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Lai Y, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Lu H, Qu S, Wang L, Li M, Wang S. Unveiling a novel entry gate: Insect foregut as an alternative infection route for fungal entomopathogens. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100644. [PMID: 38933340 PMCID: PMC11201351 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects and their natural microbial pathogens are intertwined in constant arms races, with pathogens continually seeking entry into susceptible hosts through distinct routes. Entomopathogenic fungi are primarily believed to infect host insects through external cuticle penetration. Here, we report a new variety, Beauveria bassiana var. majus (Bbm), that can infect insects through the previously unrecognized foregut. Dual routes of infection significantly accelerate insect mortality. The pH-responsive transcription factor PacC in Bbm exhibits rapid upregulation and efficient proteolytic processing via PalC for alkaline adaptation in the foregut. Expression of PalC is regulated by the adjacent downstream gene Aia. Compared to non-enteropathogenic strains such as ARSEF252, Aia in Bbm lacks a 249-bp fragment, resulting in its enhanced alkaline-induced expression. This induction promotes PalC upregulation and facilitates PacC activation. Expressing the active form of BbmPacC in ARSEF252 enables intestinal infection. This study uncovers the pH-responsive Aia-PalC-PacC cascade enhancing fungal alkaline tolerance for intestinal infection, laying the foundation for developing a new generation of fungal insecticides to control destructive insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Lai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilu Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitong Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiquan Lu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muwang Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Gebauer S, Pompermayer K, de Oliveira DGP, da Silva Pinto FG, Rosset J, Bandeira DM, de Souza E Silva GT, de Oliveira MS, Silva GH, Alves LFA, Carvalho GA, de Oliveira DF, Alves DS. Mentha spp. essential oils: toxicity to Alphitobius diaperinus, activity against poultry pathogenic bacteria, and Beauveria bassiana compatibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34010-34027. [PMID: 38693455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The botanical insecticide market is growing because of limitations placed on the use of certain synthetic chemical insecticides. In this sense, the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperius (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the main poultry pest. The insect causes weight loss and damage to the digestive system of poultry, and it is a vector and reservoir of pathogens. Consequently, this study explored the following hypotheses: (i) essential oils (EOs) derived from Mentha spp. are toxic to A. diaperius; (ii) these EOs are compatible with Beauveria bassiana, the natural enemy of the poultry pest, that parasite A. diaperinus; (iii) these EOs also exhibit activity against bacteria that are pathogenic to poultry. In topical applications and ingestion tests, EOs from Mentha arvensis, Mentha spicata, and Mentha piperita were toxic to A. diaperinus. Chromatographic analyses revealed that menthol is the predominant compound in M. arvensis and M. piperita, whereas carvone is the major compound in M. spicata. Both (-)- and (+)-menthol, along with (-)- and (+)-carvone, underwent testing with A. diaperinus. Nevertheless, their activity was not as potent as those of the EOs, suggesting a possible synergistic and/or additive effect. The EOs did not have any adverse effects on the conidial germination, vegetative growth, or conidia production per colony of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. Consequently, these EOs are compatible with this natural enemy. The EO extracted from M. spicata exhibited significant toxicity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), whereas the remaining EOs displayed moderate toxicity against this bacterium. The EOs derived from Mentha spp., as assessed in this study, hold promise for the development of botanical insecticides tailored for the control of A. diaperinus. These insecticides are selective in favor of the natural enemy B. bassiana and can also serve as effective sanitizers, thanks to their antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gebauer
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Katiane Pompermayer
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Daian Guilherme Pinto de Oliveira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Gisele da Silva Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rosset
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Debora Marina Bandeira
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trindade de Souza E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Rua Candido Portinari, 200, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Murilo Silva de Oliveira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Humberto Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Rio Parnaíba, Km 7 - Zona Rural, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, 38810-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Francisco Angeli Alves
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Andrade Carvalho
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras. Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Denilson Ferreira de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras. Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Dejane Santos Alves
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil.
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Meirelles LN, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Bitencourt RDOB, Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF, Camargo MG, Bittencourt VREP. Encapsulation of entomopathogenic fungal conidia: evaluation of stability and control potential of Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102184. [PMID: 37105010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical acaricides is the primary strategy to control tick infestations. Nonetheless, chemical resistance in ticks has been reported. Thus, complementary methods such as biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been investigated. EPF, although efficient, have their viability compromised when applied under natural conditions, which indicates that formulation development is essential. Some researchers have demonstrated the efficacy of ionic gelation in protecting EPF against deleterious abiotic factors. In the present study, we conducted the ionic gelation technique to encapsulate Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia in 2% (EC 2%) and 3% (EC 3%) sodium alginate. Next, the quantity and viability of encapsulated conidia (EC) were determined. The morphology of particles was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). EC and non-encapsulated conidia (NEC) were stored at room temperature (26.8 °C) and in the freezer (-11.9 °C) to shelf-life testing. For UV-B irradiance tolerance and thermotolerance tests, EC and NEC were exposed to UV-B (6.0 or 8.0 kJ m - 2) and heat (42 ºC). In addition, biological parameters of Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae) engorged females exposed to EC were evaluated. The particles presented a spherical shape, more homogeneous (EC 2%) or heterogeneous (EC 3%). Encapsulation decreased (4.8×) the conidial concentration and did not affect their viability. On the other hand, encapsulation increased the shelf life of conidia at room temperature as well as their UV-B tolerance and thermotolerance (6 h). The fungal particles decreased the biological parameters of females more significantly than the NEC. As far as we know, we reported for the first time the use of the ionic gelation to encapsulate entomopathogenic fungi toward controlling R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nobrega Meirelles
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Almeida Corrêa
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Jhones Luiz Oliveira
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
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Identification of Exoenzymes Secreted by Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria pseudobassiana RGM 2184 and Their Effect on the Degradation of Cocoons and Pupae of Quarantine Pest Lobesia botrana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101083. [PMID: 36294649 PMCID: PMC9605004 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria pseudobassiana RGM 2184 has shown 80% maximum efficacy against the pest Lobesia botrana in the autumn and winter seasons. This suggests that the strain possesses an interesting battery of enzymes that are cold-adapted to penetrate the thick and hydrophobic cocoon of L. botrana. In this study, screening of the proteolytic, lipolytic, and chitinolytic activity of enzyme extracts secreted by the RGM 2184 strain was carried out in various culture media. The enzyme extracts with the highest activity were subjected to zymography and mass spectrometry. These analyses allowed the identification of two proteases, two lipases, and three chitinases. Comparative analysis indicated that the degree of similarity between these enzymes was substantially reduced when the highest degree of taxonomic relatedness between RGM 2184 and the entomopathogenic fungus strain was at the family level. These results suggest that there is a wide variety of exoenzymes in entomopathogenic fungi species belonging to the order Hypocreales. On the other hand, exoenzyme extract exposure of cocoons and pupae of L. botrana provoked damage at 10 °C. Additionally, an analysis of the amino acid composition of the RGM 2184 exoenzyme grouped them close to the cold-adapted protein cluster. These results support the use of this strain to control pests in autumn and winter. Additionally, these antecedents can form a scaffold for the future characterization of these exoenzymes along with the optimization of the strain’s biocontrol ability by overexpressing them.
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Garcia-Riaño JL, Torres-Torres LA, Santos-Díaz AM, Grijalba-Bernal EP. In vitro compatibility with soybean agrochemicals and storage stability studies of the Beauveria bassiana biopesticide. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Membang G, Ambang Z, Mahot HC, Kuate AF, Fiaboe KKM, Hanna R. Thermal response and horizontal transmission of cameroonian isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae – Candidates for microbial controls of the banana root borer Cosmopolites sordidus. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The fungistatic and fungicidal effects of volatiles from metathoracic glands of soybean-attacking stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 132:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A protocol for determination of conidial viability of the fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae from commercial products. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:44-52. [PMID: 26432104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for directly determining conidial viability have widespread use but also have limitations for quality control assessments of formulated mycoinsecticides, especially in emulsifiable oil. This study proposes a new method based on adaptations of already established protocols that use the direct viability method to make it more economical and accurate, thus enabling its use in the evaluation of formulated products. Appropriate parameters and conditions were defined using products based on Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in the forms of pure conidia, fungus-colonized rice, ground fungus-colonized rice and oil dispersion. The established protocol, named ESALQ, consists of the transfer of 150 μL of a suspension containing about 0.7 and 1 × 10(6) conidia/mL onto Rodac® plates with 5 mL of potato dextrose agar culture medium + 5 mg/L of Pentabiotic® and 10 μL/L of Derosal® (Carbendazim) and subsequent counting of germinated and non-germinated conidia. For the ground fungus-colonized rice and oil dispersion formulations, prior to transferring the fungal suspension to the medium, rice should be decanted and the oil removed, respectively. This method was compared with another direct viability method and with the Colony-forming unit (CFU) and Fluorescence viability methods, comparing the accuracy obtained using the coefficient of variation (CV) of the analysis of each method. The results showed that in addition to the ease of application, the developed method has higher accuracy than the other methods (with a CV up to seven times lower than in the Standard method and up to 32 times lower than CFU). The CFU method underestimated the concentration of viable conidia in most of the tested fungal forms, and in the emulsifiable oil products, these values were 54% lower for B. bassiana and 84% lower for M. anisopliae. The adaptations and standardizations proposed in the ESALQ method showed effective improvements for routine quality assessment of mycoinsecticides.
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Goble TA, Hajek AE, Jackson MA, Gardescu S. Microsclerotia of Metarhizium brunneum F52 Applied in Hydromulch for Control of Asian Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:433-443. [PMID: 26470154 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) strain F52 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is able to produce environmentally persistent microsclerotia (hyphal aggregates). Microsclerotia of strain F52 produced as granules and incorporated into hydromulch (hydro-seeding straw, water, and a natural glue) provides a novel mycoinsecticide that could be sprayed onto urban, forest, or orchard trees. We tested this formulation against adult Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)) using three substrates (moistened bark, dry bark, absorbent bench liner) sprayed with a low rate (9 microsclerotia granules/cm2) of hydromulch. Median survival times of beetles continuously exposed to sprayed moist bark or absorbent liner were 17.5 and 19.5 d, respectively. Beetles exposed to sprayed dry bark, which had a lower measured water activity, lived significantly longer. When moist bark pieces were sprayed with increased rates of microsclerotia granules in hydromulch, 50% died by 12.5 d at the highest application rate, significantly sooner than beetles exposed to lower application rates (16.5-17.5 d). To measure fecundity effects, hydromulch with or without microsclerotia was sprayed onto small logs and pairs of beetles were exposed for a 2-wk oviposition period in containers with 98 or 66% relative humidity. At 98% humidity, oviposition in the logs was highest for controls (18.3±1.4 viable offspring per female) versus 3.9±0.8 for beetles exposed to microsclerotia. At 66% humidity, fecundities of controls and beetles exposed to microsclerotia were not significantly different. This article presents the first evaluation of M. brunneum microsclerotia in hydromulch applied for control of an arboreal insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn A Goble
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601.
| | - Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601
| | - Mark A Jackson
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61 604
| | - Sana Gardescu
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601
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Faria M, Lopes RB, Souza DA, Wraight SP. Conidial vigor vs. viability as predictors of virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 125:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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