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Pujic P, Alloisio N, Fournier P, Roche D, Sghaier H, Miotello G, Armengaud J, Berry AM, Normand P. Omics of the early molecular dialogue between Frankia alni and Alnus glutinosa and the cellulase synton. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3328-3345. [PMID: 30917411 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early Frankia-Alnus symbiotic molecular exchanges were analyzed in detail by protein and RNA omics. For this, Frankia cells were placed in the presence of Alnus roots but separated by a dialysis membrane for 64 h. The bacterial cells were then harvested and analyzed by high-throughput proteomics and transcriptomics (RNA-seq). The most upregulated gene clusters were found to be the potassium transporter operon kdp and an ABC transporter operon of uncharacterized function. The most upregulated proteins were found to be acyl dehydrogenases and the potassium transporter Kdp. These suggest a preadaptation to the impending stresses linked to the penetration into isotonic host tissues and a possible rearrangement of the membrane. Another cluster among the 60 most upregulated ones that comprised two cellulases and a cellulose synthase was conserved among the Frankia and other actinobacteria such as Streptomyces. Cellulase activity was detected on CMC all along the length of the root but not away from it. Frankia alni ACN14a was found to be unable to respire or grow on glucose as sole carbon source. The cellulose synthase was found active at the tip of hyphae in response to Alnus root exudates, resulting in a calcofluor stained tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Pujic
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicole Alloisio
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascale Fournier
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Roche
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Haitham Sghaier
- National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technology, Sidi Thabet Technopark, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Alison M Berry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philippe Normand
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Eleftherianos I, Yadav S, Kenney E, Cooper D, Ozakman Y, Patrnogic J. Role of Endosymbionts in Insect-Parasitic Nematode Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:430-444. [PMID: 29150386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic bacteria exist in many animals where they develop relationships that affect certain physiological processes in the host. Insects and their nematode parasites form great models for understanding the genetic and molecular basis of immune and parasitic processes. Both organisms contain endosymbionts that possess the ability to interfere with certain mechanisms of immune function and pathogenicity. This review summarizes recent information on the involvement of insect endosymbionts in the response to parasitic nematode infections, and the influence of nematode endosymbionts on specific aspects of the insect immune system. Analyzing this information will be particularly useful for devising endosymbiont-based strategies to intervene in insect immunity or nematode parasitism for the efficient management of noxious insects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Insect Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Shruti Yadav
- Insect Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Eric Kenney
- Insect Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Dustin Cooper
- Insect Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Insect Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jelena Patrnogic
- Insect Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Adaptation to Potassium-Limitation Is Essential forAcinetobacter baumanniiPneumonia Pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:2006-2013. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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McGonigle JE, Purves J, Rolff J. Intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus during persistent infection in the insect Tenebrio molitor. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:34-38. [PMID: 26778297 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Survival of bacteria within host cells and tissues presents a challenge to the immune systems of higher organisms. Escape from phagocytic immune cells compounds this issue, as immune cells become potential vehicles for pathogen dissemination. However, the duration of persistence within phagocytes and its contribution to pathogen load has yet to be determined. We investigate the immunological significance of intracellular persistence within the insect model Tenebrio molitor, assessing the extent, duration and location of bacterial recovery during a persistent infection. Relative abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in both intracellular and extracellular fractions was determined over 21 days, and live S. aureus were successfully recovered from both the hemolymph and within phagocytic immune cells across the entire time course. The proportion of bacteria recovered from within phagocytes also increased over time. Our results show that to accurately estimate pathogen load it is vital to account for bacteria persisting within immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McGonigle
- Sheffield Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanne Purves
- Sheffield Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rolff
- Sheffield Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK; Institute of Biology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Hapeshi A, Waterfield NR. Photorhabdus asymbiotica as an Insect and Human Pathogen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 402:159-177. [PMID: 27726002 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photorhabdus asymbiotica is a species of bacterium that is pathogenic to humans whilst retaining the ability to infect insect hosts. Currently, there are two recognised subspecies, P. asymbiotica subsp. asymbiotica and P. asymbiotica subsp. australis with strains isolated from various locations in the USA, Australia, Thailand, Nepal and Europe. Like other species of Photorhabdus, P. asymbiotica subsp. australis was shown to form a symbiotic relationship with a Heterorhabditis nematode. In contrast to most strains of Photorhabdus luminescens, P. asymbiotica can grow at 37 °C and this is a defining factor in its ability to cause human disease. Insights into other adaptations it has undergone that have enabled host switching to occur have come from whole genome sequencing and transcriptomic studies. P. asymbiotica has a smaller genome compared to P. luminenscens with a lower diversity of insecticidal toxins. However, it has acquired plasmids and several pathogenicity islands in its genome. These encode genes with similarity to effectors or systems found in other known human pathogens such as Salmonella and Yersinia and are therefore likely to contribute to human pathogenicity. Of crucial importance to virulence is the fact that P. asymbiotica undergoes a large metabolic shift at the human host temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hapeshi
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Insect Immunity to Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Mutualistic Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 402:123-156. [PMID: 27995342 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are important organisms for the biological control of insect pests and excellent models for dissecting the molecular basis of the insect immune response against both the nematode parasites and their mutualistic bacteria. Previous research involving the use of various insects has found distinct differences in the number and nature of immune mechanisms that are activated in response to entomopathogenic nematode parasites containing or lacking their associated bacteria. Recent studies using model insects have started to reveal the identity of certain molecules with potential anti-nematode or antibacterial activity as well as the molecular components that nematodes and their bacteria employ to evade or defeat the insect immune system. Identification and characterization of the genes that regulate the insect immune response to nematode-bacteria complexes will contribute significantly to the development of improved practices to control insects of agricultural and medical importance, and potentially nematode parasites that infect mammals, perhaps even humans.
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Mouammine A, Lanois A, Pagès S, Lafay B, Molle V, Canova M, Girard PA, Duvic B, Givaudan A, Gaudriault S. Ail and PagC-related proteins in the entomopathogenic bacteria of Photorhabdus genus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110060. [PMID: 25333642 PMCID: PMC4198210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, the proteins of the Ail/OmpX/PagC family form a steadily growing family of outer membrane proteins with diverse biological properties, potentially involved in virulence such as human serum resistance, adhesion and entry into eukaryotic culture cells. We studied the proteins Ail/OmpX/PagC in the bacterial Photorhabdus genus. The Photorhabdus bacteria form symbiotic complexes with nematodes of Heterorhabditis species, associations which are pathogenic to insect larvae. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that in Photorhabdus asymbiotica and Photorhabdus luminescens only Ail and PagC proteins are encoded. The genomic analysis revealed that the Photorhabdus ail and pagC genes were present in a unique copy, except two ail paralogs from P. luminescens. These genes, referred to as ail1Pl and ail2Pl, probably resulted from a recent tandem duplication. Surprisingly, only ail1Pl expression was directly controlled by PhoPQ and low external Mg2+ conditions. In P. luminescens, the magnesium-sensing two-component regulatory system PhoPQ regulates the outer membrane barrier and is required for pathogenicity against insects. In order to characterize Ail functions in Photorhabdus, we showed that only ail2Pl and pagCPl had the ability, when expressed into Escherichia coli, to confer resistance to complement in human serum. However no effect in resistance to antimicrobial peptides was found. Thus, the role of Ail and PagC proteins in Photorhabdus life cycle is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Mouammine
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Lanois
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Bénédicte Lafay
- Université de Lyon, Écully, France
- CNRS, UMR5005 - Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Écully, France
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Universités de Montpellier 2 et 1, CNRS, UMR 5235, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Canova
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Universités de Montpellier 2 et 1, CNRS, UMR 5235, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Alain Girard
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Duvic
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Givaudan
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Gaudriault
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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An unbiased method for clustering bacterial effectors using host cellular phenotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1185-96. [PMID: 24296505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03290-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel method implementing unbiased high-content morphometric cell analysis to classify bacterial effector phenotypes. This clustering methodology represents a significant advance over more qualitative visual approaches and can also be used to classify, and therefore predict the likely function of, unknown effector genes from any microbial genome. As a proof of concept, we use this approach to investigate 23 genetic regions predicted to encode antimacrophage effectors located across the genome of the insect and human pathogen Photorhabdus asymbiotica. Statistical cluster analysis using multiple cellular measures categorized treated macrophage phenotypes into three major groups relating to their putative functionality: (i) adhesins, (ii) cytolethal toxins, and (iii) cytomodulating toxins. Further investigation into their effects on phagocytosis revealed that several effectors also modulate this function and that the nature of this modulation (increased or decreased phagocytosis) is linked to the phenotype cluster group. Categorizing potential functionalities in this way allows rapid functional follow-up of key candidates for more-directed cell biological or biochemical investigation. Such an unbiased approach to the classification of candidate effectors will be useful for describing virulence-related regions in a wide range of genomes and will be useful in assigning putative functions to the growing number of microbial genes whose function remains unclear from homology searching.
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Abstract
The two-component system (TCS) KdpD/KdpE, extensively studied for its regulatory role in potassium (K+) transport, has more recently been identified as an adaptive regulator involved in the virulence and intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, entero-haemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia pestis, Francisella species, Photorhabdus asymbiotica, and mycobacteria. Key homeostasis requirements monitored by KdpD/KdpE and other TCSs such as PhoP/PhoQ are critical to survival in the stressful conditions encountered by pathogens during host interactions. It follows these TCSs may therefore acquire adaptive roles in response to selective pressures associated with adopting a pathogenic lifestyle. Given the central role of K+ in virulence, we propose that KdpD/KdpE, as a regulator of a high-affinity K+ pump, has evolved virulence-related regulatory functions. In support of this hypothesis, we review the role of KdpD/KdpE in bacterial infection and summarize evidence that (i) KdpD/KdpE production is correlated with enhanced virulence and survival, (ii) KdpE regulates a range of virulence loci through direct promoter binding, and (iii) KdpD/KdpE regulation responds to virulence-related conditions including phagocytosis, exposure to microbicides, quorum sensing signals, and host hormones. Furthermore, antimicrobial stress, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress are associated with KdpD/KdpE activity, and the system's accessory components (which allow TCS fine-tuning or crosstalk) provide links to stress response pathways. KdpD/KdpE therefore appears to be an important adaptive TCS employed during host infection, promoting bacterial virulence and survival through mechanisms both related to and distinct from its conserved role in K+ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë N. Freeman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Dorus
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Waterfield
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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The interacting Cra and KdpE regulators are involved in the expression of multiple virulence factors in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:2499-508. [PMID: 23524613 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02252-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 codes for two interacting DNA binding proteins, Cra and KdpE, that coregulate expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes in a metabolite-dependent manner. Cra is a transcription factor that uses fluctuations in the concentration of carbon metabolism intermediates to positively regulate virulence of EHEC. KdpE is a response regulator that activates the transcription of homeostasis genes in response to salt-induced osmolarity and virulence genes in response to changes in metabolite concentrations. Here, we probed the transcriptional profiles of the Δcra, ΔkdpE, and Δcra ΔkdpE mutant strains and show that Cra and KdpE share several targets besides the LEE, but both Cra and KdpE also have independent targets. Several genes within O-islands (genomic islands present in EHEC but absent from E. coli K-12), such as Z0639, Z0640, Z3388, Z4267, and espFu (encoding an effector necessary for formation of attaching and effacing lesions on epithelial cells), were directly regulated by both Cra and KdpE, while Z2077 was only regulated by Cra. These studies identified and confirmed new direct targets for Cra and KdpE that included putative virulence factors as well as characterized virulence factors, such as EspFu and EspG. These results map out the role of the two interacting regulators, Cra and KdpE, in EHEC pathogenesis and global gene regulation.
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