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Muttis E, Micieli MV, García JJ. Pathology of an iridescent virus in immature Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200558. [PMID: 38055608 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iridovirus in Culex pipiens was reported for the first time in 2012. Later studies of horizontal transmission were performed, in which an interaction with the parasite Strelkovimermis spiculatus acting as viral vector was recognized. In the present study, we observed aspects of the pathology produced by an invertebrate iridescent virus in laboratory infected immature Cx. pipiens as well as in infected immature Cx. pipiens in the field. In the laboratory infected larvae, the infection and mortality were asynchronous. Signs of infection in larvae exposed to the virus were observed between the second and the fourth days post-exposure in 99% of the cases, while the highest daily record of visible infected larvae (52%) was observed on the third day post exposure. Moreover, 79% of confirmed virus infected larvae died in the first 10 days after exposure. The Median Lethal Time was eight days. Several tissues were found to be infected and the common sites of replication were the fat body, epidermis and epithelial derivatives, such as the imaginal discs and the tracheal epithelium. Moreover, infection in the salivary glands, gastric ceca and posterior gut have not been previously documented on other mosquito iridescent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Muttis
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET, CCT-La Plata, UNLP), Boulevard 120 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET, CCT-La Plata, UNLP), Boulevard 120 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET, CCT-La Plata, UNLP), Boulevard 120 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moonen JP, Schinkel M, van der Most T, Miesen P, van Rij RP. Composition and global distribution of the mosquito virome - A comprehensive database of insect-specific viruses. One Health 2023; 16:100490. [PMID: 36817977 PMCID: PMC9929601 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors for emerging and re-emerging infectious viral diseases of humans, livestock and other animals. In addition to these arthropod-borne (arbo)viruses, mosquitoes are host to an array of insect-specific viruses, collectively referred to as the mosquito virome. Mapping the mosquito virome and understanding if and how its composition modulates arbovirus transmission is critical to understand arboviral disease emergence and outbreak dynamics. In recent years, next-generation sequencing as well as PCR and culture-based methods have been extensively used to identify mosquito-associated viruses, providing insights into virus ecology and evolution. Until now, the large amount of mosquito virome data, specifically those acquired by metagenomic sequencing, has not been comprehensively integrated. We have constructed a searchable database of insect-specific viruses associated with vector mosquitoes from 175 studies, published between October 2000 and February 2022. We identify the most frequently detected and widespread viruses of the Culex, Aedes and Anopheles mosquito genera and report their global distribution. In addition, we highlight the challenges of extracting and integrating published virome data and we propose that a standardized reporting format will facilitate data interpretation and re-use by other scientists. We expect our comprehensive database, summarizing mosquito virome data collected over 20 years, to be a useful resource for future studies.
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Altinli M, Schnettler E, Sicard M. Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:694020. [PMID: 34527601 PMCID: PMC8435781 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.694020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes not only transmit human and veterinary pathogens called arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) but also harbor mosquito-associated insect-specific viruses (mosquito viruses) that cannot infect vertebrates. In the past, studies investigating mosquito viruses mainly focused on highly pathogenic interactions that were easier to detect than those without visible symptoms. However, the recent advances in viral metagenomics have highlighted the abundance and diversity of viruses which do not generate mass mortality in host populations. Over the last decade, this has facilitated the rapid growth of virus discovery in mosquitoes. The circumstances around the discovery of mosquito viruses greatly affected how they have been studied so far. While earlier research mainly focused on the pathogenesis caused by DNA and some double-stranded RNA viruses during larval stages, more recently discovered single-stranded RNA mosquito viruses were heavily studied for their putative interference with arboviruses in female adults. Thus, many aspects of mosquito virus interactions with their hosts and host-microbiota are still unknown. In this context, considering mosquito viruses as endosymbionts can help to identify novel research areas, in particular in relation to their long-term interactions with their hosts (e.g. relationships during all life stages, the stability of the associations at evolutionary scales, transmission routes and virulence evolution) and the possible context-dependent range of interactions (i.e. beneficial to antagonistic). Here, we review the symbiotic interactions of mosquito viruses considering different aspects of their ecology, such as transmission, host specificity, host immune system and interactions with other symbionts within the host cellular arena. Finally, we highlight related research gaps in mosquito virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altinli
- Molecular Entomology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Molecular Entomology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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Muttis E, Micieli MV, Bonica MB, Ghiringhelli PD, García JJ. Mosquito Iridescent Virus: New Records from Nature and Infections Using Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Mermithidae) as a Vector Under Laboratory Conditions. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:268-274. [PMID: 31903519 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iridoviridae is a DNA virus family that affects both vertebrates and invertebrates. Immature aquatic stages of many dipteran species infected with iridovirus have been found in different places worldwide. The most represented genera of the Culicidae family are Aedes and Psorophora. To date, sixteen species of Aedes naturally infected with iridoviruses have been reported. Moreover, there are four records for the genus Psorophora, one for Culiseta, and two for Culex. In this paper, we report two new mosquito species as natural hosts of iridoviridae in Argentina: Aedes albifasciatus (Macquart) and Culex dolosus (Lynch Arribalzaga). We also analyzed the ability of a Cx. pipiens-Invertebrate Iridescent Virus to replicate in vivo in the larval stage of two mosquito species, Culex apicinus Philippi and Ae. aegypti (L.) using Strelkovimermis spiculatus as a vector, under laboratory conditions. Although Ae. aegypti is the most recognized mosquito vector of important arboviruses responsible for emergent diseases, Cx. apicinus and Ae. albifasciatus may also be implicated in enzootic or epizootic cycles of virus transmission, such as the St. Louis Encephalitis virus and the Western Equine Encephalomyelitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Muttis
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE CONICETCCT-La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M V Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE CONICETCCT-La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M B Bonica
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE CONICETCCT-La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P D Ghiringhelli
- Lab de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular-Area Virosis de Insectos (LIGBCM-AVI), Depto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Univ Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J J García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE CONICETCCT-La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Agboli E, Leggewie M, Altinli M, Schnettler E. Mosquito-Specific Viruses-Transmission and Interaction. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090873. [PMID: 31533367 PMCID: PMC6784079 DOI: 10.3390/v11090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in discoveries of novel MSVs in recent years. This has expanded our understanding of viral diversity and evolution but has also sparked questions concerning the transmission of these viruses and interactions with their hosts and its microbiome. In fact, there is already evidence that MSVs interact with the immune system of their host. This is especially interesting, since mosquitoes can be infected with both MSVs and arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses of public health concern. In this review, we give an update on the different MSVs discovered so far and describe current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection. Lastly, we discuss potential uses of these viruses, including vector and transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana.
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mine Altinli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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Belaich MN, Buldain D, Ghiringhelli PD, Hyman B, Micieli MV, Achinelly MF. Nucleotide sequence differentiation of Argentine isolates of the mosquito parasitic nematode Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda: Mermithidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:415-418. [PMID: 26611980 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano N Belaich
- CONICET-Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular (LIGBCM-AVI), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina (1876)
| | | | - P Daniel Ghiringhelli
- CONICET-Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular (LIGBCM-AVI), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina (1876)
| | - Bradley Hyman
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - M Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, (CEPAVE)-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP, 2 n° 584, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Fernanda Achinelly
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, (CEPAVE)-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP, 2 n° 584, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Muttis E, Micieli MV, Urrutia MI, García JJ. Transmission of a pathogenic virus (Iridoviridae) of Culex pipiens larvae mediated by the mermithid Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda). J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 129:40-4. [PMID: 26031563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Little progress been made in elucidating the transmission pathway of the invertebrate iridescent virus (MIV). It has been proposed that the MIV has no active means to enter the mosquito larva. We have previously found that the presence of the mermithid nematode Strelkovimermis spiculatus is associated with MIV infection in Culex pipiens under field conditions. In the present study, we evaluated the transmission of MIV to C. pipiens larvae mediated by S. spiculatus and several factors involved in this pathway (mosquito instars, nematode:mosquito larva ratio, amount of viral inoculum). Our results indicate that S. spiculatus functions as an MIV vector to C. pipiens larvae and seems to be an important pathway of virus entry into this system. Moreover, TEM images of S. spiculatus exposed to the viral suspension showed no infections inside the nematode but showed that viral particles are carried over the cuticle of this mermithid. This explains the correspondence between MIV infection and the factors that affect the parasitism of S. spiculatus in C. pipiens larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Muttis
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores CEPAVE (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata UNLP), Calle 120 s/n entre calles 61 y 62, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores CEPAVE (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata UNLP), Calle 120 s/n entre calles 61 y 62, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Inés Urrutia
- Centro Superior para el Procesamiento de la información CeSPI (UNLP), Argentina.
| | - Juan José García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores CEPAVE (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata UNLP), Calle 120 s/n entre calles 61 y 62, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas CIC, Calle 526 entre calles 10 y 11, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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