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Pathak A, Marquez M, Stothard P, Chukwujindu C, Su JQ, Zhou Y, Zhou XY, Jagoe CH, Chauhan A. A seasonal study on the microbiomes of Diploid vs. Triploid eastern oysters and their denitrification potential. iScience 2024; 27:110193. [PMID: 38984199 PMCID: PMC11231605 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Oyster reefs are hotspots of denitrification mediated removal of dissolved nitrogen (N), however, information on their denitrifier microbiota is scarce. Furthermore, in oyster aquaculture, triploids are often preferred over diploids, yet again, microbiome differences between oyster ploidies are unknown. To address these knowledge gaps, farmed diploid and triploid oysters were collected over an annual growth cycle and analyzed using shotgun metagenomics and quantitative microbial elemental cycling (QMEC) techniques. Regardless of ploidy, Psychrobacter genus was abundant, with positive correlations found for genes of central metabolism, DNA metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. MAGs (metagenome-assembled genomes) yielded multiple Psychrobacter genomes harboring norB, narH, narI, and nirK denitrification genes, indicating their functional relevance within the eastern oysters. QMEC analysis indicated the predominance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling genes, with no discernable patterns between ploidies. Among the N-cycling genes, the nosZII clade was overrepresented, suggesting its role in the eastern oyster's N removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pathak
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, 1515 S. Martin Luther King Boulevard, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Mario Marquez
- Texas Sea Grant College Program, 4115 TAMU Eller O&M 306, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, General Services Bldg, Edmonton, AB 2-31 T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Christian Chukwujindu
- Material & Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute, Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu-Nigeria 400104
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Charles H. Jagoe
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, 1515 S. Martin Luther King Boulevard, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ashvini Chauhan
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, 1515 S. Martin Luther King Boulevard, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Liu L, Gao L, Zhou K, Li Q, Xu H, Feng X, Wang L, Song L. The expression patterns of exosomal miRNAs in the Pacific oyster after high-temperature stress or Vibrio stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 156:105174. [PMID: 38548001 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The exosomal miRNA plays a crucial role in the intercellular communication response to environmental stress and pathogenic stimulation. In the present study, the expression of exosomal miRNAs in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas after high-temperature stress or Vibrio splendidus stimulation was investigated through high-throughput sequencing. The exosomes were identified to be teardrop-like vesicles with the average size of 81.7 nm by transmission electron microscopy. There were 66 known miRNAs and 33 novel miRNAs identified, of which 10 miRNAs were differentially expressed after both high-temperature stress and Vibrio stimulation compared to the control group. A total of 1868 genes were predicted as the putative targets of miRNAs, of which threonine aspartase 1-like was targeted by the highest number of related miRNAs. The robustness and reliability of miRNA expression from the sRNA sequencing data were verified by employing eight miRNAs for qPCR. GO and KEGG clustering analyses revealed that apoptosis was significantly enriched by the target genes of differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs after high-temperature stress, and autophagy and cytokine activity were significantly enriched after Vibrio stimulation. Energy metabolism was found to be significantly shared in the target gene enrichments after both high-temperature stress and Vibrio stimulation. These findings would improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs in C. gigas after high-temperature stress or Vibrio stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Keli Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hairu Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xingyi Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.
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Zhang E, Li Z, Dong L, Feng Y, Sun G, Xu X, Wang Z, Cui C, Wang W, Yang J. Exploration of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity in the Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) in Response to Vibrio alginolyticus Invasion. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1707. [PMID: 38891754 PMCID: PMC11171025 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, oysters have faced recurring mass mortality issues during the summer breeding season, with Vibrio infection emerging as a significant contributing factor. Tubules of gill filaments were confirmed to be in the hematopoietic position in Crassostrea gigas, which produce hemocytes with immune defense capabilities. Additionally, the epithelial cells of oyster gills produce immune effectors to defend against pathogens. In light of this, we performed a transcriptome analysis of gill tissues obtained from C. gigas infected with Vibrio alginolyticus for 12 h and 48 h. Through this analysis, we identified 1024 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12 h post-injection and 1079 DEGs at 48 h post-injection. Enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed a significant association with immune-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. To further investigate the immune response, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the DEGs enriched in immune-associated KEGG pathways. This network provided insights into the interactions and relationships among these genes, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of the innate immune defense mechanism in oyster gills. To ensure the accuracy of our findings, we validated 16 key genes using quantitative RT-PCR. Overall, this study represents the first exploration of the innate immune defense mechanism in oyster gills using a PPI network approach. The findings provide valuable insights for future research on oyster pathogen control and the development of oysters with enhanced antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Luyao Dong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- Yantai Kongtong Island Industrial Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Cuiju Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yantai Kongtong Island Industrial Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
- Yantai Kongtong Island Industrial Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
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George MN, Cattau O, Middleton MA, Lawson D, Vadopalas B, Gavery M, Roberts SB. Triploid Pacific oysters exhibit stress response dysregulation and elevated mortality following heatwaves. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6969-6987. [PMID: 37464471 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy has been suggested to negatively impact environmental stress tolerance, resulting in increased susceptibility to extreme climate events. In this study, we compared the genomic and physiological response of diploid (2n) and triploid (3n) Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to conditions present during an atmospheric heatwave that impacted the Pacific Northwestern region of the United States in the summer of 2021. Climate stressors were applied either singly (single stressor; elevated seawater temperature, 30°C) or in succession (multiple stressor; elevated seawater temperature followed by aerial emersion at 44°C), replicating conditions present within the intertidal over a tidal cycle during the event. Oyster mortality rate was elevated within stress treatments with respect to the control and was significantly higher in triploids than diploids following multiple stress exposure (36.4% vs. 14.8%). Triploids within the multiple stressor treatment exhibited signs of energetic limitation, including metabolic depression, a significant reduction in ctenidium Na+ /K+ ATPase activity, and the dysregulated expression of genes associated with stress response, innate immunity, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Functional enrichment analysis of ploidy-specific gene sets identified that biological processes associated with metabolism, stress tolerance, and immune function were overrepresented within triploids across stress treatments. Our results suggest that triploidy impacts the transcriptional regulation of key processes that underly the stress response of Pacific oysters, resulting in downstream shifts in physiological tolerance limits that may increase susceptibility to extreme climate events that present multiple environmental stressors. The impact of chromosome set manipulation on the climate resilience of marine organisms has important implications for domestic food security within future climate scenarios, especially as triploidy induction becomes an increasingly popular tool to elicit reproductive control across a wide range of species used within marine aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N George
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olivia Cattau
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mollie A Middleton
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Saltwater Inc., Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Delaney Lawson
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brent Vadopalas
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mackenzie Gavery
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven B Roberts
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Jeong G, Kim HJ, Kim KE, Kim YJ, Lee TK, Shim WJ, Jung SW. Selective attachment of prokaryotes and emergence of potentially pathogenic prokaryotes on four plastic surfaces: Adhesion study in a natural marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115149. [PMID: 37336046 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This study employed 16S rRNA metabarcoding to establish the diversity of prokaryotic communities and specific characteristics of potentially pathogenic prokaryotic primary colonizers of four plastic materials (EPS, expanded polystyrene; PE, polyethylene; PP, polypropylene; and PET, polyethylene terephthalate). Bacteria inhabiting plastic and seawater differ; thus, distinct changes in the attached prokaryotic community were observed over an exposure time of 21 days, specifically on Days 3, 6, 9, and 12-21. Frist colonizers were Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria; Bacilli and Clostridia represented secondary colonizers. On Day 3, Pseudoalteromonas had a relative abundance >80 %; whereas, the prevalence of Vibrio spp. (potentially pathogenic prokaryotes) increased rapidly on Days 6 and 9. However, after Day 12, the prevalence of other potential pathogens, namely, Clostridium spp., steadily increased. Despite the diversity of the plastic surfaces, attached prokaryotes changed over time instead of showing similar adherent diversity in all plastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeul Jeong
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Eun Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Risk Assessment Research Centre, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Risk Assessment Research Centre, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Jung
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang E, Li Z, Lv T, Fu J, Dong L, Feng Y, Sun G, Xu X, Cui C, Wang W, Yang J. Transcriptome profiling explores the immune defence mechanism of triploid Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) blood against Vibrio alginolyticus based on protein interaction networks. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:104677. [PMID: 36870582 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triploid oysters have provided the oyster industry with many benefits, such as fast growth rates, meat quality improvement, and increased oyster production and economic benefits, since the first report on triploid oysters was published. The development of polyploid technology has remarkably increased the output of triploid oysters to meet the increasing demand of consumers for Crassostrea gigas in the past decades. At present, research on triploid oyster has mainly focused on breeding and growth, but studies on the immunity of triploid oysters are limited. According to recent reports, Vibrio alginolyticus is a highly virulent strain that can cause disease and death in shellfish, shrimp, as well as serious economic losses. V. alginolyticus may be a reason why oysters die during summer. Therefore, using V. alginolyticus to explore the resistance and immune defense mechanisms of triploid oysters against pathogens presents practical significance. Transcriptome analysis of gene expression was performed in triploid C. gigas at 12 and 48 h after infection with V. alginolyticus, and the respective 2257 and 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The results of GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that multiple significantly enriched GO terms and KEGG signaling pathways are associated with immunity. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to investigate the interaction relationship of immune-related genes. Finally, we verified the expression situation of 16 key genes using quantitative RT-PCR. This study is the first to use the PPI network in exploring the immune defense mechanism of triploid C. gigas blood to fill the gap in the immune mechanism of triploid oysters and other mollusks, and provide valuable reference for future triploid farming and pathogen prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Tingjin Lv
- Yantai Institute of Marine Economy, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jingjing Fu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Luyao Dong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Cuiju Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
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Wang Y, Zhao D, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Proteomic analysis of exosomes in pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas during bacterial stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1024-1032. [PMID: 35870748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150 nm-sized extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are released into the extracellular environment and play roles in cell-cell communication. Accumulating research achievements demonstrated that exosomes could act as innate immune effectors that contribute to the host defense mechanism. To better understand the immune functions of exosomes in Crassostrea gigas against bacterial stimulation, the iTRAQ LC-MS/MS approach was applied to identifying differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of exosomes in oyster post Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio splendidus stimulation. A total of 9467 unique peptides corresponding to 1634 proteins were identified. Among them, 99 proteins were upregulated and 152 were downregulated after S. aureus infection. After V. splendidus infection, 431 proteins were identified as differentially abundant, including 76 that were upregulated and 355 were downregulated. Several proteins related to apoptosis, including E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, and protein kinase C delta type were found up-regulated in the S. aureus stimulation group, indicating that the apoptosis process was involved in the response to S. aureus stimulation. Thirty up-regulated and 123 down-regulated proteins were identified as differentially abundant after both bacterial stimuli. Among them, some proteins related to the actin-myosin cytoskeleton process were down-regulated, indicating that phagocytosis may be inhibited in both bacterial stimuli. This study would enrich the C. gigas proteome database and provide information for further understanding the immune functions of oyster exosomes against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Dianli Zhao
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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8
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Jones JL, Lydon KA, Walton WC. Effect of Ploidy on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Levels in Cultured Oysters. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2014-2017. [PMID: 32649752 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are naturally occuring human pathogenic bacteria commonly found in estuarine environments where oysters are cultured. The use of triploid oysters has increased, due to their rapid growth rate and that they maintain a high quality throughout the year. Previous work suggested levels of Vibrio spp. may be lower in triploid oysters, as compared to diploids. Therfore, this study aimed to determine if there is a difference in the abundances of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus between half-sibling diploid and triploid oysters. In four trials, 100 individual oysters (either iced or temperature abused) were analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus using direct plating followed by colony hybridization. Mean levels of V. parahaemolyticus in iced and abused diploid oysters were 3.55 and 4.21 log CFU/g, respectively. Mean levels in iced and abused triploid oysters were 3.49 and 4.27 log CFU/g, respectively. Mean levels of V. vulnificus in iced and abused diploid oysters were 3.53 and 4.56 log CFU/g, respectively. Mean levels in iced and abused triploid oysters were 3.54 and 4.55 log CFU/g, respectively. The differences in Vibrio spp. abundances between diploid and triploid oysters was not significant (p>0.05). However, the differences across treatments were significant (p<0.05), with the exception of V. parahaemolyticus levels in trial 3 (p=0.83). Variation between individual oysters was also observed, with 12 of 808 measurements being outside of the 95 th percentile. This phenomenon of occasional statistical outliers ("hot" or "cold" oysters) has been previously described and supports the appropriateness of composite sampling to account for inherent animal variability. In summary, the data indicate that abundances of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are not dependent on the ploidy of cultured oysters, but vary with the type of handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Jones
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory 1 Iberville Drive UNITED STATES Dauphin Island AL 36528 2514068136
| | - Keri A Lydon
- 1U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - William C Walton
- 2Auburn University Shellfish Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 150 Agassiz Street, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
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9
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Mandas D, Salati F, Polinas M, Sanna MA, Zobba R, Burrai GP, Alberti A, Antuofermo E. Histopathological and Molecular Study of Pacific Oyster Tissues Provides Insights into V. aestuarianus Infection Related to Oyster Mortality. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060492. [PMID: 32575736 PMCID: PMC7350300 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer preference for healthy and sustainable food products has been steadily increasing in recent years. Bivalve mollusks satisfy these characteristics and have captured ever-increasing market shares. However, the expansion of molluscan culture in worldwide and global trade have favored the spread of pathogens around the world. Combined with environmental changes and intensive production systems this has contributed to the occurrence of mass mortality episodes, thus posing a threat to the production of different species, including the Pacific oyster Crassotrea gigas. In the San Teodoro lagoon, one of the most devoted lagoons to extensive Pacific oyster aquaculture in Sardinia, a mortality outbreak was observed with an estimated 80% final loss of animal production. A study combining cultural, biomolecular and histopathological methods was conducted: (1) to investigate the presence of different Vibrio species and OsHV-1 in selected oyster tissues (digestive gland, gills, and mantle); (2) to quantify Vibrio aestuarianus and to evaluate the severity of hemocyte infiltration in infected tissues; (3) to produce post-amplification data and evaluating ToxR gene as a target for phylogenetic analyses. Results provide new insights into V. aestuarianus infection related to oyster mortality outbreaks and pave the way to the development of tools for oyster management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mandas
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Fulvio Salati
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Marina Antonella Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
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10
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Liu S, Wang W, Ge W, Lv X, Han Z, Li Y, Wang L, Song L. An activating transcription factor 6 beta (ATF6β) regulates apoptosis of hemocyte during immune response in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:442-451. [PMID: 32084540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of immune cells during immune response is vital for hosts to defend against invaders. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is an important transcription factor in the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintaining cellular homeostasis. In the present study, one ATF6 homologue was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated as CgATF6β). The full length cDNA of CgATF6β was of 2645 bp with a 1596 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 531 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgATF6β was predicted to contain a transmembrane region, a conserved basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain, a site 1 protease cleavage site, a site 2 protease cleavage site, and a Golgi localization signal. CgATF6β mRNA was constitutively expressed in hemocytes, gill, mantle, gonad, hepatopancreas and labial palp, with a slightly higher expression level in muscle (2.45-fold of that in gill, p < 0.05). After oysters were challenged with Vibrio splendidus, the mRNA expression levels of CgATF6β in hemocytes were significantly up-regulated at 3 h (2.68-fold of that in seawater group, p < 0.01) and peaked at 12 h (3.14-fold of that in seawater group, p < 0.01). The endogenic CgATF6β protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm of oyster hemocytes, and it was significantly transported into the nuclei of hemocytes at 1.5 h after the challenge with V. splendidus. After an injection with CgATF6β dsRNA, the mRNA expression of CgATF6β was knocked down to 0.26-fold of that in dsGFP group (p < 0.01). In CgATF6β dsRNA-injected oysters, the mRNA expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), calnexin (CNX) and anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in hemocytes were significantly decreased at 12 h after V. splendidus challenge, which were 0.65-fold (p < 0.01), 0.54-fold (p < 0.01) and 0.17-fold (p < 0.01) of that in dsGFP-injected oysters, while the apoptotic rate of hemocytes was significantly up-regulated (1.97-fold of that in dsGFP group, p < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggested that CgATF6β was involved in apoptosis inhibition of oyster hemocytes upon V. splendidus challenge by regulating the expression of CgGRP78, CgCNX and CgBcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenjing Ge
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zirong Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning of Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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11
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Huang B, Zhang L, Xu F, Tang X, Li L, Wang W, Liu M, Zhang G. Oyster Versatile IKKα/βs Are Involved in Toll-Like Receptor and RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling for Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1826. [PMID: 31417578 PMCID: PMC6685332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IκB kinases (IKKs) play critical roles in innate immunity through signal-induced activation of the key transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). However, studies of invertebrate IKK functions remain scarce. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis of IKKs and IKK-related kinases encoded in the Pacific oyster genome. We then cloned and characterized the oyster IKKα/β-2 gene. We found that oyster IKKα/β-2, a homolog of human IKKα/IKKβ, responded to challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. As a versatile immune molecule, IKKα/β-2 activated the promoters of NF-κB, TNFα, and IFNβ, as well as IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing promoters, initiating an antibacterial or antiviral immune state in mammalian cells. Importantly, together with the cloned oyster IKKα/β-1, we investigated the signal transduction pathways mediated by these two IKKα/β proteins. Our results showed that IKKα/β-1 and IKKα/β-2 could interact with the oyster TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and that IKKα/β-2 could also bind to the oyster myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) protein directly, suggesting that oyster IKKα/βs participate in both RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling for the reception of upstream immune signals. The fact that IKKα/β-1 and IKKα/β-2 formed homodimers by interacting with themselves and heterodimers by interacting with each other, along with the fact that both oyster IKKα/β proteins interacted with NEMO protein, indicates that oyster IKKα/βs and the scaffold protein NEMO form an IKK complex, which may be a key step in phosphorylating IκB proteins and activating NF-κB. Moreover, we found that oyster IKKα/βs could interact with IRF8, and this may be related to the IKK-mediated activation of ISRE promotors and their involvement in the oyster "interferon (IFN)-like" antiviral pathway. Moreover, the expression of oyster IKKα/β-1 and IKKα/β-2 may induce the phosphorylation of IκB proteins to activate NF-κB. These results reveal the immune function of oyster IKKα/β-2 and establish the existence of mollusk TLR and RLR signaling mediated by IKKα/β proteins for the first time. Our findings should be helpful in deciphering the immune mechanisms of invertebrates and understanding the development of the vertebrate innate immunity network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingkun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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12
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Brokordt K, Defranchi Y, Espósito I, Cárcamo C, Schmitt P, Mercado L, de la Fuente-Ortega E, Rivera-Ingraham GA. Reproduction Immunity Trade-Off in a Mollusk: Hemocyte Energy Metabolism Underlies Cellular and Molecular Immune Responses. Front Physiol 2019; 10:77. [PMID: 30804806 PMCID: PMC6378683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses, as well as reproduction, are energy-hungry processes, particularly in broadcast spawners such as scallops. Thus, we aimed to explore the potential reproduction-immunity trade-off in Argopecten purpuratus, a species with great economic importance for Chile and Peru. Hemocytes, key immunological cells in mollusks, were the center of this study, where we addressed for the first time the relation between reproductive stage, hemocyte metabolic energetics and their capacity to support immune responses at cellular and molecular levels. Hemocyte metabolic capacity was assessed by their respiration rates, mitochondrial membrane potential and citrate synthase (CS) activity. Cellular immune parameters such as the number of circulating and tissue-infiltrating hemocytes and their reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacity were considered. Molecular immune responses were examined through the transcriptional levels of two pattern recognition receptors (ApCLec and ApTLR) and two anti-microbial effectors (ferritin and big defensin). Their expressions were measured in hemocytes from immature, matured and spawned scallops under basal, and one of the following challenges: (i) in vitro, where hemocytes were challenged with the β glucan zymosan, to determine the immune potentiality under standardized conditions; or (ii) in vivo challenge, using hemocytes from scallops injected with the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio splendidus. Results indicate a post-spawning decrease in the structural components of the immune system (hemocyte number/quality) and their potential capacity of performing immune functions (with reduced ATP-producing machinery and exhaustion of energy reserves). Both in vitro and in vivo challenges demonstrate that hemocytes from immature scallops have, in most cases, the best metabolic potential (increased CS activity) and immune performances, with for example, over threefold higher ROS production and tissue-infiltration capacity than those from mature and spawned scallops after the bacterial challenge. Agreeing with cellular responses, hemocytes from immature individuals induced the highest levels of immune receptors and antimicrobial effectors after the bacterial challenge, while spawned scallops presented the lowest values. Overall, results suggest a trade-off between resource allocation in reproduction and the immune responses in A. purpuratus, with hemocyte energy metabolic capacity potentially underlying cellular and molecular immune responses. Further research would be necessary to explore regulatory mechanisms such as signaling pleiotropy which may potentially be underlying this trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Yohana Defranchi
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Magister en Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ignacio Espósito
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudia Cárcamo
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Immunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Immunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Immunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Immunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Erwin de la Fuente-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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13
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Williams TC, Froelich BA, Phippen B, Fowler P, Noble RT, Oliver JD. Different abundance and correlational patterns exist between total and presumed pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish and waters along the North Carolina coast. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3836909. [PMID: 28531284 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus abundance is pertinent due to the ability of these species to cause disease in humans through aquatic vectors. Previously, we performed a multiyear investigation tracking Vibrio spp. levels in five sites along the southeastern North Carolina coast. From February 2013 to October 2015, total V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus abundance was measured in water, oysters and clams. In the current study, pathogenic subpopulations were identified in these isolates using molecular markers, revealing that 5.3% of V. vulnificus isolates possessed the virulence-correlated gene (vcgC), and 1.9% of V. parahaemolyticus isolates harbored one or both of the virulence-associated hemolysin genes (tdh and trh). Total V. parahaemolyticus abundance was not sufficient to predict the abundance of pathogenic subpopulations. Specifically, pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates were more often isolated in cooler waters and were sometimes isolated when no other V. parahaemolyticus strains were detectable. Vibrio vulnificus clinical (C-) genotypes correlated with total V. vulnificus; however, salinity, water depth and total suspended solids influenced C- and E-genotypes differently. Lastly, we documented individual oysters harboring significantly higher V. vulnificus levels for which there was no ecological explanation, a phenomenon that deserves closer attention due to the potentially elevated health hazard associated with these 'hot' shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Williams
- The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Brett A Froelich
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Britney Phippen
- The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Patricia Fowler
- The North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28223, USA
| | - Rachel T Noble
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - James D Oliver
- The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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14
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Ben Cheikh Y, Travers MA, Le Foll F. Infection dynamics of a V. splendidus strain pathogenic to Mytilus edulis: In vivo and in vitro interactions with hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:515-523. [PMID: 28935598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic strain V. splendidus 10/068 1T1 has previously been reported for its virulence to the blue mussel and for its capacity to alter immune responses. In this study, we expanded the knowledge on hemocyte-pathogen interactions by using in vitro and in vivo assays. V. splendidus 10/068 1T1 severely inhibited cell adhesion and acidic vacuole formation unlike the innocuous phylogenetically related V. splendidus 12/056 M24T1 which had no effect on these cell functions. Furthermore, the virulent bacteria decreased hemocyte viability (59% of viability after 24 h). Infection dynamics were explored by using a model based on water tank cohabitation with septic mussels infected by GFP-tagged V. splendidus 10/068 1T1. Experimental infections were successfully produced (16.6% and 45% mortalities in 3 days and 6 days). The amount of GFP Vibrio in seawater decreased during the experiment suggesting its horizontal transfer from diseased animals to healthy ones. At the same time periods, bacteria were detected in hemocytes and in various organs and caused necrosis especially in gills. Total hemocyte count and viability were affected. Taken together, our results indicate that the pathogen V. splendidus 10/068 1T1 colonizes its host both by bypassing external defense barriers and impairing hemocyte defense activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Ben Cheikh
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Aquatic Biomonitoring, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Aquatic Biomonitoring, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France
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15
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Fdhila K, Haddaji N, Chakroun I, Macherki MEE, Nefzi F, Bakhrouf A. Glucomannan's protective effect on the virulence of Vibrio splendidus in pacific oyster. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:410-416. [PMID: 27492122 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of Glucomannan, extracted from Candida utilis yeast, on immune parameters and resistance to Vibrio splendidus of Crassostreagigas. Our results showed that Glucomannan was a successful anti-adhesive molecule; it exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on adhesion of Vibrio splendidus in infected Crassostreagigas. Vibrio splendidus viable cells number declined after incubation with Glucomannan. Furthermore, the Glucomannan diet showed higher activity to trigger the immune response against bacteria. Glucomannan applications, in biological control of seafood associated pathogens can be an alternative solution, providing consumer with a product of good quality owing to the use of 40 non-toxic compounds. Based on our results, Glucomannan could be used as a bio-protective culture in oyster's depuration to prevent Vibrio splendidus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Fdhila
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Najla Haddaji
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Ibtissem Chakroun
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Ezz Eddine Macherki
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Faten Nefzi
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Tunisia
| | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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16
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Azéma P, Travers MA, Benabdelmouna A, Dégremont L. Single or dual experimental infections with Vibrio aestuarianus and OsHV-1 in diploid and triploid Crassostrea gigas at the spat, juvenile and adult stages. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 139:92-101. [PMID: 27503207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
French production of the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is currently threatened by two pathogens, OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus. While oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1 are now available for the industry, the impact of V. aestuarianus on such oysters is unknown, especially for triploids. In addition, experimental infection has used the virus or the bacteria alone, but there have been no investigations of dual exposure to these pathogens. This study is the first report of single or dual exposure in spat (Spat1 and Spat2), juvenile and adult naïve oysters. For each of the two stocks evaluated, unselected oysters and oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1 infection were tested, as well as their triploid siblings of the selected oysters produced using cytochalasin B. We confirmed that resistance to OsHV-1 infection and susceptibility to V. aestuarianus increased with age and size, although selected oysters were not significantly impacted by OsHV-1 whatever their ploidy, size or age. We found different mortality patterns depending on the pathogen tested. The mortality pattern was similar for oysters exposed to OsHV-1 or to both pathogens in the Spat1 trial (4months old and 1.9g). The mortality pattern was similar for oysters exposed to V. aestuarianus or to both pathogens in the Adult trial (25months old and 63.1g). Surprisingly, mortality was much higher (ranging from 75.9% to 100%), in particular for the selected oysters, for the Spat2 (8months old/3.9g) and Juvenile trials (16months old/18.4g) given a dual exposure, regardless of the level of selection for OsHV-1 and the ploidy state. Our findings highlight an important threat for oyster farmers: oysters exposed to both pathogens could experience dramatic mortality rates, even in oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1. Finally, our study demonstrated for the first time that triploid oysters were more susceptible to experimental challenges with V. aestuarianus at the spat stage than their diploid siblings. However, the difference in mortality between the triploids and diploids remained limited and ranged from 22.9% to 6.6% for spat and adults, respectively with a relatively regularly decrease in the difference with increased age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azéma
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, station de la Tremblade, F-17390, France.
| | | | | | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, station de la Tremblade, F-17390, France.
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Moreau P, Moreau K, Segarra A, Tourbiez D, Travers MA, Rubinsztein DC, Renault T. Autophagy plays an important role in protecting Pacific oysters from OsHV-1 and Vibrio aestuarianus infections. Autophagy 2016; 11:516-26. [PMID: 25714877 PMCID: PMC4502751 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent mass mortality outbreaks around the world in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, have seriously affected the aquaculture economy. Although the causes for these mortality outbreaks appear complex, infectious agents are involved. Two pathogens are associated with mass mortality outbreaks, the virus ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and the bacterium Vibrio aestuarianus. Here we describe the interactions between these 2 pathogens and autophagy, a conserved intracellular pathway playing a key role in innate immunity. We show for the first time that autophagy pathway is present and functional in Pacific oysters and plays an important role to protect animals from infections. This study contributes to better understand the innate immune system of Pacific oysters.
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Key Words
- ATG, autophagy-related
- Atg8–PE, Atg8–phosphatidylethenolamine
- Crassostrea gigas
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- LC3-II, cleaved, lipidated and autophagosome-associated form of LC3
- MAP1LC3A/B (LC3A/B), microtubule-associated proteins 1 light chain 3 alpha/beta (mammalian orthologs of the predicted Crassostrea gigas LC3 and yeast Atg8)
- NH4Cl, ammonium chloride
- OsHV-1
- OsHV-1, Ostreid herpesvirus 1
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pacific oyster
- Vibrio aestuarianus
- autophagy
- hpi, hours postinfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Moreau
- a Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer); Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins; Ronce Les Bains ; La Tremblade , France
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Azéma P, Travers MA, De Lorgeril J, Tourbiez D, Dégremont L. Can selection for resistance to OsHV-1 infection modify susceptibility to Vibrio aestuarianus infection in Crassostrea gigas? First insights from experimental challenges using primary and successive exposures. Vet Res 2015; 46:139. [PMID: 26646058 PMCID: PMC4673786 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, the emergent virus OsHV-1µvar has provoked massive mortality events in Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles in France. Since 2012, mortality driven by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio aestuarianus has stricken market-sized adults. A hypothesis to explain the sudden increase in mortality observed in France since 2012 is that selective pressure due to recurrent viral infections could have led to a higher susceptibility of adults to Vibrio infection. In our study, two OsHV-1-resistant lines (AS and BS) and their respective controls (AC and BC) were experimentally challenged in the laboratory to determine their level of susceptibility to V. aestuarianus infection. At the juvenile stage, the selected lines exhibited lower mortality (14 and 33%) than the control lines (71 and 80%), suggesting dual-resistance to OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus in C. gigas. Interestingly, this pattern was not observed at the adult stage, where higher mortality was detected for AS (68%) and BC (62%) than AC (39%) and BS (49%). These results were confirmed by the analysis of the expression of 31 immune-related genes in unchallenged oysters. Differential gene expression discriminated oysters according to their susceptibility to infection at both the juvenile and adult stages, suggesting that resistance to V. aestuarianus infection resulted in complex interactions between the genotype, stage of development and immunity status. Finally, survivors of the V. aestuarianus challenge at the juvenile stage still exhibited significant mortality at the adult stage during a second and third V. aestuarianus challenge, indicating that these survivors were not genetically resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azéma
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Julien De Lorgeril
- Ifremer, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
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Dégremont L, Garcia C, Allen SK. Genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: A review. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:226-41. [PMID: 26037230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oyster species suffer from numerous disease outbreaks, often causing high mortality. Because the environment cannot be controlled, genetic improvement for disease resistance to pathogens is an attractive option to reduce their impact on oyster production. We review the literature on selective breeding programs for disease resistance in oyster species, and the impact of triploidy on such resistance. Significant response to selection to improve disease resistance was observed in all studies after two to four generations of selection for Haplosporidium nelsoni and Roseovarius crassostrea in Crassostrea virginica, OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas, and Martelia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata. Clearly, resistance in these cases was heritable, but most of the studies failed to provide estimates for heritability or genetic correlations with other traits, e.g., between resistance to one disease and another. Generally, it seems breeding for higher resistance to one disease does not confer higher resistance or susceptibility to another disease. For disease resistance in triploid oysters, several studies showed that triploidy confers neither advantage nor disadvantage in survival, e.g., OsHV-1 resistance in C. gigas. Other studies showed higher disease resistance of triploids over diploid as observed in C. virginica and S. glomerata. One indirect mechanism for triploids to avoid disease was to grow faster, thus limiting the span of time when oysters might be exposed to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Dégremont
- SG2M, LGPMM, Ifremer, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Céline Garcia
- SG2M, LGPMM, Ifremer, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Standish K Allen
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, 1208 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA.
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21
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Hanssen KO, Cervin G, Trepos R, Petitbois J, Haug T, Hansen E, Andersen JH, Pavia H, Hellio C, Svenson J. The bromotyrosine derivative ianthelline isolated from the arctic marine sponge Stryphnus fortis inhibits marine micro- and macrobiofouling. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:684-694. [PMID: 25051957 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of marine biofouling by the bromotyrosine derivative ianthelline, isolated from the Arctic marine sponge Stryphnus fortis, is described. All major stages of the fouling process are investigated. The effect of ianthelline on adhesion and growth of marine bacteria and microalgae is tested to investigate its influence on the initial microfouling process comparing with the known marine antifoulant barettin as a reference. Macrofouling is studied via barnacle (Balanus improvisus) settlement assays and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) phenoloxidase inhibition. Ianthelline is shown to inhibit both marine micro- and macrofoulers with a pronounced effect on marine bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values 0.1-10 μg/mL) and barnacle larval settlement (IC50 = 3.0 μg/mL). Moderate effects are recorded on M. edulis (IC50 = 45.2 μg/mL) and microalgae, where growth is more affected than surface adhesion. The effect of ianthelline is also investigated against human pathogenic bacteria. Ianthelline displayed low micromolar MIC values against several bacterial strains, both Gram positive and Gram negative, down to 2.5 μg/mL. In summary, the effect of ianthelline on 20 different representative marine antifouling organisms and seven human pathogenic bacterial strains is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine O Hanssen
- Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactivities and Drug Discovery (MabCent), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Domeneghetti S, Varotto L, Civettini M, Rosani U, Stauder M, Pretto T, Pezzati E, Arcangeli G, Turolla E, Pallavicini A, Venier P. Mortality occurrence and pathogen detection in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis close-growing in shallow waters (Goro lagoon, Italy). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:37-44. [PMID: 24909498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The complex interactions occurring between farmed bivalves and their potential pathogens in the circumstances of global climate changes are current matter of study, owing to the recurrent production breakdowns reported in Europe and other regions of the world. In the frame of Project FP7-KBBE-2010-4 BIVALIFE, we investigated the occurrence of mortality and potential pathogens during the Spring-Summer transition in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis cohabiting in the shallow waters of one northern Italian lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Adriatic Sea) and regarded as susceptible and resistant species, respectively. In 2011, limited bivalve mortality was detected in the open-field trial performed with 6-12 month old spat whereas subsequent trials with 2-3 month old spat produced almost complete (2012) and considerable (2013) oyster mortality. Macroscopical examination and histology excluded the presence of notifiable pathogens but, in the sampling preceding the massive oyster spat mortality of 2012, a μdeleted variant of OsHV-1 DNA was found in wide-ranging amounts in all analyzed oysters in conjunction with substantial levels of Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio aestuarianus. The large oyster spat mortality with borderline OsHV-1 positivity recorded in 2013 supports the multi-factorial etiology of the syndrome. This is the first report of a OsHV-1 (under a form interpreted as the variant μVar) in the Goro lagoon. Transcriptional host footprints are under investigation to better understand the bivalve response to environmental factors, included viral and bacterial pathogens, in relation to the observed mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Varotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Civettini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, also NRL for Mollusc Diseases), Adria, Italy
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Stauder
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, also NRL for Mollusc Diseases), Adria, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pezzati
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, also NRL for Mollusc Diseases), Adria, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Meng J, Zhang L, Huang B, Li L, Zhang G. Comparative analysis of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) immune responses under challenge by differentVibriostrains and conditions. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2014.919696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Keeling SE, Brosnahan CL, Williams R, Gias E, Hannah M, Bueno R, McDonald WL, Johnston C. New Zealand juvenile oyster mortality associated with ostreid herpesvirus 1-an opportunistic longitudinal study. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:231-239. [PMID: 24991849 DOI: 10.3354/dao02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the 2010-11 summer outbreak of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in New Zealand, an opportunistic longitudinal field study was conducted. OsHV-1 PCR-negative oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) were relocated to an OsHV-1 PCR-positive area of the North Island of New Zealand that was experiencing juvenile oyster mortalities. Over a period of 13 d, spat were monitored for mortality, sampled for histopathology, and tested for the presence of OsHV-1 using real time PCR and Vibrio culture. Histopathology showed some evidence of tissue pathology; however, no consistent progressive pathology was apparent. Field mortalities were evident from Day 6 on. After 5 and 7 d of exposure, 83 and 100% of spat, respectively, tested positive for the virus by real time PCR. Vibrio species recovered during the longitudinal study included V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus. This study offers insight into the rapidity of onset and virulence of the virus in naïve oyster spat in New Zealand waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keeling
- Animal Health Laboratory, Investigation and Diagnostic Centre-Wallaceville, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward St, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
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Travers MA, Mersni Achour R, Haffner P, Tourbiez D, Cassone AL, Morga B, Doghri I, Garcia C, Renault T, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Saulnier D. First description of French V. tubiashii strains pathogenic to mollusk: I. Characterization of isolates and detection during mortality events. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 123:38-48. [PMID: 24815818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nine dominant bacterial isolates were obtained from different batches of Crassostrea gigas spat experiencing high mortality rates in a French experimental hatchery/nursery in 2007. Using phenotypic analysis combined with multilocus sequence analysis, the isolates were shown to be genetically close to the Vibrio tubiashii type strain. Based on (1) analyses of the recA gene sequences; (2) the results of DNA-DNA hybridization assays between 07/118 T2 (LMG 27884=CECT 8426), which is a representative strain, and the V. tubiashii type strain (69%); and (3) phenotypic traits, the bacteria were classified in a group close to American V. tubiashii strain. Its virulence (70% of mortalities) and the toxicity of the extracellular products of 07/118 T2 was demonstrated (41% of mortalities). Moreover, a QPCR diagnostic tool targeting the gyrB gene was developed to investigate the epidemiological significance of V. tubiashii in French oyster mortality outbreaks recorded by the national surveillance network. Of the 21 batches originating from hatcheries, only two were positive, whereas V. tubiashii DNA could not be detected in any of the batches of moribund animals collected in field/outdoor facilities. These results demonstrate the existence of a group of virulent V. tubiashii in France that episodically infect C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Rachida Mersni Achour
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France; UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France; Fédération de Recherche en Environnement et Développement Durable, FR CNRS 3097, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Anne-Laure Cassone
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Ibtissem Doghri
- UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Ingrid Fruitier-Arnaudin
- UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France; Fédération de Recherche en Environnement et Développement Durable, FR CNRS 3097, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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De Decker S, Saulnier D. Vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in Crassostrea gigas: evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:691-699. [PMID: 21195769 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of reciprocal interactions between Crassostrea gigas and Vibrio sp., whether these be virulent or avirulent, is vital for the development of methods to improve the health status of cultured oysters. We describe an original non-invasive experimental infection technique using cohabitation, designed to explore these interactions. Using real-time PCR techniques we examined the dynamics of virulent and avirulent Vibrio sp. in oyster hemolymph and tank seawater, and made a parallel study of the expression of four genes involved in oyster immune defense: Cg-BPI, Cg-EcSOD, Cg-IκB, Cg-TIMP. No mortality occurred in control animals, but oysters put in cohabitation for 2-48 h with animals previously infected by two Vibrio pathogens suffered mortalities from 2 to 16 days post-cohabitation. Our results show that virulent Vibrio infect healthy individuals after only 2 h of cohabitation, with values ranging from 4.5 x 10² to 2 x 10⁴ cells ml⁻¹ hemolymph. Simultaneously, an approximate ten-fold increase of the total Vibrio population was observed in control animals, with a 6.6-78.5-fold up-expression of targeted genes. In contrast, oysters exposed to harmful bacteria had mean expression levels strongly down-regulated by a factor of 9.2-29 (depending on the gene) compared with control animals. Although oysters were still found to be infected by virulent Vibrio after 6-48 h of cohabitation, no significant differences were noted when comparing levels of each transcript in control and infected oysters at the same sampling times during this period: the important differences were noted before 6 h cohabitation. Taken together, our data support (1) the hypothesis that virulent Vibrio disturbs the immune response of this invertebrate host both rapidly and significantly, although this occurs specifically during an early and transient period during the first 6 h of cohabitation challenge, and that (2) expression of targeted genes is not correlated with vibriosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie De Decker
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, Ifremer, Av du Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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Use of OmpU porins for attachment and invasion of Crassostrea gigas immune cells by the oyster pathogen Vibrio splendidus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2993-8. [PMID: 21282662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015326108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OmpU porins are increasingly recognized as key determinants of pathogenic host Vibrio interactions. Although mechanisms remain incompletely understood, various species, including the human pathogen Vibrio cholera, require OmpU for host colonization and virulence. We have shown previously that OmpU is essential for virulence in the oyster pathogen Vibrio splendidus LGP32. Here, we showed that V. splendidus LGP32 invades the oyster immune cells, the hemocytes, through subversion of host-cell actin cytoskeleton. In this process, OmpU serves as an adhesin/invasin required for β-integrin recognition and host cell invasion. Furthermore, the major protein of oyster plasma, the extracellular superoxide dismutase Cg-EcSOD, is used as an opsonin mediating the OmpU-promoted phagocytosis through its RGD sequence. Finally, the endocytosed bacteria were found to survive intracellularly, evading the host defense by preventing acidic vacuole formation and limiting reactive oxygen species production. We conclude that (i) V. splendidus is a facultative intracellular pathogen that manipulates host defense mechanisms to enter and survive in host immune cells, and (ii) that OmpU is a major determinant of host cell invasion in Vibrio species, used by V. splendidus LGP32 to attach and invade oyster hemocytes through opsonisation by the oyster plasma Cg-EcSOD.
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