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Ryazanova TV, Eliseikina MG, Kukhlevsky AD. Milky hemolymph syndrome (MHS) associated with a virus in tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi off the Pacific coast of Kamchatka. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107864. [PMID: 36436574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Milky hemolymph syndrome (MHS) caused by a bacilliform virus (BV) was found in tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi in the shelf zone of Kamchatka. The prevalence of the disease varied from 0.18 to 1.02%. A total lesion of the cells of the interstitial connective tissue and the connective tissue component of all internal organs was noted, which was expressed in the hypertrophy of their nuclei. In addition, hypertrophy of fixed phagocytes and circulating hemocytes was noted. Ultrastructural analysis of the tissues confirmed that in the interstitial connective tissue of pathologically altered organs, virus particles of two morphotypes were found - rod-shaped and globular. In the cytoplasm of infected cells, bands of microtubules formed near where viral particles were concentrated. In the area of contacts at the poles of microtubules, successive stages of the transformation of rod-shaped viruses into globular viruses was observed. The bacilliform virus that infects C. bairdi is structurally very similar to CoBV found in Chionoecetes opilio. Structural features are characteristic of representatives of fam. Nimaviridae. The molecular data obtained suggest that the virus causing MHS in C. bairdi is systematically very close, if not identical, to CoBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Ryazanova
- Kamchatka Filiation of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, St. Naberezhnaya 18, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683000, Russia
| | - M G Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Palchevskogo 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - A D Kukhlevsky
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Palchevskogo 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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2
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Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Kerr R, Hooper C, White P, Edwards M, Ross S, Hazelgrove R, Daumich C, Green MJ, Ivory D, Evans C, Bass D. Amoebic crab disease (ACD) in edible crab Cancer pagurus from the English Channel, UK. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 150:1-16. [PMID: 35796507 DOI: 10.3354/dao03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genera Paramoeba and Neoparamoeba (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida, Paramoebidae) include well-known opportunistic pathogens associated with fish (N. peruans; amoebic gill disease), lobsters, molluscs and sea urchins, but only rarely with crabs (grey crab disease of blue crabs). Following reports of elevated post-capture mortality in edible crabs Cancer pagurus captured from a site within the English Channel fishery in the UK, a novel disease (amoebic crab disease, ACD) was detected in significant proportions of the catch. We present histopathological, transmission electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic data, showing that this disease is defined by colonization of haemolymph, connective tissues and fixed phagocytes by amoeboid cells, leading to tissue destruction and presumably death in severely diseased hosts. The pathology was strongly associated with a novel amoeba with a phylogenetic position on 18S rRNA gene trees robustly sister to Janickina pigmentifera (which groups within the current circumscription of Paramoeba/Neoparamoeba), herein described as Janickina feisti n. sp. We provide evidence that J. feisti is associated with ACD in 50% of C. pagurus sampled from the mortality event. A diversity of other paramoebid sequence types, clustering with known radiations of N. pemaquidensis and N. aestuarina and a novel N. aestuarina sequence type, was detected by PCR in most of the crabs investigated, but their detection was much less strongly associated with clinical signs of disease. The discovery of ACD in edible crabs from the UK is discussed relative to published historical health surveys for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bateman
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
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3
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Wei J, Fei Z, Pan G, Weiss LM, Zhou Z. Current Therapy and Therapeutic Targets for Microsporidiosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835390. [PMID: 35356517 PMCID: PMC8959712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming parasitic fungi which are grouped with the Cryptomycota. They are both opportunistic pathogens in humans and emerging veterinary pathogens. In humans, they cause chronic diarrhea in immune-compromised patients and infection is associated with increased mortality. Besides their role in pébrine in sericulture, which was described in 1865, the prevalence and severity of microsporidiosis in beekeeping and aquaculture has increased markedly in recent decades. Therapy for these pathogens in medicine, veterinary, and agriculture has become a recent focus of attention. Currently, there are only a few commercially available antimicrosporidial drugs. New therapeutic agents are needed for these infections and this is an active area of investigation. In this article we provide a comprehensive summary of the current as well as several promising new agents for the treatment of microsporidiosis including: albendazole, fumagillin, nikkomycin, orlistat, synthetic polyamines, and quinolones. Therapeutic targets which could be utilized for the design of new drugs are also discussed including: tubulin, type 2 methionine aminopeptidase, polyamines, chitin synthases, topoisomerase IV, triosephosphate isomerase, and lipase. We also summarize reports on the utility of complementary and alternative medicine strategies including herbal extracts, propolis, and probiotics. This review should help facilitate drug development for combating microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Crandall G, Jensen PC, White SJ, Roberts S. Characterization of the Gene Repertoire and Environmentally Driven Expression Patterns in Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes bairdi). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:216-225. [PMID: 35262806 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) is an economically important species that is threatened by ocean warming and bitter crab disease, which is caused by an endoparasitic dinoflagellate, Hematodinium. Little is known about disease transmission or its link to host mortality, or how ocean warming will affect pathogenicity or host susceptibility. To provide a transcriptomic resource for the Tanner crab, we generated a suite of RNA-seq libraries encompassing pooled hemolymph samples from crab displaying differing infection statuses and maintained at different temperatures (ambient (7.5˚C), elevated (10˚C), or decreased (4˚C)). After assembling a transcriptome and performing a multifactor differential gene expression analysis, we found genes influenced by temperature in relation to infection and detected some of those genes over time at the individual level using RNA-seq data from one crab. Biological processes associated with those genes include lipid storage, transcription, response to oxidative stress, cell adhesion, and morphogenesis. Alteration in lipid storage and transcription provide insight into how temperature impacts energy allocation in Hematodinium infected crabs. Alteration in expression patterns in genes associated with morphogenesis could suggest that hemocytes were changing morphology and/or type in response to temperature. This project provides insight into how Hematodinium infection could influence crab physiology as oceans warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Crandall
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Pamela C Jensen
- Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Samuel J White
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Steven Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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5
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Sousa R, Vasconcelos J, Vera-Escalona I, Riera R. Occurrence of bacteria potentially pathogenic to humans in a harvested intertidal sea snail. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2022.2028970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Sousa
- Observatório Oceânico da Madeira, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (OOM/ARDITI) – Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Funchal, Portugal
- Direção Regional do Mar / Direção de Serviços de Monitorização, Estudos e Investigação do Mar (DRM/DSEIMar), Rua Virgílio Teixeira, Funchal, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo Piso 0, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joana Vasconcelos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo Piso 0, Funchal, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Iván Vera-Escalona
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Riera
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Marine Scientific and Technological Park Telde, Spain
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6
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Urrutia A, Mitsi K, Foster R, Ross S, Carr M, Ward GM, van Aerle R, Marigomez I, Leger MM, Ruiz-Trillo I, Feist SW, Bass D. Txikispora philomaios n. sp., n. g., a Micro-Eukaryotic Pathogen of Amphipods, Reveals Parasitism and Hidden Diversity in Class Filasterea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 69:e12875. [PMID: 34726818 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a morphological, ultrastructural, and phylogenetic characterization of a novel micro-eukaryotic parasite (2.3-2.6 µm) infecting amphipod genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia. Longitudinal studies across two years revealed that infection prevalence peaked in late April and May, reaching 64% in Echinogammarus sp. and 15% in Orchestia sp., but was seldom detected during the rest of the year. The parasite infected predominantly haemolymph, connective tissue, tegument, and gonad, although hepatopancreas and nervous tissue were affected in heavier infections, eliciting melanization and granuloma formation. Cell division occurred inside walled parasitic cysts, often within host haemocytes, resulting in haemolymph congestion. Small subunit (18S) rRNA gene phylogenies including related environmental sequences placed the novel parasite as a highly divergent lineage within Class Filasterea, which together with Choanoflagellatea represent the closest protistan relatives of Metazoa. We describe the new parasite as Txikispora philomaios n. sp. n. g., the first confirmed parasitic filasterean lineage, which otherwise comprises four free-living flagellates and a rarely observed endosymbiont of snails. Lineage-specific PCR probing of other hosts and surrounding environments only detected T. philomaios in the platyhelminth Procerodes sp. We expand the known diversity of Filasterea by targeted searches of metagenomic datasets, resulting in 13 previously unknown lineages from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Urrutia
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.,Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology), Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua z/g, Plentzia, 48620, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Konstantina Mitsi
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rachel Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Stuart Ross
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Martin Carr
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Georgia M Ward
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ionan Marigomez
- Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology), Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua z/g, Plentzia, 48620, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and evolutionary Bioinformatics, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen W Feist
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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7
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First detection of Hematodinium sp. In spiny king crab Paralithodes brevipes, and new geographic areas for the parasite in tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi, and red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107651. [PMID: 34348127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A parasitic dinoflagellate of the genus Hematodinium was found off the Pacific coast of Kamchatka in three species of crabs: red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi, and spiny king crab Paralithodes brevipes. This is the first detection of Hematodinium in spiny king crab. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the pathogen found in P. brevipes, P. camtschaticus, and C bairdi from the Avacha and Kronotsky bays off the Pacific coast of Kamchatka was the same or very close to the Hematodinium sp., which infects many species of crustaceans in the Northern Hemisphere. The prevalence of infection was 0.2% for tanner crabs and 2.7% for red king crabs. Due to a limited sample size, we were unable to calculate the prevalence for spiny king crabs and female red king crabs. Both the macroscopic and microscopic signs of the pathology were similar in all diseased crabs. The differences in the micromorphology of the Hematodinium cells we found in the three crab species, including the presence or absence of trichocysts, the shape of the plasmodia, and the structure of pore complexes, are most likely related to the life cycle and the physiology of the parasite. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the pathogen found in P. brevipes, P. camtschaticus, and C. bairdi from the Avacha and Kronotsky bays of the Pacific coast of Kamchatka was the same or very close to the Hematodinium sp., which infects many species of crustaceans in the Northern Hemisphere.
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English CJ, Lima PC. Defining the aetiology of amoebic diseases of aquatic animals: trends, hurdles and best practices. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:125-143. [PMID: 33269724 DOI: 10.3354/dao03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disease caused by parasitic amoebae impacts a range of aquatic organisms including finfish, crustaceans, echinoderms and molluscs. Despite the significant economic impact caused in both aquaculture and fisheries, the aetiology of most aquatic amoebic diseases is uncertain, which then affects diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The main factors hampering research effort in this area are the confusion around amoeba taxonomy and the difficulty proving that a particular species causes specific lesions. These issues stem from morphological and genetic similarities between cryptic species and technical challenges such as establishing and maintaining pure amoeba cultures, scarcity of Amoebozoa sequence data, and the inability to trigger pathogenesis under experimental conditions. This review provides a critical analysis of how amoebae are commonly identified and defined as aetiological agents of disease in aquatic animals and highlights gaps in the available knowledge regarding determining pathogenic Amoebozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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9
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Picard-Sánchez A, Piazzon MC, Ahmed NH, Del Pozo R, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Palenzuela O. Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporidia) in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata): Pathological Effects and Cellular Immune Response in Natural Infections. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:565-576. [PMID: 32527210 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820927707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterospora nucleophila is a microsporidian responsible for an emaciative disease in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Its intranuclear development and the lack of in vitro and in vivo models hinder its research. This study investigated the associated lesions, its detection by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the cellular immune response of naturally infected fish. The intensity of infection in the intestine was correlated with stunted growth and reduced body condition. At the beginning of the outbreaks, infection prevalence was highest in intestine and stomach, and in subsequent months, the prevalence decreased in the intestine and increased in hematopoietic organs and stomach. In heavy infections, the intestine had histologic lesions of enterocyte hypercellularity and proliferation of rodlet cells. Infected enterocytes had E. nucleophila spores in the cytoplasm, and a pyknotic nucleus, karyorhexis or karyolysis. Lymphocytes were present at the base of the mucosa, and eosinophilic granule cells were located between the enterocytes. In intestinal submucosa, macrophage aggregates containing spores were surrounded by lymphocytes and granulocytes, with submucosal infiltration of granulocytes. Macrophage aggregates appeared to develop into granulomata with necrotic areas containing parasite remnants. Immunohistochemistry revealed mast cells as the main type of granulocyte involved. Abundant IgM+ and IgT+ cells were identified by in situ hybridization in the submucosa when intracytoplasmic stages were present. This study describes the lesions of E. nucleophila in gilthead sea bream, an important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nahla Hossameldin Ahmed
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.,National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Hurghada, Egypt
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10
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Yu Y, Liu X, Lei Y, Zhou S, Jin S, Qian D, Xie X, Yin F, Wang C. Anti-parasitic effects and toxicity of formalin on the parasite Mesanophrys sp. of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Exp Parasitol 2020; 212:107886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Vogt G. Cytopathology and immune response in the hepatopancreas of decapod crustaceans. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 138:41-88. [PMID: 32103822 DOI: 10.3354/dao03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The hepatopancreas of decapod crustaceans is used as an example to illustrate the range of cytopathologies, detoxification mechanisms, and immune responses that environmental toxicants and pathogens can induce in a single organ. The hepatopancreas is the central metabolic organ of decapods and consists of hundreds of blindly-ending tubules and intertubular spaces. The tubular epithelium contains 5 structurally and functionally different cell types, and the interstitium contains haemolymph, haemocytes, connective tissue, and fixed phagocytes. Some physiological conditions such as moulting and starvation cause marked but reversible ultrastructural alterations of the epithelial cells. Environmental toxicants induce either detoxification mechanisms or structural damage in cells, depending on toxicant and concentration. The hepatopancreas is also a main target organ for pathogens, mainly viruses, bacteria, and protists that enter the body via the digestive tract and gills and replicate in the hepatopancreatocytes. The cytopathologies caused by toxicants and pathogens affect single cell types specifically or, more often, several cell types simultaneously. Pathogenesis often begins in a certain cell organelle such as the nucleus, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum, spreads to other organelles, and ends with death of the infected cell. Fixed phagocytes in the interstitium capture and degrade pathogens that move from the infected tubules into the intertubular spaces or enter the hepatopancreas via circulation. Relatively few disease agents elicit the melanisation and encapsulation reaction that encloses infected tubules by a rigid melanised capsule and kills the entrapped pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Ryazanova TV, Eliseikina MG, Kukhlevsky AD. First record of new rickettsia-like organism in the blue king crab Paralithodes platypus from the Sea of Okhotsk: Distribution, morphological evidence and genetic analysis. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 170:107325. [PMID: 31945327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An infection caused by a rickettsia-like organism (RLO) was detected in the blue king crab Paralithodes platypus from the eastern Sea of Okhotsk. The external signs of the disease are lethargy and an empty gastrointestinal tract. Dissection of infected individuals revealed that their hepatopancreas was light yellow in color. The causative agent of infection is Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium targeted exclusively at hepatopancreas tissues. In the cytoplasm of infected cells, the bacteria are enclosed in parasite vacuoles or located immediately in cytosol. An ultrastructural analysis showed two main morphological types corresponding to the life cycle stages in the RLO: the vegetative stage of intermediate bodies, characterized by growth and division processes, and the infection stage of elementary bodies, which are spore-like non-dividing short rods surrounded by a multilayered membrane and having an osmiophilic inclusion body. At the terminal stage of infection, as a result of lysis of the infected cells, the RLO enters the lumen of the hepatopancreatic tubules which contributes to the spread of infection. According to genetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the RLO from P. platypus is most closely related to the Candidatus Hepatobacter penaei, NCBI #JX981946 (94.7% similarity) and NCBI #KY363553 (94.1% similarity). The high level of genetic differences (more than 5%) of the studied pathogen, along with the structural features, allows characterizing the RLO isolated from P. platypus as a new species of the genus Candidatus Hepatobacter paralithodi nov. sp., NCBI #MK928971.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Ryazanova
- Kamchatka Branch, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, ul. Naberezhnaya 18, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683000, Russia
| | - M G Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Palchevskogo 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - A D Kukhlevsky
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Palchevskogo 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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13
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Candia-Zulbarán RI, Briones-Fourzán P, Lozano-Álvarez E. Confirming validity measures of visual assessment of PaV1 infection in Caribbean spiny lobsters. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:47-51. [PMID: 31777399 DOI: 10.3354/dao03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) affects wild populations of Caribbean spiny lobsters. PaV1 can be lethal but shows predilection for juvenile lobsters. Because P. argus is one of the most valuable fisheries around the wider Caribbean region, monitoring disease prevalence in local populations is desirable. Diseased lobsters are easily recognized by their milky hemolymph, but this sign only becomes evident in advanced stages of infection. Other methods have been developed to detect PaV1, but are less practical for long-term monitoring of patterns of infection in populations. A previous study estimated the validity measures (sensitivity and specificity) of detection of PaV1 infection by observed clinical signs against endpoint PCR assays, using a representative sample of lobsters comprising mainly subadults and adults from a commercial fishing area. In the present study, these validity measures were estimated in a similar manner for a different population comprising mainly juveniles from a protected nursery area. We obtained virtually the same sensitivity and specificity values (0.48 and 1, respectively) for observed clinical signs as in the previous study (0.51 and 1, respectively), confirming the validity of applying a simple 2× correction factor to monitor the patterns of PaV1 infection over time based on more easily conducted visual assessments of a representative sample of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca I Candia-Zulbarán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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Small HJ, Stentiford GD, Behringer DC, Freeman MA, Atherley NAM, Reece KS, Bateman KS, Shields JD. Characterization of microsporidian Ameson herrnkindi sp. nov. infecting Caribbean spiny lobsters Panulirus argus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 136:209-218. [PMID: 32129173 DOI: 10.3354/dao03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus supports a large and valuable fishery in the Caribbean Sea. In 2007-2008, a rare microsporidian parasite with spore characteristics typical of the Ameson genus was detected in 2 spiny lobsters from southeast Florida (FL). However, the parasite species was not confirmed by molecular analyses. To address this deficiency, reported here are structural and molecular data on single lobsters displaying comparable 'cotton-like' abdominal muscle containing ovoid microsporidian spores found at different locations in FL in 2014 and 2018 and in Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands in 2017. In the lobster from 2014, multiple life stages consistent with an Ameson-like monokaryotic microsporidian were detected by transmission electron microscopy. A partial (1228 bp) small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence showed each microsporidia to be identical and positioned it closest phylogenetically to Ameson pulvis in a highly supported clade also containing A. michaelis, A. metacarcini, A. portunus, and Nadelspora canceri. Using ecological, pathological, ultrastructural, and molecular data, the P. argus microsporidian has been assigned to a distinct species: Ameson herrnkindi.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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15
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Rodríguez SM, Uribe JC, Estay SA, Palacios M, Pinochet R, Oyarzún S, Valdivia N. Widespread infection of Areospora rohanae in southern king crab ( Lithodes santolla) populations across south Chilean Patagonia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190682. [PMID: 31824696 PMCID: PMC6837190 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cottage cheese disease is caused by microsporidian parasites that infect a wide range of animal populations. Despite its potential to affect economically important activities, the spatial patterns of prevalence of this disease are still not well understood. Here, we analyse the occurrence of the microsporidian Areospora rohanae in populations of the king crab Lithodes santolla over ca 800 km of the southeastern Pacific shore. In winter 2011, conical pots were deployed between 50 and 200 m depth to capture crabs of a wide range of sizes. The infection was widely distributed along the region, with a mean prevalence of 16%, and no significant association between prevalence and geographical location was detected. Males, females and ovigerous females showed similar prevalence values of 16.5 (13-18.9), 15 (9.2-15) and 16.7% (10-19%), respectively. These patterns of prevalence were consistent across crab body sizes, despite the ontogenetic and sex-dependent variations in feeding behaviour and bathymetric migrations previously reported for king crabs. This study provided the first report of the geographical distribution of A. rohanae infecting southern king crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J C Uribe
- Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - S A Estay
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Palacios
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - R Pinochet
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - S Oyarzún
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - N Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
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16
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A new host for Hematodinium infection among lithodid crabs from the Sea of Okhotsk. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Sloan LM, Hardy SM. Larval Biology and Environmental Tolerances of the King Crab Parasite Briarosaccus regalis. J Parasitol 2016; 103:22-31. [PMID: 27755914 DOI: 10.1645/16-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizocephalan barnacles in the genus Briarosaccus parasitize and castrate king crab hosts, thereby preventing host reproduction and potentially altering host abundance. To better understand how environmental factors in Alaska may influence Briarosaccus prevalence, we studied the effects of temperature and salinity on the larvae of Briarosaccus regalis (previously Briarosaccus callosus). Nauplius larvae were reared at 7 temperatures (2 to 16 C) and 8 salinities (19 to 40) to determine larval survival and development rates. Maximum survival occurred from 4 to 12 C and at salinities between 25 and 34. In the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, ocean temperatures and salinities are often within these ranges; thus current conditions appear favorable for high B. regalis larval survival. In addition, temperature was negatively correlated with larval development time; thus warmer waters can reduce the time larvae are exposed to the dangers of the planktonic environment. Since only female B. regalis larvae can infect crabs, we investigated the sex ratios of B. regalis broods at different temperatures and how size and morphological traits can be used to sex cyprid larvae. Larval rearing temperature did not affect brood sex ratio (F0.947, P = 0.369), but sex ratio varied among broods (F221.9; P < 0.001). Male larvae (424.5 ± 24.3 μm [mean ± 1 SD]) were significantly larger than female larvae (387.6 ± 22.7 μm [mean ± 1 SD]; F1,221.4; P < 0.001), consistent with other rhizocephalan cyprids, but sizes overlapped between the sexes such that morphological traits were also necessary for determining sex. Overall, this study provides new information on the larval biology, larval morphology, and environmental tolerances of B. regalis , an important king crab parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Marie Sloan
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757220, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
| | - Sarah Mincks Hardy
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757220, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
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18
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Huang Y, Wang W, Ren Q. Function of gC1qR in innate immunity of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:34-41. [PMID: 26993663 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
gC1qR is identified as the globular "head" binding protein of the C1q protein and performs an important function in innate immunity. A EsgC1qR gene was identified from the hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis. EsgC1qR encodes a protein with 275 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that, together with crustaceans gC1qRs, EsgC1qR belongs to one group. EsgC1qR mRNA was detected in hemocytes, intestine, hepatopancreas, gills, eyestalk, heart, muscle, and nerve. The expression of the EsgC1qR transcript in the hepatopancreas could be regulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans (PGN), Staphyloccocus aureus, or Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Recombinant EsgC1qR (rEsgC1qR) protein could bind to various bacteria, LPS, and PGN. rEsgC1qR protein also presents direct bacteria inhibitory activity. rEsgC1qR could interact with EsCnx or EsCrt. Therefore, from the results, we could speculate that EsgC1qR is involved in the innate immunity of Chinese mitten crab, E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, PR China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, PR China.
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19
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Egan S, Gardiner M. Microbial Dysbiosis: Rethinking Disease in Marine Ecosystems. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:991. [PMID: 27446031 PMCID: PMC4914501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With growing environmental pressures placed on our marine habitats there is concern that the prevalence and severity of diseases affecting marine organisms will increase. Yet relative to terrestrial systems, we know little about the underlying causes of many of these diseases. Moreover, factors such as saprophytic colonizers and a lack of baseline data on healthy individuals make it difficult to accurately assess the role of specific microbial pathogens in disease states. Emerging evidence in the field of medicine suggests that a growing number of human diseases result from a microbiome imbalance (or dysbiosis), questioning the traditional view of a singular pathogenic agent. Here we discuss the possibility that many diseases seen in marine systems are, similarly, the result of microbial dysbiosis and the rise of opportunistic or polymicrobial infections. Thus, understanding and managing disease in the future will require us to also rethink definitions of disease and pathogenesis for marine systems. We suggest that a targeted, multidisciplinary approach that addresses the questions of microbial symbiosis in both healthy and diseased states, and at that the level of the holobiont, will be key to progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia
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20
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Huang Y, Ma F, Wang W, Ren Q. Identification and molecular characterization of a peritrophin-like gene, involved in the antibacterial response in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 50:129-138. [PMID: 25596425 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophin was first isolated from insect peritrophic membrane (PM) and was thought to protect insects from invasion of microorganisms and to stimulate digestion of food. In this study, a peritrophin-like gene (EsPT) was obtained from Eriocheir sinensis. The full length cDNA of EsPT was 1232 bp, which contained 1005 bp ORF encoding a protein of 334 amino acids, including a 22 amino acid signal peptide, and 3 conserved chitin binding type 2 domains (ChtBD2) characterized by having a 6-cysteine motif. Phylogenetic analysis showed that EsPT was clustered together with 2 insect peritrophin-44-like proteins (MdP44L from Musca domestica and CcP44L from Ceratitis capitata), an insect chitin binding peritrophin-A domain containing protein (CfPT from Coptotermes formosanus) and a crustacean peritrophin (MnPT from Macrobrachium nipponense). Tissue distribution analysis revealed that EsPT was mainly expressed in hepatopancreas, intestine and hemocytes. The expression of EsPT is regulated by lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. The recombinant EsPT could bind to different microbes, and enhanced the clearance of V. parahaemolyticus in vivo. In crabs, silencing of EsPT by siRNA suppressed the elimination of V. parahaemolyticus and increasing number of bacteria, finally upregulated the expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) and clip domain serine proteases (cSP). The results might indicate that EsPT was involved in the anti-bacterial innate immunity of crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - FuTong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
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21
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Sokolova Y, Pelin A, Hawke J, Corradi N. Morphology and phylogeny of Agmasoma penaei (Microsporidia) from the type host, Litopenaeus setiferus, and the type locality, Louisiana, USA. Int J Parasitol 2014; 45:1-16. [PMID: 25449947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since June 2012, samples of wild caught white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, from the Gulf of Mexico, Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes (Louisiana, USA) with clinical signs of microsporidiosis have been delivered to the Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory for identification. Infection was limited predominantly to female gonads and was caused by a microsporidium producing roundish pansporoblasts with eight spores (3.6×2.1 μm) and an anisofilar (2-3+4-6) polar filament. These features allowed identification of the microsporidium as Agmasoma penaei Sprague, 1950. Agmasoma penaei is known as a microsporidium with world-wide distribution, causing devastating epizootic disease among wild and cultured shrimps. This paper provides molecular and morphological characterisation of A. penaei from the type host and type locality. Comparison of the novel ssrDNA sequence of A. penaei from Louisiana, USA with that of A. penaei from Thailand revealed 95% similarity, which suggests these geographical isolates are two different species. The A. penaei sequences did not show significant homology to any other examined taxon. Phylogenetic reconstructions using the ssrDNA and alpha- and beta-tubulin sequences supported its affiliation with the Clade IV Terresporidia sensu Vossbrink 2005, and its association with parasites of fresh and salt water crustaceans of the genera Artemia, Daphnia and Cyclops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - John Hawke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Vaerewijck MJ, Baré J, Lambrecht E, Sabbe K, Houf K. Interactions of Foodborne Pathogens with Free-living Protozoa: Potential Consequences for Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Baré
- Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent Univ; Belgium
| | - Ellen Lambrecht
- Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent Univ; Belgium
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Dept. of Biology, Ghent Univ; Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent Univ; Belgium
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23
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Parasitization of juvenile edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) by the dinoflagellate, Hematodinium sp.: pathobiology, seasonality and its potential effects on commercial fisheries. Parasitology 2014; 142:428-38. [PMID: 25118672 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the prevalence and severity of infections caused by the parasitic dinoflagellate, Hematodinium in juvenile edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) found in 2 intertidal survey sites (Mumbles Head and Oxwich Bay) in the Bristol Channel, UK. Crabs were assessed for the presence and severity of Hematodinium infections by the histological examination of infected tissues. Such infections were found to exhibit a seasonal trend in the 2 study areas with high numbers of animals (ca. 30%) infected in the spring to summer but with low severity. Conversely, in November only ca. 10% of crabs were infected but these animals had large numbers of parasites in their haemolymph and other tissues. At this time, the carapace and underlying tissues of infected crabs had the chalky, pinkish-orange appearance that is characteristic of this disease. Hematodinium-infected crabs ranged in size from 12 to 74 mm carapace width. Overall, it is concluded that the high prevalence of infection of juvenile crabs in this area may have implications for the sustainability of the edible crab fishery in the Bristol Channel.
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24
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Small HJ, Meyer GR, Stentiford GD, Dunham JS, Bateman K, Shields JD. Ameson metacarcini sp. nov. (Microsporidia) infecting the muscles of Dungeness crabs Metacarcinus magister from British Columbia, Canada. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:213-225. [PMID: 25114045 DOI: 10.3354/dao02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister supports a large and valuable fishery along the west coast of North America. Since 1998, Dungeness crabs exhibiting pink- to orange-colored joints and opaque white musculature have been sporadically observed in low prevalence from the Fraser River delta of British Columbia, Canada. We provide histological, ultrastructural, and molecular evidence that this condition is caused by a new microsporidian parasite. Crabs displaying gross symptoms were confirmed to have heavy infections of ovoid-shaped microsporidian spores (~1.8 × 1.4 µm in size) within muscle bundles of the skeletal musculature. The parasite apparently infected the outer periphery of each muscle bundle, and then proliferated into the muscle fibres near the centre of each infected bundle. Light infections were observed in heart tissues, and occasionally spores were observed within the fixed phagocytes lining the blood vessels of the hepatopancreas. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed multiple life stages of a monokaryotic microsporidian parasite within the sarcoplasm of muscle fibres. Molecular analysis of partial small subunit rRNA sequence data from the new species revealed an affinity to Ameson, a genus of Microsporidia infecting marine crustaceans. Based on morphological and molecular data, the new species is distinct from Nadelspora canceri, a related microsporidian that also infects the muscles of this host. At present, little is known about the distribution, seasonality, and transmission of A. metacarcini in M. magister.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish J Small
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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25
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Smith AL, Whitten MMA, Hirschle L, Pope EC, Wootton EC, Vogan CL, Rowley AF. Bacterial septicaemia in prerecruit edible crabs, Cancer pagurus L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:729-737. [PMID: 23962351 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile edible crabs, Cancer pagurus L., were surveyed from Mumbles Head and Oxwich Bay in South Wales, UK, and the number of heterotrophic bacteria and vibrios in the hemolymph was determined. The percentage of crabs with hemolymph containing bacteria was variable over the survey with higher numbers of animals affected in summer than in winter. Post-moult crabs contained significantly higher numbers of heterotrophic bacteria in the hemolymph than pre- and intermoult animals. Crabs with cuticular damage to the gills also had significantly higher numbers of bacteria in the hemolymph. Crabs were found to have a high prevalence of infection by the dinoflagellate, Hematodinium. Such animals had significantly fewer bacteria in the blood in comparison with Hematodinium-free animals. Of the 463 crabs surveyed, only 3 individuals had hemolymph containing 2000 + CFU mL(-1). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, two of these crabs contained a Vibrio pectenicida-like isolate, while the other had a mixed assemblage of vibrios. Although 59% of the crabs surveyed had culturable bacteria in the hemolymph, the majority only had small numbers (<2000 CFU mL(-1) ), suggesting that such infections may be of limited importance to the sustainability of the crab fishery in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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26
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Zhang XW, Wang XW, Huang Y, Hui KM, Shi YR, Wang W, Ren Q. Cloning and characterization of two different ficolins from the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:359-69. [PMID: 24462836 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ficolins, a kind of lectin containing collagen-like and fibrinogen-related domains (FReDs, also known as FBG or FREP), are involved in the first line of host defense against pathogens. In this study, two ficolins, namely, MrFico1 and MrFico2, from the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were identified. In contrast to other ficolins, these two ficolins have no collagen-like domain, but such ficolins contain a coiled region and a FReD domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MrFico1 and MrFico2, together with two ficolin-like proteins from Pacifastacus leniusculus, belonged to one group. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that both MrFico1 and MrFico2 were expressed in hepatopancreas, stomach and intestine, with the highest expression in stomach for MrFico1, compared to the highest expression in hepatopancreas for MrFico2. qRT-PCR analysis also showed that MrFico1 was obviously upregulated upon Vibrio anguillarium challenge, while MrFico2 was upregulated after challenged by V. anguillarium or white spot syndrome virus. Bacterium-binding experiment showed that MrFico1 and MrFico2 could bind to different microbes, and sugar-binding assay revealed that these two ficolins could also bind to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, the glycoconjugates of bacteria surface. Moreover, these two ficolins could agglutinate bacteria in a calcium-dependent manner, and the results of bacteria clearance experiment showed that both ficolins could facilitate the clearance of injected bacteria in the prawn. Our results suggested that MrFico1 and MrFico2 may function as pattern-recognition receptors in the immune system of M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Kai-Min Hui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yan-Ru Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Areospora rohanae n.gen. n.sp. (Microsporidia; Areosporiidae n. fam.) elicits multi-nucleate giant-cell formation in southern king crab (Lithodes santolla). J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 118:1-11. [PMID: 24566191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper utilises histological, ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic data to describe a novel genus and species (Areospora rohanae n.gen., n.sp.) within the phylum Microsporidia. Phylogenetic and morphological distinction from other known lineages within the phylum also provide strong support for erection of a new family (Areosporiidae n. fam) to contain the parasite. Recognised via lesions observed by workers in king crab processing facilities in southern Chile, the parasite elicits giant cell formation in infected crabs. Merogony within haemocytes and fixed phagocytes proceeds apparent fusion of infected cells to produce multinucleate syncitia in which further development of the parasite occurs. Subsequent recruitment of adjacent cells within the haemal spaces of the hepatopancreas, the podocytes of the gill, and particularly in the subcuticular connective tissues, characterises the pathogenesis of A. rohanae. In late stages of infection, significant remodelling of the subcuticular tissues corresponds to the clinical lesions observed within processing plants. Sporogony of A. rohanae also occurs within the syncitial cytoplasm and culminates in production of bizarre spores, ornamented with distinctive tubular bristles. Spores occur in sets of 8 within a sporophorous vesicle. The description of A. rohanae offers considerable insight into the pathogenesis of giant-cell forming Microsporidia, signifies a new lineage of giant-cell forming Microsporidia in marine hosts, and may reflect emergence of a commercially-significant pathogen in the southern ocean Lithodes santolla fishery.
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Shavey CA, Morado JF. DNA extraction from archived Giemsa-stained blood smears using polymerase chain reaction to detect host and parasitic DNA. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023612y.0000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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29
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Experimental infections of Orchitophrya stellarum (Scuticociliata) in American blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and fiddler crabs (Uca minax). J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:346-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hanif AW, Dyson WD, Bowers HA, Pitula JS, Messick GA, Jagus R, Schott EJ. Variation in spatial and temporal incidence of the crustacean pathogen Hematodinium perezi in environmental samples from Atlantic Coastal Bays. AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:11. [PMID: 23641869 PMCID: PMC3651331 DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematodinium perezi, a parasitic dinoflagellate, infects and kills blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. The parasite proliferates within host hemolymph and tissues, and also produces free-swimming biflagellated dinospores that emerge from infected crabs. Infections in C. sapidus recur annually, and it is not known if biotic or environmental reservoirs contribute to reinfection and outbreaks. To address this data gap, a quantitative PCR assay based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of H. perezi rRNA genes was developed to asses the temporal and spatial incidence of the parasite in Delaware and Maryland coastal bays. RESULTS A previously-used PCR assay for H. perezi, based on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence, was found to lack adequate species specificity to discriminate non-Hematodinium sp. dinoflagellate species in environmental samples. A new ITS2-targeted assay was developed and validated to detect H. perezi DNA in sediment and water samples using E. coli carrying the H. perezi rDNA genes. Application of the method to environmental samples identified potential hotspots in sediment in Indian River Inlet, DE and Chincoteague Bay, MD and VA. H. perezi DNA was not detected in co-occurring shrimp or snails, even during an outbreak of the parasite in C. sapidus. CONCLUSIONS H. perezi is present in water and sediment samples in Maryland and Delaware coastal bays from April through November with a wide spatial and temporal variability in incidence. Sampling sites with high levels of H. perezi DNA in both bays share characteristics of silty, organic sediments and low tidal currents. The environmental detection of H. perezi in spring, ahead of peak prevalence in crabs, points to gaps in our understanding of the parasite's life history prior to infection in crabs as well as the mode of environmental transmission. To better understand the H. perezi life cycle will require further monitoring of the parasite in habitats as well as hosts. Improved understanding of potential environmental transmission to crabs will facilitate the development of disease forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar W Hanif
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Whitney D Dyson
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Holly A Bowers
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Joseph S Pitula
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Gretchen A Messick
- Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, USDOC/NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, Oxford, MD, 21654, USA
| | - Rosemary Jagus
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Eric J Schott
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
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Specific detection and localization of microsporidian parasites in invertebrate hosts by using in situ hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:385-8. [PMID: 23087031 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02699-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for two distinct microsporidian clades and demonstrated their application in detecting, respectively, Nosema/Vairimorpha and Dictyoceola species. We used them to study the vertical transmission of two microsporidia infecting the amphipod Gammarus duebeni.
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Stentiford GD, Bateman KS, Small HJ, Pond M, Ungfors A. Hematodinium sp. and its bacteria-like endosymbiont in European brown shrimp (Crangon crangon). AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:24. [PMID: 22958655 PMCID: PMC3487949 DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Hematodinium are significant pathogens affecting the global decapod crustacean fishery. Despite this, considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding the life history of the pathogen in vivo, and the role of free living life stages in transmission to naïve hosts. RESULTS In this study, we describe a novel disease in European brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) caused by infection with a parasitic dinoflagellate of the genus Hematodinium. This is the second example host within the Infraorder Caridea (shrimp) and significantly, the first description within the superfamily Crangonoidea. Based upon analysis of the rRNA gene (SSU) and spacers (ITS1), the parasite in C. crangon is the same as that previously described infecting Nephrops norvegicus and Cancer pagurus from European seas, and to the parasite infecting several other commercially important crab species in the Northern Hemisphere. The parasite is however distinct from the type species, H. perezi, found infecting type hosts (Carcinus maenas and Liocarcinus depurator) from nearby sites within Europe. Despite these similarities, the current study has also described for the first time, a bacteria-like endosymbiont within dinospore stages of the parasite infecting shrimp. The endosymbionts were either contained individually within electron lucent vacuoles within the parasite cell cytoplasm, or remained in direct contact with the parasite cytoplasm or in some cases, the nucleoplasm. In all of these cases, no apparent detrimental effects of colonization were observed within the parasite cell. CONCLUSIONS The presence of bacteria-like endosymbionts within dinospore life stages presumes that the relationship between the dinoflagellate and the bacteria is extended beyond the period of liberation of spores from the infected host shrimp. In this context, a potential role of endosymbiosis in the survival of free-living stages of the parasite is possible. The finding offers a further intriguing insight into the life history of this enigmatic pathogen of marine crustacean hosts and highlights a potential for mixotrophy in the parasitic dinoflagellates contained within the genus Hematodinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Michelle Pond
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Ungfors
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, SE, 452 96, Sweden
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Pitula JS, Dyson WD, Bakht HB, Njoku I, Chen F. Temporal distribution of genetically homogenous 'free-living' Hematodinium sp. in a Delmarva coastal ecosystem. AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:16. [PMID: 22828185 PMCID: PMC3413547 DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant damage to crustacean fisheries worldwide has been associated with Hematodinium sp. It has been postulated that Hematodinium sp. requires passage through the water column and/or intermediate hosts to complete its life cycle. Thus, an understanding of the prevalence and seasonality of Hematodinium sp. within environmentally-derived samples should yield insight into potential modes of disease transmission, and how these relate to infection cycles in hosts. RESULTS We conducted a two year survey, from 2010-2011, in which 48 of 546 (8.8%) of environmental samples from the Maryland and Virginia coastal bays were positive for Hematodinium sp. between April and November, as based upon endpoint PCR analysis specific to blue crab isolates. Detection in both water and sediment was roughly equivalent, and there were no obvious seasonal patterns. However, there was a high detection in April water samples, which was unanticipated owing to the fact that crabs infected with Hematodinium sp. have not been observed in this early month of the seasonal disease cycle. Focusing on three sites of high prevalence (Sinnickson, VA; Tom's Cove, VA; and Newport Bay, MD) Hematodinium sp. population diversity was analyzed using standard cloning methods. Of 131 clones, 109 (83.2%) were identical, 19 displayed a single nucleotide substitution, and 4 contain two nucleotide substitutions. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests a continuous presence of Hematodinium sp. in both water and sediment of a combined Maryland and Virginia coastal bay ecosystem. The detection of Hematodinium sp. in the water column in April is an earlier manifestation of the parasite than predicted, pointing to an as yet unknown stage in its development prior to infection. That the population is relatively homogenous ranging from April to November, at three distinct sites, supports a hypothesis that one species of Hematodinium is responsible for infections within the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Pitula
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Whitney D Dyson
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Habibul B Bakht
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Ihuoma Njoku
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences@the Institution of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences@the Institution of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
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Ensuring crustacean product quality in the post-harvest phase. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Protistan parasites as mortality drivers in cold water crab fisheries. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:201-10. [PMID: 22445796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Behringer DC. Diseases of wild and cultured juvenile crustaceans: Insights from below the minimum landing size. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Small HJ. Advances in our understanding of the global diversity and distribution of Hematodinium spp. - significant pathogens of commercially exploited crustaceans. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:234-46. [PMID: 22433998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematodinium species are parasitic dinoflagellates known to infect a growing number of marine crustacean genera from around the world, many of which support important commercial fisheries. Affected hosts undergo dramatic pathological alterations to their organs, tissues and hemolymph. There are no known control measures for this disease. Economically important wild fished hosts known to be susceptible to Hematodinium spp. include Tanner crabs Chionoecetes bairdi and snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio in the Northeast Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, blue crabs Callinectes sapidus from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, and Norway lobsters Nephrops norvegicus and Edible crabs Cancer pagurus from European waters. In recent years, several farmed aquatic crustaceans in China have also been negatively impacted by Hematodinium-associated diseases, likely representing an emerging issue for that expanding industry. Molecular sequence data indicates that there are two species, Hematodinium perezi, and a second species, currently unnamed, infecting hosts from the Northern Hemisphere. Three subtly different H. perezi genotypes have been identified infecting hosts from different geographical locations: the English Channel, the eastern seaboard of the United States and Gulf of Mexico, and eastern China. Genotypic variability between isolates of the Hematodinium sp. infecting hosts from the North Atlantic and North Pacific has also been reported, though it is unclear whether there is any correlation with host or location. Identification of Hematodinium species (and genotypes of H. perezi) is largely dependent upon geographical location, rather than host species. However this is not exclusive, as both Hematodinium species can be found infecting multiple species from same location, as is the case in the English Channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
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Stentiford GD, Neil DM, Peeler EJ, Shields JD, Small HJ, Flegel TW, Vlak JM, Jones B, Morado F, Moss S, Lotz J, Bartholomay L, Behringer DC, Hauton C, Lightner DV. Disease will limit future food supply from the global crustacean fishery and aquaculture sectors. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:141-57. [PMID: 22434002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seafood is a highly traded food commodity. Farmed and captured crustaceans contribute a significant proportion with annual production exceeding 10 M metric tonnes with first sale value of $40bn. The sector is dominated by farmed tropical marine shrimp, the fastest growing sector of the global aquaculture industry. It is significant in supporting rural livelihoods and alleviating poverty in producing nations within Asia and Latin America while forming an increasing contribution to aquatic food supply in more developed countries. Nations with marine borders often also support important marine fisheries for crustaceans that are regionally traded as live animals and commodity products. A general separation of net producing and net consuming nations for crustacean seafood has created a truly globalised food industry. Projections for increasing global demand for seafood in the face of level or declining fisheries requires continued expansion and intensification of aquaculture while ensuring best utilisation of captured stocks. Furthermore, continued pressure from consuming nations to ensure safe products for human consumption are being augmented by additional legislative requirements for animals (and their products) to be of low disease status. As a consequence, increasing emphasis is being placed on enforcement of regulations and better governance of the sector; currently this is a challenge in light of a fragmented industry and less stringent regulations associated with animal disease within producer nations. Current estimates predict that up to 40% of tropical shrimp production (>$3bn) is lost annually, mainly due to viral pathogens for which standard preventative measures (e.g. such as vaccination) are not feasible. In light of this problem, new approaches are urgently required to enhance yield by improving broodstock and larval sourcing, promoting best management practices by farmer outreach and supporting cutting-edge research that aims to harness the natural abilities of invertebrates to mitigate assault from pathogens (e.g. the use of RNA interference therapeutics). In terms of fisheries losses associated with disease, key issues are centred on mortality and quality degradation in the post-capture phase, largely due to poor grading and handling by fishers and the industry chain. Occurrence of disease in wild crustaceans is also widely reported, with some indications that climatic changes may be increasing susceptibility to important pathogens (e.g. the parasite Hematodinium). However, despite improvements in field and laboratory diagnostics, defining population-level effects of disease in these fisheries remains elusive. Coordination of disease specialists with fisheries scientists will be required to understand current and future impacts of existing and emergent diseases on wild stocks. Overall, the increasing demand for crustacean seafood in light of these issues signals a clear warning for the future sustainability of this global industry. The linking together of global experts in the culture, capture and trading of crustaceans with pathologists, epidemiologists, ecologists, therapeutics specialists and policy makers in the field of food security will allow these issues to be better identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Ou J, Meng Q, Li Y, Xiu Y, Du J, Gu W, Wu T, Li W, Ding Z, Wang W. Identification and comparative analysis of the Eriocheir sinensis microRNA transcriptome response to Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection using a deep sequencing approach. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:345-352. [PMID: 22166732 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is one of the most important freshwater aquaculture crustacean species in China. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are important effectors in the intricate host-pathogen interaction network. To increase the repertoire of miRNAs characterized in crustaceans and to examine the relationship between host miRNA expression and pathogen infection, we used the Illumina/Solexa deep sequencing technology to sequence two small RNA libraries prepared from haemocytes of E. sinensis under normal conditions and during infection with Spiroplasma eriocheiris. The high-throughput sequencing resulted in approximately 30,975,151 and 30,826,277 raw reads corresponding to 12,077,088 and 16,271,545 high-quality mappable reads for the normal and infected haemocyte samples, respectively. Bioinformatic analyses identified 735 unique miRNAs, including 36 that are conserved in crustaceans, 134 that are novel to crabs but are present in other arthropods (PN-type), and 565 that are completely new (PC-type). Two hundred twenty-eight unique miRNAs displayed significant differential expression between the normal and infected haemocyte samples (p < 0.0001). Of these, 133 (58%) were significantly up-regulated and 95 (42%) were significantly down-regulated upon challenge with S. eriocheiris. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiments were preformed for 10 miRNAs of the two samples, and agreement was found between the sequencing and RT-qPCR data. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comprehensive identification of E. sinensis miRNAs and of expression analysis of E. sinensis miRNAs after exposure to S. eriocheiris. Many miRNAs were differentially regulated when exposed to the pathogen, and these findings support the hypothesis that certain miRNAs might be essential in host-pathogen interactions. Our results suggest that elucidation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for miRNA regulation of the host's innate immune system should help with the development of new control strategies to prevent or treat S. eriocheiris infections in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
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Longshaw M, Feist SW, Bateman KS. Parasites and pathogens of the endosymbiotic pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in England. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 109:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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