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Kostygov AY, Chmelová Ľ, Reichl J, Jászayová A, Votýpka J, Fuehrer HP, Yurchenko V. Parasites of firebugs in Austria with focus on the "micro"-diversity of the cosmopolitan trypanosomatid Leptomonas pyrrhocoris. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:27. [PMID: 38072883 PMCID: PMC10710968 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated parasites of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus in Austria and demonstrated that in addition to the extensively studied Leptomonas pyrrhocoris, it can also be infected by Blastocrithidia sp. and by a mermithid, which for the first time has been characterized using molecular methods. This diversity can be explained by the gregarious lifestyle, as well as the coprophagous and cannibalistic behavior of the insect hosts that makes them susceptible to various parasites. In addition, we showed no tight association of the L. pyrrhocoris haplotypes and geographical locations (at least, considering the relatively small scale of locations in Austria) implying that the natural populations of L. pyrrhocoris are mixed due to the mobility of their firebug hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Reichl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jan Votýpka
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Susceptibility of Different Life Stages of Kudzu Bug Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) to Two Different Native Strains of Beauveria bassiana. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091028. [PMID: 36145460 PMCID: PMC9506321 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study that examined and compared the survival, LC50, and RR50 estimates of Megacopta cribraria F. (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) nymphs and adults that were exposed to two native Beauveria bassiana isolates (Previously codified as NI8 and KUDSC strains) at four concentrations. The greatest reduction in survival and mortality was observed primarily on or after 10 d post-exposure to B. bassiana isolates. Survival of early instars (2nd, 3rd) were not affected by either strains or concentration at 3 d and 5 d post-exposure. Survival of later instars (5th) and adults was significantly reduced when exposed to the KUDSC strain at all concentrations. Comparison of dose−mortality values (LC50) using resistance ratios (RR50) were significantly different between life stages of the kudzu bug for both strains of B. bassiana. The LC50 values showed that kudzu bug adults are more susceptible than any other life stage when exposed to either strain. The KUDSC strain was more pathogenic than NI8 10 d after exposure, but NI8 exhibited significantly higher pathogenicity than KUDSC 20 d after exposure. Our results suggest potential field application of B. bassiana for kudzu bug control and their integration into pest management strategies to suppress them before they cause economic damage to soybean crops.
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Lahiri S, Reisig DD, Reay-Jones FPF, Greene JK, Carter TE, Mian R, Fallen BD. Soybean Host Plant Resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) and the Potential Role of Leaf Trichome Density. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:88-97. [PMID: 31904078 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an invasive pest of soybean that has spread across the southeastern United States since its initial discovery in 2009 in Georgia. Previous studies in the southeastern states have documented both the population dynamics of this pest and host plant resistance (HPR) among soybean varieties, although the specific mechanisms of HPR remain unknown. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to 1) quantify field resistance to M. cribraria in multiple soybean varieties in two states previously affected by severe M. cribraria infestations, North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC); and 2) study the role of soybean trichome density in imparting resistance against M. cribraria. Soybean variety 'Camp' was least attractive to M. cribraria, through time and locations, suggesting consistent resistance. Other varieties showed variable performance among the locations and sampling dates. A significant difference in trichome density was evident. However, there was no correlation between trichome density and M. cribraria infestation. Compared to a previously published study in the same location, when M. cribraria adults emerging from overwintering dispersed into soybeans, in our study only first-generation adults dispersed into soybeans. Considering the current trend of significantly lower M. cribraria infestation rates in North and South Carolina, this pest may be finally succumbing to indigenous natural enemies and should be managed by incorporating integrated pest management tactics, such as HPR, that help conserve natural enemy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lahiri
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC
| | - D D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC
| | - F P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC
| | - J K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC
| | - T E Carter
- USDA-ARS, Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research, Raleigh, NC
| | - R Mian
- USDA-ARS, Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research, Raleigh, NC
| | - B D Fallen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC
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Ademokoya B, Balusu R, Ray C, Mottern J, Fadamiro H. The First Record of Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in North America. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 18:8. [PMCID: PMC5789261 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae), is an invasive insect pest introduced from Asia in 2009 that poses a threat to soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr. [Fabales: Fabaceae]) and other legume crops in the United States. Initially discovered in Georgia, M. cribraria rapidly expanded across the southeast until 2014 when a significant decline in its population was observed across many locations. This notable decline in M. cribraria populations is attributed to the emergence of new parasitoids and pathogens in its new invasive range. So far, only a single egg parasitoid, Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), is known to parasitize the eggs of M. cribraria in the United States. Here, we report a new egg parasitoid of M. cribraria identified as Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii, 1928 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), recovered from egg masses of M. cribraria collected from soybean in Alabama. O. nezarae is reported to parasitize eggs from a variety of heteropteran families and has been observed parasitizing M. cribraria in China. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of O. nezarae in North America. The potentials of O. nezarae for biological control of M. cribraria in the United States and the direction of future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Ademokoya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Rammohan Balusu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Charles Ray
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Jason Mottern
- USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC
| | - Henry Fadamiro
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Knight IA, Roberts PM, Gardner WA, Oliver KM, Reay-Jones FPF, Reisig DD, Toews MD. Spatial Distribution of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) Adults, Eggs and Parasitism by Paratelenomus saccharalis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in Soybean. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1292-1298. [PMID: 29028992 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, populations of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), have declined in the southeastern United States and seldom require treatment. This decline follows the discovery of Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd; Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a non-native egg parasitoid. The objective of this project was to observe the temporal and spatial dynamics of P. saccharalis parasitism of kudzu bug egg masses in commercial soybean fields. Four fields were sampled weekly for kudzu bugs and egg masses at a density of one sample per 0.6 ha. Sampling commenced when soybean reached the R2 maturity stage and continued until no more egg masses were present. Responses including kudzu bugs, egg masses, and parasitism rates were analyzed using ANOVA, Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE), and SaTScan spatial analysis software. Egg masses were collected from the field, held in the lab and monitored for emergence of kudzu bug nymphs or P. saccharalis. Kudzu bug populations were generally lower than previously reported in the literature and spatial aggregation was not consistently observed. Egg parasitism was first detected in early July and increased to nearly 40% in mid-August. Significant spatial patterns in parasitism were observed with spatio-temporal clusters being loosely associated with clusters of egg masses. There were no significant differences in parasitism rates between field margins and interiors, suggesting that P. saccharalis is an effective parasitoid of kudzu bug egg masses on a whole-field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Knight
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-5766
| | - Phillip M Roberts
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-5766
| | - Wayne A Gardner
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1731
| | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-5028
| | - Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506-9727
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Plymouth, NC 27962-9646
| | - Michael D Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-5766
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Stubbins FL, Agudelo P, Reay-Jones FPF, Greene JK. Agamermis (Nematoda: Mermithidae) Infection in South Carolina Agricultural Pests. J Nematol 2017; 48:290-296. [PMID: 28154435 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2017-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and the closely related invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) are agricultural pests in the southeastern United States. Natural enemies, from various phyla, parasitize these pests and contribute to population regulation. We specifically investigated Nematoda infections in pentatomid and plataspid pests in one soybean field in South Carolina in 2015. Nematodes were identified through molecular and morphological methods and assigned to family Mermithidae, genus Agamermis. This study reports mermithid nematode infection in immature M. cribraria for the first time and provides the first mermithid host record for the stink bugs Chinavia hilaris, Euschistus servus, and another Euschistus species, and a grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in South Carolina. The same Agamermis species infected all hosts. The broad host range and prevalence suggests that Agamermis may be an important contributor to natural mortality of pentatomid and plataspid pests. Previous mermithid host records for the Pentatomidae and Plataspidae worldwide are summarized. Further work is needed to assess the impact of infection on populations over a broader range of agricultural fields and geographic localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Stubbins
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC 29817
| | - Paula Agudelo
- Plant Nematology Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2200 Pocket Road, Florence, SC 29506
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC 29817
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Dhammi A, van Krestchmar JB, Ponnusamy L, Bacheler JS, Reisig DD, Herbert A, Del Pozo-Valdivia AI, Roe RM. Biology, Pest Status, Microbiome and Control of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae): A New Invasive Pest in the U.S. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1570. [PMID: 27649166 PMCID: PMC5037837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important food crop, and insect integrated pest management (IPM) is critical to the sustainability of this production system. In recent years, the introduction into the United States of the kudzu bug currently identified as Megacopta cribraria (F.), poses a threat to soybean production. The kudzu bug was first discovered in the state of Georgia, U.S. in 2009 and since then has spread to most of the southeastern states. Because it was not found in the North American subcontinent before this time, much of our knowledge of this insect comes from research done in its native habitat. However, since the U.S. introduction, studies have been undertaken to improve our understanding of the kudzu bug basic biology, microbiome, migration patterns, host selection and management in its expanding new range. Researchers are not only looking at developing IPM strategies for the kudzu bug in soybean, but also at its unique relationship with symbiotic bacteria. Adult females deposit bacterial packets with their eggs, and the neonates feed on these packets to acquire the bacteria, Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. The kudzu bug should be an informative model to study the co-evolution of insect function and behavior with that of a single bacteria species. We review kudzu bug trapping and survey methods, the development of bioassays for insecticide susceptibility, insecticide efficacy, host preferences, impact of the pest on urban environments, population expansion, and the occurrence of natural enemies. The identity of the kudzu bug in the U.S. is not clear. We propose that the kudzu bug currently accepted as M. cribraria in the U.S. is actually Megacopta punctatissima, with more work needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Dhammi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Jaap B van Krestchmar
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Jack S Bacheler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Ames Herbert
- Tidewater Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Suffolk, VA 23437, USA.
| | | | - R Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Portilla M, Jones W, Perera O, Seiter N, Greene J, Luttrell R. Estimation of Median Lethal Concentration of Three Isolates of Beauveria bassiana for Control of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) Bioassayed on Solid Lygus spp. Diet. INSECTS 2016; 7:E31. [PMID: 27376335 PMCID: PMC5039544 DOI: 10.3390/insects7030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), is an urban nuisance and significant agricultural pest. The median lethal concentrations of three strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), including the Mississippi Delta native strain (NI8) isolated from Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the commercial strain BotaniGard(®) (GHA) (Victor, NY, USA), and the B. bassiana strain isolated from M. cribraria (KUDSC), were estimated on kudzu bug adults. A technique developed to evaluate B. bassiana against L. lineolaris was used. Younger adults (eight days after collection) were treated with NI8 and GHA and older adult (50 days after collection) were treated with NI8, GHA and KUDSC. Higher concentrations (n × 10⁶, n × 10⁷) of NI8 and GHA caused kudzu bug mortality two days after treatment in younger adults and similar concentrations of NI8, GHA, and KUDSC caused mortality one day after treatment in older adults. Lower concentrations (n × 10⁴, n × 10⁵) were not significantly different in mortality between strains. LS50 values of the KUDSC were significantly lower than NI8 and GHA values in older adults. This is the first available information on median lethal concentration of B. bassiana on kudzu bug adults bioassayed on artificial diet. It was determined that B. bassiana (KUDSC and NI8) are highly effective for young adults at very low doses (LC50 1.98-4.98 viable spores per mm²).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Portilla
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Walker Jones
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Omaththage Perera
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Nick Seiter
- Southeast Research and Extension Center, Division of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas, P.O. Box 3508, Monticello, AR 71656, USA.
| | - Jeremy Greene
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC 29817, USA.
| | - Randall Luttrell
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Lahiri S, Reisig DD. Ecology and Management of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Southeastern Soybeans. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 2016; 7:14. [PMID: 27812397 PMCID: PMC5087093 DOI: 10.1093/jipm/pmw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria Fabricius (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), is an invasive exotic pest of soybeans that has been present in the southeastern United States since 2009 and has been rapidly spreading through soybean-producing states. Their primary reproductive hosts in the United States are soybean, kudzu, pigeon pea, black eye pea, lima bean, pinto bean, wisteria, white sweet clover, white clover, red clover, alfalfa, perennial peanut, and American joint vetch. In soybeans, the kudzu bug feeds on vascular fluids at the stem, petiole, and nodes, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The current management recommendation for this pest includes spraying of pyrethroids such as bifenthrin, but this method is not environmentally friendly, as this negatively impacts beneficial insect populations. Sustainable management tactics, including the development of economic thresholds for insecticide sprays, assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of this pest, manipulating cultivation practices, use of biological control, and host plant resistance, are currently being explored. We present an overview of the ecology of the kudzu bug in soybeans and available management tactics to assist with the management of this potentially devastating pest of soybeans as it spreads westward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriyanka Lahiri
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Gardner Hall, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695 ( )
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research & Extension Center, 207 Research Station Rd, Plymouth, NC 27962 ( )
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