1 and MED whiteflies on cabbage. The EPG results revealed that the mean duration of each potential drop (pd, indicating an intracellular puncture) was substantially longer for MED than MEAM1 on cabbage, indicating that the exposure to the toxic hydrolysates of glucosinolate and myrosinase is greater for MED than for MEAM1. We therefore conclude that differences in penetrating behaviors may help explain the different effects of cabbage on MEAM1 and MED whitefly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ming Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Ying Cui
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana, to Their Conspecific ( Sitobion avenae) and Heterospecific ( Rhopalosiphum padi) Aphid Hosts. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10020054. [PMID: 30781857 PMCID: PMC6409970 DOI: 10.3390/insects10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana (phylum Entomophthoromycota) are important fungal pathogens on cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Here, we evaluated and compared for the first time the virulence of these two fungi, both produced in S. avenae cadavers, against the two aphid species subjected to the same exposure. Two laboratory bioassays were carried out using a method imitating entomophthoralean transmission in the field. Healthy colonies of the two aphid species were exposed to the same conidial shower of P. neoaphidis or E. planchoniana, in both cases from a cadaver of S. avenae. The experiments were performed under LD 18:6 h at 21 °C and a successful transmission was monitored for a period of nine days after initial exposure. Susceptibility of both S. avenae and R. padi to fungal infection showed a sigmoid trend. The fitted nonlinear model showed that the conspecific host, S. avenae, was more susceptible to E. planchoniana infection than the heterospecific host R. padi, was. In the case of P. neoaphidis, LT50 for S. avenae was 5.0 days compared to 5.9 days for R. padi. For E. planchoniana, the LT50 for S. avenae was 4.9 days, while the measured infection level in R. padi was always below 50 percent. Our results suggest that transmission from conspecific aphid host to heterospecific aphid host can occur in the field, but with expected highest transmission success to the conspecific host.
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Development of a novel isolation unit for entomophthoralean fungi. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 155:1-4. [PMID: 29715462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Entomophthoralean fungi are important natural enemies of pests and highly co-evolved with their hosts. However, successful isolation of entomophthoralean fungi can be difficult due to their fastidious culture requirements; this is an important obstacle to research on Entomophthorales. In this study, we designed an isolation unit and evaluated it against the conventional 'descending conidia' isolation method. There was no difference in contamination rate between the methods (78% and 76% clean isolations) despite the isolation unit not requiring laminar-flow facilities. Furthermore, more conidia were collected in the new isolation unit than using a standard method. The isolation unit is efficient, convenient and is operational in the field.
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